• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.541-552
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• 1990

Until now it has not surely been pointed out about the relation between the biting force and the facial types in scientific view. But it's correlation was assumed by several scientists : recently some literatures reported about the maximum biting force and facial types, but there's only a little articles about the relation between the biting force(biting force contain maximum biting force, chewing force and swallowing force) and facial type. So this study was, firstly, performed to establish the relation of the nomal face and long face versus biting force. 2ndly it was performed to establish the relation between the difference in mouth opening degrees versus biting force. 3rdly it was performed to establish the relation between male and female versus biting force. Biting force was measured from 56 adults (normal 26, long 30) whose samples was selected from Yonsei university students and Hospital patients. Sample was divided into 2groups (normal and long) by lateral cephalogram. The results of this study was obtained as follows. 1. Maximum biting force and chewing force in long face was smaller than normal face. 2. When the thickness of transducer was changed from 6m to 9mm, maximum biting force andchewingforcewaslargerthanbefore. 3. In case of comparing with male and female, male was larger than female in maximum biting force and chewing force.

• 전자공학회논문지SC
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.47-51
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• 2009

본 논문은 다중 입력을 가진 터보 코드 구조에 대한 연구로서 tail-biting 기법에서 효율적으로 Latency를 줄이는 터보 부호 알고리즘 및 하드웨어를 제안하였다. Mobile WiMAX 및 DVB-RCS 등에 적용된 이중 입력 터보 부호기의 고유 특성을 이용, 병렬 처리 하드웨어로 구현한 결과 tail-biting 기법을 위해 필요한 Latency를 기존 대비 약 47%로 줄이는 동시에 파워 소모량도 감소를 시켰다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.643-653
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• 2002

Periodontal supporting tissue goes through destruction by chronic inflammatory periodontal disease as two aspect. One is qualitive aspect such as alteration of periodontium, the other is quantitative aspect such as alveolar bone loss. According to many authors, PDL is responsible for biting force, and there are two mean. for measuring PDL's function - mobility test and biting force test. This study was conducted to compare the biting force with remaining bone level, that is, quantitative aspect of periodontium, in anterior and premolar teeth at periodontal maintenance phase. 17 patients on periodontal maintenance phase during 6 months at minimum were selected for this study. For the same condition, 4 anterior, canine, premolar teeth were tested by MPM-3000 bite-force register at the same time(a.m.l0-12), the same position, the same posture, by the same examiner. Patients of TMI), ill-fitting pros thesis, general disease, malocclusion and the teeth of TFO, absence of opposing teeth, malposition were excluded. Remaining bone level was measured on the panorama X-ray film through 5 level from 1mm below CEJ to root apex. Teeth were examined twice, and bigger one was selected. If the values showed large difference. examinatin was re-done and the mean was selected. The results were as follows ; 1. In the 4 anterior group, as the remaining bone is decreased, the average of maximal biting force is decreased. Especially, at 3/5 bone level, maximal biting force is decreased significantly(p<0.01). 2. In the canine group, as the remaining bone is decreased, the average of maximal biting force is decreased. Especially, at 2/5 bone level, maximal biting force is decreased significantly(p<0.01). 3. In the premolar group, as the remaining bone is decreased, the average of maximal biting force is decreased. Especially, at 3/5 bone level, maximal biting force is decreased significantly(p<0.05). From the results of this study, clinicians could utilize these efficiently when they have to determine the proper restorative materials, time for tooth extraction, treatment plan, prognosis.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.487-495
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• 1995

