• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.397-401
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• 2004

We have examined congenital malformation in developing chick embryo caused by endocrine disruptor, bisphenol A (BPA). We injected BPA into the air sac of developing egg on day 4 of incubation. BPA-treated group with a concentration of 10 ㎍/egg showed a little decrease on their body length compared to the untreated group. But the group treated with 50㎍/egg revealed severe malformation in eyeballs and bills. The group treated with 100㎍/egg could not continue their development after few days of incubation. These results indicate that BPA clearly inhibits the normal development in chick and it should be toxic to the developing fetus at early stage and in various tissues. The study should contribute to the understanding of toxic effect of BPA in developing human fetus when exposed to the BPA.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.1065-1069
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• 2013

A highly sensitive electrochemical detection method for bisphenol A (BPA) has been developed by using multi-walled carbon nanotube (CNT)-doped titania-Nafion composite modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode. The CNT-titania-Nafion/GC electrode exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity towards BPA. Therefore, the CNT-titania-Nafion/GC electrode showed improved voltammetric responses for BPA compared to that obtained with bare GC electrode. In addition, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), a cationic surfactant, was added into the BPA sample solution in order to accumulate BPA through hydrophobic interaction between CTAB and BPA. The CNT-titania-Nafion/GC electrode gave a linear response ($r^2$ = 0.999) for BPA from $1.0{\times}10^{-8}$ M to $5.0{\times}10^{-6}$ M with a detection limit of $9.0{\times}10^{-10}$ M (S/N = 3). The modified electrode showed good selectivity against interfering species and also exhibited good reproducibility. The present electrochemical sensor based on the CNT-titania-Nafion/GC electrode was applied to the determination of BPA in food package samples.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2006.09a
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• pp.487-488
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• 2006

Novel bisphenol-based wholly aromatic poly(ether sulfone-ketone) copolymer containing pendant sulfonate groups were prepared by direct aromatic nucleophilic substitution polycondensation of 4,4-difluorobenzophenone, 2,2'-disodiumsulfonyl-4,4'-fluorophenylsulfone (40mole% of bisphenol A) and bisphenol A. Polymerization proceeded quantitatively to high molecular weight in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone at $180^{\circ}C$. Organic-inorganic composite membranes were obtained by mixing organic polymers with hydrophilic $SiO_2$ (ca. 20nm) obtained by sol-gel process. The polymer and a series of composite membranes were studied by FT-IR, $^1HNMR$, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal stability. The proton conductivity as a function of temperature decreased as $SiO_2$ content increased, but methanol permeability decreased. The nano composite membranes were found to posse all requisite properties; Ion exchange capacity (1.2meq./g), glass transition temperatures $(164-183\;^{\circ}C)$, and low affinity towards methanol $(4.63-1.08{\times}10^{-7}\;cm^2/S)$.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.1005-1014
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• 2021

Organic contaminants can be released into water environments due to chemical accidents and exist as dissolved and non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL). Fenton oxidation was tested for bisphenol A and nitrobenzene as model organic contaminants in dissolved and NAPL states. Fenton oxidation was successfully applied for both of the dissolved and NAPL states of the two pollutants and the results indicated that a quick treatment was needed to reduce the risk from a chemical accidents instead of carrying out oxidation after the contaminants dissolve in water. A set of Fenton reactions were tested under seawater conditions because chemical accidents often occurs in the ocean. Chloride ions act as radical scavengers and inhibit Fenton oxidation. The reaction rate is inversely proportional to salt contents and the reduced reaction rate can be compensated by increasing the quantity of the oxidizing agents. The current study showes that Fenton oxidation could be applied as a quick treatments for organic contaminant in dissolved and NAPL state organic contaminants released as a result of leaks or chemical accidents.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.107.2-107.2
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• 2003

Bisphenol A(BPA) is a monomer widely used in the manufacturing polycarbonate plastic or epoxy resin and Mancozeb (MCZ), a polymeric complex of zinc and manganese salts of ethylene bisthiocarbamate, is widely used in agriculture as fungicide, insecticide and herbcide. These chemicals have been recently known as endocrine disruptors. To investigate the effects of BPA and MCZ on LPS-induced cytokine production (TNF-${\alpha}$) in vivo, female ICR mice were administered to various concentration of these materials (BPA; 100, 500, 1000 mg/kg/day, and MCZ; 250, 500, 1000, 1500 mg/kg/day) for 30 days and serum cytokine levels were measured at 1h post LPS injection (day 32) in BPA- or MCZ-administered mice. (omitted)

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.361-374
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• 2015

