• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.691-703
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• 1998

Saliva is obviously potential medium to protect the dental caries by not only physical clearing effect, but aggregating action of protein with bacteria. Nevertheless, we still do not understand how the dental caries occur and what brings the individual difference in caries prevalence. In the regards of dental caries prevalence, we hypothesized that the composition of salivary protein might be different from caries susceptible group to caries resistant group. The purposes of this experiment were focused on the molecular analysis of salivary proteins from the subjects who were involved in multiple caries. Electrophoretic analysis was done on the whole saliva collected from the children with and without multiple caries. We found 86.2% of subjects with multiple caries has approximately 120 KDa protein band while 30.4% in the healthy subjects. And the concentration of the total protein on the subjects with multiple caries is significantly higher than that of the healthy group. However, it turned out that the difference of the salivary composition does not affect the bacterial adhesion to hydroxyapatite bead. With regards of enzymes in saliva, the activity of ${\alpha}-amylase$ and lactate dehydrogenase does not have any significant difference between both groups. However, the concentrations of $Na^+\;and\;Cl^-$ in saliva from multiple caries group is higher than that of the control group. Taken all together, it may be concluded that 120 KDa protein in saliva may be associated with the process of dental caries, also the high concentration of protein and $Na^+,\;Cl^-$ in saliva may be linked to dental caries development as a cofactors.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 2011

The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of soaking time (6, 12 and 24 hr) and steeping temperature (25, 30 and $35^{\circ}C$) on germination time, germination percentage and weight loss of wheat and barley. Changes in chemical composition (such as protein, fat, and ash), reducing sugar content, enzyme activity and pasting profile and GABA ($\gamma$-animobutyric acid) content of germinated wheat and barley were also evaluated. The results clearly suggest that the short soaking time and lower steeping temperature significantly decreased germination time and weight loss, while germination percentage increased. Regarding the chemical composition, the protein content of wheat and barley was slightly increased after germination but there was no significant difference in content of crude fat and ash of both germinated cereals. The reducing sugar content of both germinated cereals decreased as the steeping temperature increased from $25^{\circ}C$ to $35^{\circ}C$. Increasing soaking time and steeping temperature led to increased amylase activity, and also corresponded to reduced paste viscosity. The highest GABA content that occurred with soaking times of 6 and 12 hr and a steeping temperature of $35^{\circ}C$ was 1,467.74 and 1,474.70 ${\mu}g/g$ for germinated wheat and 2,108.13 and 1,691.85 ${\mu}g/g$ for germinated barley. This study indicated that the optimum germination process for wheat and barley is a low steeping temperature and a short soaking time.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2013

This study was carried out to compare the filtration effect of anaerobic digestion waste water by compost filtration bed. Three types of filtration systems were set for filtration test following to composition of bedding materials. Two filtration systems were filled with sawdust, rice-hull and wood-chip. And the other was filled with sawdust and rice-hull. Anaerobic digestion waste water was applied evenly on the surface of the filtration bed with spraying nozzle. The concentration of nitrogen, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), suspended solids (SS) of anaerobic digestion waste water was decreased by filtration treatment. The total nitrogen content was decreased from 1,313 mg/L to 1,090~1,293 mg/L and BOD concentration was decreased from 529.7 mg/L to 125~162.3 mg/L, respectively. The SS content was decreased from 69~79% by filtration process. In addition, the electrical conductivity (EC) was decreased from 10.22 ds/m to 7.91~8.31 ds/m.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.88-91
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• 1985

For the systematic investigation of biochemical characteristics of Korean ginseng protein, protein fractions were analyzed by the techniques of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The effect of pH and various salts on extractibility of ginseng protein were determined while the amino acid composition was studied by amino acid autoanalyzer. The protein was consisted of 66.08% of albumin and 20.51% of glutelin. Extractability of ginseng protein was the lowest in pH 3.0 and the highest in $pH\;6.0{\sim}8.0$. Among the neutral salts solution, $0.4M\;Na_2CO_3$ showed maximum extractability while $1.0M\;MgSO_4$ solution showed the least extractability. Resonable precipitation was obtained by 40% of acetone and ammonium sulfate. It has been shown by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis that the soluble protein had 11 bands. The molecular weight for the main protein of the soluble protein wasestimated to be 43,000. In amino acid composition of water extracted protein, arginine content was the highest 47.17% while on the contray, proline and cystine contents were very low.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.1205-1214
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• 2022