본 연구는 T-Scan system과 두부방사선 계측사진을 이용하여 정상교합자와 전치부 개방교합자의 최대교합력을 비교하고 안면골격형태, 치아접촉수 및 위치와 교합력과의 상호관계를 비교분석하기 위하여 시행하였다. 연구대상은 25명의 정상교합자와 14명의 전치부 개방교합자로 구성되었다. 이 연구로부터 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 전치부 개방교합자의 최대교합력은 정상교합자군에 비해 적었다. 2. 전치부 개방교합군에서 SN/MP, FMA, PP/MP는 최대교합력과 역상관관계를 보였다. 3. 전치부 개방교합군에서 교합평면에 대한 하악 제1대구치의 근심경사도가 증가할수록 교합력은 감소하였다. 4. 정상교합군과 전치부 개방교합군 모두에서 치아접촉점이 증가할수록 교합력은 증가하였다. 5. 전치부 개방교합군과 정상교합군의 정량적 감압중심점은 모두 제1대구치 부위에 위치하였다.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.67-80
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• 1989

The author studied the changes of muscle activity with Bioelectric processor Model EM2(Myotronics Corp., USA) before and after occlusal stabilization splint therapy. For this study, 15 temporomandibular disorders patients and 15 students without any temporomandibular disorders symptoms were selected, for experimental group and control group, respectively. Experimental group were treated with occlusal stabilization splint and checked about electromyographic activity before and after therapy. Electromyographic levels were measured in both groups at the following mandibular position, i.e., physiologic rest, tapping, light biting, hard open without pain, open with pain, right excursion and ipsilateral biting, left excursion and ipsilateral biting, protrusion, protrusive biting, edge biting and physiologic rest after movement. The obtained results were as follows : 1. In experimental group, post-treatment mean values of muscle activity were lower than pretreatment values. 2. In general, the pre-treatment mean values of muscle activity in experimental group were higher than those of control group. 3. In experimental group, no statistically significant difference appeared between affected and unaffected side. 4. The mean value of muscle activity in physiologic rest position after each movement check was lower than that before each movement check.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.53-61
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• 1987

In order to evaluate the effect of unilateral tooth clenching, the author observed a feature of producing the symptom complex related to pain and discomfort by the isometric unilateral canine biting under force of 5kg(FS) in Korean 31 adult females within normal masticatory function who were divided into the bilateral, the right and the left group according to their habitual sides of mastication, and analyzed the observed data statistically. The obtained results were as follows: 1. The duration of the isometric unilateral canine biting maintained before the occurrence of symptom complex related to pain and discomfort 66.72 seconds at right side and 39.50 seconds at left side in a group of subjects with bilateral habitual mastication. And the difference of the duration between of unilateral biting side was almost significant (P<0.05). 2. The most frequent region of occurrence of symptom complex related to pain and discomfort by the isometric unilateral canine biting was the contralateral superficial masseter muscle in a group of subjects with bilateral habitual mastication.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.457-463
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• 2001

In the unconscious patient with general muscle rigidity, the natural teeth can be luxated and then bite wounds may be occurred around lip, owing to the pathologic involuntary self-biting habit. If the forceful biting is generated continuously, the teeth may be avulsed and aspirated into the aerodigestive tract with the infection of biting wound. For the prevention of pulmonary aspiration of the teeth and wound infection, the biting teeth should be cared before the fact. The authors treated the teeth as endodontic drainage with removal of the crown or iodoform gauze drainage into the socket with extraction of the teeth. The prognosis was more favorable without biting wounds.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.115-123
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• 2015

