• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.357-367
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the current status of pesticide residues in 3,735 agricultural products in the northern area of Seoul from January to December in 2008. 3,735 samples, comprising 119 types of agricultrural products were assessed via a multiresidue method to detect 260 pesticides. Pesticide residues were detected in 19.7% (737 of 3,735 samples), and the rate at which the detected residues violated the maximum residue levels(MRLs) of the Korean Food Code was 3.2% (121 of 3,735 samples). Pesticide residues were detected in 72 spin-aches, 64 peppers, 45 sweet peppers, 40 perilla leaves, 38 korean cabbages and 37 dried agricultural products. The samples that violated the MRLs included 14 perilla leaves, 13 spinaches, 12 leek, 6 lettuces(leaf), 6 chards and 6 gyeojchaes. Procymidone, endosulfan, chlorfenapyr, cypermethrin, bifenthrin, tebuconazole and fenvalerate were all frequently observed. Procymidone, endosulfan, dimethomorph and diniconazole were the pesticides most frequently detected at levels that violated the Korean Food Code MRLs.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.145-149
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• 2013

We tested for residual pesticide levels in dried vegetables in Seoul, Korea. A total of 100 samples of 13 different types of agricultural products were analyzed by a gas chromatography-nitrogen phosphate detector (GC-NPD), an electron capture detector (GC-${\mu}ECD$), a mass spectrometry detector (GC-MSD), and a high performance liquid chromatography- ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV). We used multi-analysis methods to analyze for 253 different pesticide types. Among the selected agricultural products, residual pesticides were detected in 11 samples, of which 2 samples (2.0%) exceeded the Korea Maximum Residue limits (MRLs). We detected pesticide residue in 6 of 9 analyzed dried pepper leaves and 1 sample exceeded the Korea MRLs. Data obtained were then used for estimating the potential health risks associated with the exposures to these pesticides. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) range from 0.1% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for bifenthrin to 8.4% of the ADI for cadusafos. The most critical commodity is cadusafos in chwinamul, contributing 8.4% to the hazard index (HI). This results show that the detected pesticides could not be considered a serious public health problem. Nevertheless, an investigation into continuous monitoring is recommended.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.211-220
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• 2016

This study was to develop the analytical reference material of green-pepper for multi-residue analysis of pesticides. According to the ISO Guide 35, ISO Guide 13528 and EURL-PT protocol, the homogeneity, stability, assigned value and uncertainty were calculated to assess if it was suitable to be used as the proficiency test or quality control. The values of the within-bottle standard variation ($s_{wb}$) and the between-bottle standard variation ($s_{bb}$) were 1.7~3.7% of assigned value according to the requirement of the ISO guide 35. And, the uncertainty ($u^*{_{bb}}$) due to inhomogeneity was 0.8~1.1% for all pesticides. The storage stabilities of ten-pesticides at various conditions were assessed. For all target pesticides, the slop ($b_1$) values were smaller than the corresponding values of $[t_{0.95,n-2}{\times}s(b_1)]$ specified by the ISO guide 35, indicating that there were no statistically significant decreases in the concentration of the target pesticides when the analytical reference material was stored at room temperature ($20{\sim}30^{\circ}C$) for 7 days, freezing ($-20^{\circ}C$) for 30 days and deep freezer ($-80^{\circ}C$. except for bifenthrin, fenpropathrin) for 245 days. For proficiency test by using it developed by Korea Institute of Toxicology, inter-lab test was performed with eight organization performing the residual pesticide analysis. We found that there were some different results among them. Some were assessed as questionable or unacceptable for two pesticides and one organization didn't analyze the six pesticides. From these results, this green-pepper analytical reference material containing ten-pesticides could be used as a tool for the proficiency test to improve the reliability or consistency for pesticide residue's results.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.224-232
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• 2012

This study was performed to investigate the pesticide residue of commercial medicinal plants used for food materials in the Seoul area. Multi class pesticide multiresidue methods in Korea Food Code was used to analyze 100 pesticides. Analyzed samples were 261 cases(domestic 201, imported 60), detection rate was 19.2%(domestic 20.9%, imports 13.3%). 17 pesticides were detected in fruit(chinese matrimony vine, jujube, rubus coreanus, japanese cornlian cherry, schizandra, tangerine peel), and root(cnidium, licorice, astragalus). Pesticide over Maximum Residue Limits were detected in jujube, cnidium. Frequently detected pesticides were cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, cyhalothrin, fenvalerate, bifenthrin. More than 50% of the sample were detected two or more pesticides at the same time. Because of the variety and increase of pesticide detection in medicinal roots and fruits, continued monitoring and safety management is required.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.340-347
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• 2019