Objective: Spent ginger is a byproduct of juice extraction from the rhizome of ginger (Zingiber officinale). Despite its nutritional value, it is difficult to preserve or further process and thus is often wasted. This study uses spent ginger as a substrate for fermentation and cultivates spent ginger yeast cultures (SGYCs) that are then added to the feed of laying hens. The effects of SGYCs on production performance, egg quality, serum composition, and intestinal microbiota of laying hens were investigated. Methods: Eighty 60-week-old Hy-Line Brown hens were separated into 5 experimental groups with 4 replicates per group (4 hens per cage, 4 cages per replicate). The control group was fed a basal diet while experimental groups were also given SGYCs at the levels of 5, 10, 20, and 40 g/kg for 6 weeks. Results: The addition of SGYCs significantly increased the laying rate and nutrient digestibility, decreased feed conversion ratio, and enhanced the color of egg yolks (p<0.05). No changes were observed in activity levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in the serum (p>0.05), but the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and peroxidase all significantly increased, and contents of malondialdehyde were significantly reduced (p<0.05). In addition, changes in the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes might be the main factor contributing to the significant increase in the apparent digestibility of crude protein and crude fat in laying hens (p<0.05). Conclusion: The current evidence shows that dietary supplementation of SGYCs to the feed of laying hens can improve laying rates, enhance antioxidative defenses, and influence dominant intestinal bacteria.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.1727-1737
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• 2024

The quality of tobacco is directly affected by macromolecular content, fermentation is an effective method to improve biochemical properties. In this study, we utilized CBHA (cellobiohydrolase A) glycosylase, which was expressed by Pichia pastoris, as an additive for fermentation. The contents of main chemical components of tobacco leaves after fermentation were determined, and the changes of microbial community structure and abundance in tobacco leaves during fermentation were analyzed. The relationship between chemical composition and changes in microbial composition was investigated, and the function of bacteria and fungi in fermentation was predicted to identify possible metabolic pathways. After 48 h of CBHA fermentation, the contents of starch, cellulose and total nitrogen in tobacco leaf decreased by 17.60%, 28.91% and 16.05%, respectively. The microbial community structure changed significantly, with Aspergillus abundance decreasing significantly, while Filobasidum, Cladosporium, Bullera, Komagataella, etc., increased in CBHA treated group. Soluble sugar was most affected by microbial community in tobacco leaves, which was negatively correlated with starch, cellulose and total nitrogen. During the fermentation process, the relative abundance of metabolism-related functional genes increased, and the expressions of cellulase and endopeptidase also increased. The results showed that the changes of bacterial community and dominant microbial community on tobacco leaves affected the content of chemical components in tobacco leaves, and adding CBHA for fermentation had a positive effect on improving the quality of tobacco leaves.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1995.10a
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• pp.137-146
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• 1995

In this study, it was tested whether lead intoxication could change thiamine content and the thiamine related biochemical factor such as activity of transketolase in the brain, and whether the changes of the myelin composition :s well as the seizure threshold induced by lead intoxication in rats be related to these changes of thiamine status and thiamine related biochemical factors. In addition, it was also tested whether administration of excessive thiamine can reverse the toxic manifestation of lead in lead intoxicated animals. Five groups of Wistar rats were prepared: 1)Control group, 2)lead treated group, 3)thiamine treated group, 4)lead plus thiamine treated group and 5)thiamine deficiency group. Each group of animals was divided into three subgroups based on ages: 3, 7 and 10 weeks of age subgroups. Lead concentration, thiamine content, the activity of transketolase and myelin composition in brain areas and threshold of electric shock seizure were tested in each group. Lead concentrations in all brain regions of lead treated group were higher than those of control group, and those of lead plus thiamine treated group were significantly lower than those of lead treated group. Thiamine contents in the brain regions of lead treated group were significantly lower than those of control group, and those of lead plus thiamine treated group were recovered back to those of control group. Activities of transketolase of lead treated group were significantly lower than those of control group, while those of lead plus thiamine treated group were recovered back to those of control group. The cases of which was observed with the concomitant changes of thiamine content and transketolase activity in myelin content or constituent of all the brain regions tested were total amount of myelin protein in the cerebellum of 3 week old rats, and phospholipid in the cerebellum of 3 week old rats and the telencephalon of 16 week old rats. Thresholds of the electroshock seizure of lead-treated group and thiamine-deficient group in 3, 7 week old rats were significantly lower than those of control group, while those of the lead plus thiamine-treated group were similar to those of control group. Changes of the electroshock seizure threshold induced by lead intoxication were observed in 3 week and 7 week old animals with the concomitant decrement of thiamine content in all the brain regions tested. These observations were reversed by the supplementation with thiamine to those animals. However, the changes of seizure threshold induced by lead intoxication corelated with the changes of thiamine contents as well as. transketolase due to lead intoxication. The changes of myelin phospholipid as one of myelin composition and those of myelin Protein content only in the cerebellum of 3 week old rats correlated with the changes of the seizure threshold as well as thiamine content due to lead intoxication. The results from the present study may indicate that neurotoxicity of lead in rats may be mediated at least in part through the changes of thiamine status. Such changes of thiamine status may induce the changes of myelin composition such as myelin phospholipid and those of myelin protein content especially in the cerebellum of 3 week old rats which may eventually affect the threshold of seizure.