Purpose: The aim of this study was to elucidate the coordination patterns of the sternocleidomastoid and posterior cervical muscles in response to symmetrical and asymmetrical jaw functions in normal adults. Methods: Twenty-seven healthy volunteers (8 females, 19 males; mean age, $30.4{\pm}2.5$ years) participated in this study. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to record activities in the masseter, suprahyoid, sternocleidomastoid, and posterior cervical muscles at rest and during maximum tooth clenching, biting of a cotton roll with the anterior teeth, unilateral biting of a cotton roll with the posterior teeth, bilateral biting of cotton rolls with the posterior teeth, and jaw opening while seated. Normalized amplitude, activity indices, and asymmetry indices were compared between the muscles and the jaw tasks. Results: During symmetrical jaw functions (e.g., tooth clenching, biting with the anterior teeth, bilateral biting with the posterior teeth, jaw opening), the sternocleidomastoid and posterior cervical muscles showed elevated EMG amplitudes compared with the resting condition. The co-activation pattern of the sternocleidomastoid muscle was more pronounced than those of the posterior cervical muscles during these tasks. During asymmetrical jaw functions (e.g., unilateral biting with the posterior teeth), the ipsilateral sternocleidomastoid and masseter muscles showed higher contraction activity than did the contralateral muscles, but the contralateral posterior cervical muscles were more active than the ipsilateral muscles. Conclusions: The sternocleidomastoid and posterior cervical muscles were shown to be co-activated and coordinated anteroposteriorly or bilaterally according to symmetrical or asymmetrical jaw function. These results suggest an integrated neural control mechanism for the jaw and neck muscles, and provide further evidence supporting the intimate functional coupling between the trigeminal and cervical neuromuscular systems.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.18-22
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• 1967

The routine entomological investigations were carried out in the areas of Kaejeon-Myon, OkkuGun, Cholla Pukdo province in 1964 and Sinchang-Myon, Asan Gun, Chungchong Namdo province in 1965, for the better understanding of the behavior of the anpheline mosquitoes especially of the population density , resting , feedign, and breeding habits. The results are as follows : 1. During the investigation , three species of anopheline mosquitoes were recorded ; Anopheles sinensis Wiedmann 1825, A, sineroides Yamada 1935, and A. yatsushiroensis Miyazaki 1951. A . yatsushiroensis Myiyasaki 1951, so far only recorded in Japan, was recorded for the first time in Korea in 1964 ; the site was Kaejong Myon, Okku Gun, Cholla Pukdo province. 2. Anopheles mosquitoes begin to appear from the middle of April and disappear in October. The date of mosquitoes collected by resting place collection in cow shed are three weeks ahead to the night time cow biting collection. 3. Resting places of anopheline mosquitoes are mainly in cow shed and outdoors which provides high humidity and shadow. 4. The population density of a. sinensis sows a peak in late June and early July in cow shed and by cow biting collection respectively, and another small peak in late August and early September. 5, . the biting activity at night is throughout the night from dusk to dawn, sharply decreasing just before dawn. The peak period was different in each months, 2100-2200 hours in June, 2300-2400 in July , 0300-0400 in August , and 2300-2400 in September. 6. The minimum temperature required for the mosquito's biting activity is 15 $^{\circ}C$ and the optimum is between 24-$25^{\circ}C$ : over $25^{\circ}C$ the activity is decreased. 7.A , sinensis appeared to be zoophilic in Sinchang area but 13 times anthrophophilic in Kaejong area than the former. 8. the light attraction of a. sinensis is significantly low in middle June and early August. The parous rate of A. sinensis caught by cow biting collection appeared higher after midnight (2400-0300 hours) with no relation to the peak period of biting activity by month.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.67-72
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• 2006

Anthropophilic Culicoides were investigated in a rural community endemic for Mansonella perstans in Ijebu North area of western Nigeria between December 2003 and October 2004. Three hundred and fifty-nine adults of Culicoides fulvithorax collected by human bait in the morning were dissected for Mansonella perstans larvae, and $1.95\%$of infection rate was found. Seasonal abundance of C. fulvithorax was investigated by monthly biting rates, and showed that higher prevalence was observed in rainy season, with peak in September. Culicoides prevalence was positively correlated with rainfall and relative humidity, but not temperature. Human perceptions on the behavior of these biting midges were determined by interviewing 854 self-selected villagers, of which $86.5\%$ of the interviewees confessed having experienced Culicoides bites. Between 76.5 and $99.1\%$ of the various age groups complained body reactions to Culicoides bites. Itching was the most frequent body reaction. No interviewees associated Culicoides with transmission of any parasitic infections. The results showed need to adequately control Culicoides in the community.