Endocirne disruptors (EDs) can cause fertility decrease, developmental disorder, and even cancer in animals. Until 90's, EDs were used in various synthetic products including paints, coatings, detergents, plastics, and plasticizers. Currently, in several countries, the production, trade and use of EDs or EDs-suspected chemicals have been regulated while activity to screen the alternatives for EDs including bisphenol-A, phthalate and nonylphenol is active. Although various toxicity test method was developed and applied for screening of alternatives, however, the safety of alternatives has been not fully demonstrated. Some alternatives have high structural similarity with existing EDs, raising the possible risk of endocrine disruption by alternatives. In an effort to develop the safe alternatives, we reviewed the effects of EDs such as bisphenol-A, phthalates, nonylphenol and their substituents. In addition, in-silico analysis for endocrine disrupting activities of some alternatives was presented.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.191-196
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• 1992

The new epoxy resin, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A(DGEBA)/4, 4'-methylene dianiline (MDA)/succinonitrile system, containing the reactive additive succionitrile was investigated through the impact test and the stress-strain test on the basis of the behavior of cure reaction and the cure mechanism. The new epoxy resin system, having the different succinonitrile contents, were cured at $80^{\circ}C$for 1.5 hour and then in order to cure completely at $150^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour. It was shown that as the succinonitrile content increased, impact strength was gradually increased, tensile strength was decreased, almost constantly Young's modulus was sustained and elongation was increased until the succinonitrile content was increased to 10phr, and then decreased. From the experimental results, it can be concluded that the chemical bonding length between the main chains was extended by adding the reactive additive succinonitrile. It was also found that the flexibility of epoxy resin was improved by adding the succinonitrile.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.66-71
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• 2007

The fourth instar larvae of C. riparius were treated with potential endocrine disruption chemicals (EDCs) such as bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-nonylphenol and the effects of morphological abnormalities were observed. The deformities of the mentum following exposure to EDCs showed the smooth tooth, the loss of tooth and deformed tooth. The incidence rates of the mentum deformity were associated with chemicals: BPA $31{\sim}90%$, and 4-nonlyphenol was $40{\sim}80%$. As the concentration of BPA increased, the incidence of deformed mentum was dose dependent. While the incidences of deformed mentum following exposure to 4-nonlyphenol was not associated with their concentrations. The deformed MLT observed smooth or round tooth and the deformity of LT showed loss of one or more than tooth. Also, the MIX type was usually smooth or loss tooth. The abundance of deformity type for the mentum showed MIX (MLT+LT) > LT (lateral teeth) > MLT (median lateral teeth).

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.7 s.80
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• pp.1158-1163
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• 2006

Bisphenol A (BPA), 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, has been widely used as a monomer for production of epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics, and final products of BPA include adhesives, protective coatings, paints, optical lens, building materials, compact disks and other electrical parts. Since BPA is a toxic chemical to elicit acute cell cytotoxicity and chronic endocrine disrupting activity, the degradation of BPA has been focused during last decades. To overcome the problem of photo-, and chemical-degradation of BPA, in this study, a bacterium that is able to biodegrade BPA, was isolated. The bacterium, isolated froln the soil of plastic factory, was identified as Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (strain BP-2) based on physiological and 16S rDNA sequencing analysis. A. calcoaceticus BP-2 was able to grow in the presence of $1140{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$ BPA. Biodegradation experiments showed that BP-2 mineralized BPA via 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 4-hydroxyacetophenone, and average degradation rate was $53.3{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}\;day^{-1}$ under optimal conditions (pH 7 and $30^{\circ}C$). In high density resting cell $(3.5g-dcw.1^{-1})$ experiments, the maximal degradation rate was increased to $89.7{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}\;h^{-1}$. Our results suggest that BP-2 has high potential as a catalyst for practical BPA bioremediation.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.306-312
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• 2016

Microalgae are the potential bioindicators of environmental changes, for the environmental risk assessment as well as to set limits for toxic chemical release in the aquatic environment. Here, we evaluated the effects of two endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), namely bisphenol A (BPA) and Aroclor 1016, on the green algae Tetraselmis suecica, diatom Ditylum brightwellii, and dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum. Each species showed wide different sensitivity ranges when exposed to these two EDCs; the 72 h effective concentration ($EC_{50}$) for these test species showed that Aroclor 1016 was more toxic than BPA. $EC_{50}$ values for the diatom D. birghtwellii were calculated at 0.037 mg/L for BPA and 0.002 mg/L for Aroclor 1016, representing it was the most sensitive when compared to the other species. In addition, these results suggest that these EDC discharge beyond these concentrations into the aquatic environments may cause harmful effect to these marine species.