• Clean Technology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.223-230
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• 2019

This research was performed to evaluate the characteristics of food waste from 5 areas in Gangwon Province, Korea and to predict the $CH_4$ gas production rate. Food wastes were sampled in July and September, 2017. The amount of methane gas generation was evaluated through the biochemical methane potential (BMP) test and a calculation method using chemical composition. Average bulk density and pH of the food wastes were in the range of $0.758{\sim}0.850g\;cm^{-3}$ and 4.29 ~ 4.75, respectively. By physical composition, vegetables were the highest with 56.43 ~ 72.81% with fruits recording 5.31 ~ 8.95%, cereals 1.60 ~ 18.73%, fish and meat 4.47 ~ 12.11%, and filtrate 1.76 ~ 3.64%. The average water content was 69.30 ~ 75.87%, and VS and ash content were 22.50 ~ 27.98% and 1.63 ~ 2.48%, respectively. In addition, $BOD_5$, $COD_{Cr}$, and $COD_{Mn}$ were in the ranges of $17,690.3{\sim}33,154.9mg\;L^{-1}$, $106,212.3{\sim}128,695.5mg\;L^{-1}$, and $51,266.1{\sim}63,426.3mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. The NaCl content ranged from 0.81 to 1.17%. The results of elemental analysis showed that the contents of C, H, O, N, and S were 44.87 ~ 48.1%, 7.12 ~ 7.57%, 40.13 ~ 43.78%, 3.22 ~ 4.14%, and 0.00 ~ 0.02%, respectively. In a comparison of the methane production yield per VS mass of food waste, there was no significant difference between the cumulative amount (${0.303{\sim}0.354m_{CH4}}^3\;{kg_{VS}}^{-1}$) by the BMP test and the theoretical amount (${0.294{\sim}0.352m_{CH4}}^3\;{kg_{VS}}^{-1}$) calculated by chemical composition.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.195-199
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• 2013

A bacterial strain MPL-01 was isolated from the large intestine of a wild boar. The strain was shown to have morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics, fatty acids composition typical of Bacillus. The 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that the isolate formed distinct phyletic line that was most closely related to this of Bacillus atrophaeus (99.99%). It was proposed that the strain is classified as B. atrophaeus MPL-01. The strain MPL-01 exhibited the strongest antifungal activity against Colletotrichum acutatum, the pathogen of anthracnose of chili peppers. The ethyl acetate extract of culture filtrate possessed not only the antifungal activity but also the bio-surfactant activity. Therefore, the strain MPL-01 could be a useful bacterium in the development of bio-control process against the pathogenic fungi.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1630-1637
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• 2014

The objective of the study was to determine the quality and fatty acid profiles of mutton cuts purchased from rural and urban localities in South Africa. Five hundred and ten samples were collected in four seasons from both rural and urban shops and butcheries. Samples were immediately transported to the laboratory in cooler boxes with ice where the following physico-chemical characteristics of mutton were determined; meat pH, color ($L^*$, $a^*$, and $b^*$), cooking losses and Warner Braztler shear force and replicates stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ pending fatty acid analysis. Meat $L^*$ values were lowest ($24.7{\pm}0.49$) in winter and highest ($32.2{\pm}0.49$) in spring. The loin and sirloin cuts recorded the highest intramuscular fat whilst rib and leg cuts recorded the lowest intramuscular fat. In conclusion intramuscular fat, fatty acid profiles and physico-chemical quality of mutton were significantly affected by season and meat portion and not necessarily by the locality and class of shop.