We performed a safety survey on residual pesticides in dried agricultural products. A total of 110 samples of dried agricultural products distributed in Gyeonggi-do were analyzed for 263 pesticides according to multi class pesiticide multiresidue method. Ten types of pesticides were detected in 10 samples. Chlorpyrifos was detected in Ricinus communis leaves, chlorpyrifos, hexaconazole, pyridalyl in Chwinamul (wild aster), diniconazole, isoprothiolane, lufenuron in radish leaves, hexaconazole in Cirsium setidens (Korean thistle), bifenthrin, and chlorothalonil, boscalid, and pyraclostrobin in pepper leaves. The detection rate of pesticides was 9.1%, and among these samples, one was detected over Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs). In the validation study, the values of limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), coefficient of determination ($R^2$) and recovery were in the range of 0.002~0.027 mg/kg, 0.006~0.083 mg/kg, 0.9964~1.0000 and 74.8~118.9%, respectively. The Positive List System (PLS) was newly introduced as part of the safety management of residual pesticide in agricultural products in Korea in 2019. With the application of the PLS, if the MRL is not established, 0.01 mg/kg limit is applied uniformly. In spite, these of strengthened residue limits, the MRLs of dried agricultural products are still insufficient. Therefore, this study could be utilized as basic data for the setting of proper MRLs.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.283-289
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• 2019

This study was performed to monitor the residual pesticides in agricultural products used in school foodservice in the Gwangju metropolitan area. Risk assessment was also carried out based on the amount of agricultural products consumed. A total of 320 agricultural products supplied to schools in Gwangju were analyzed from 2015 to 2017. The pre-treatment and residual pesticide analysis of these products was conducted in accordance with the second method for multi-residue analysis of pesticides in the Korean food code. The hazard index was calculated by dividing the estimated daily intake (EDI) of pesticides by the acceptable daily intake (ADI). The linearity correlation coefficient for the calibration curve was 0.9923 to 1.0000, LOD 0.004 to 0.019 mg/kg, LOQ 0.012 to 0.057 mg/kg, and recovery was 79.1 to 100.2%. Residual pesticides were detected in 18 (5.6%) of 320 agricultural products used for school foodservice, and one sample of sweet potato stem (0.3%) exceeded the maximum residual limit (MRL). The detection frequency for chili peppers and bell peppers was higher than that for other agricultural products. The frequently-detected pesticides were boscalid and acetamiprid. These results showed that residual pesticide management is needed for chili pepper, bell pepper and sweet potato stem among agricultural products supplied to schools. The hazard index of bifenthrin in sweet potato stem showed the highest (64.18%), and the other pesticides were 0.03-8.23%. These results indicated that agricultural products supplied to schools in Gwangju were safe for consumption. To minimize the intake of residual pesticides, it is necessary to not only thoroughly wash agricultural products but to also ensure the expanded supply of products that are pesticide-free.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.51-60
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• 2017

The striped fruit fly, Bactrocera scutellata, infests pumpkin flowers. Males are attracted to raspberry ketone (RK) and feed the attractant. This study was conducted to determine essential techniques to develop a male annihilation technique (MAT) of this insect pest. Effective attractants were screened in laboratory and field conditions. Both males and females were responsive to methyl eugenol (ME) in laboratory, though no flies were attracted to ME traps in field conditions. In contrast, cuelure (CL), which is a chemical derivative of RK, was effective to attract males of B. scutellata in both laboratory and field conditions. However, RK was equivalent or superior to CL when they were formulated in a form of wax dispenser. A pyrethroid insecticide along with the attractant was effective to attract and kill B. scutellata. Funnel trap was useful for MAT to confirm and count dead flies. These results indicate that MAT against B. scutellata consists of RK and bifenthrin in a wax type formulation, which is installed to a funnel type of trap. These essential factors would be useful to develop MAT applicable to control B. scutellata in fields.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.230-236
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• 1994

Dicofol susceptible two-spotted spider mite(S) which was selected by 150 times of dicofol treatment showed 27 5-fold increase in resistance as compared to S strain. Inheritance of resistance and crossresistance in selected strain($R_d$) were investigated. There were differences oi susceptibility in the dicofol concentmtion-moltaliity relationships between $F_1$ progenies (R♀, XS♂, R♂, XS♀) obtained from reciprocal cross with the S strain and $R_d$, strain. Degree of dominance of the $F_1$ progenies (R♀, XS♂, R♂, XS♀) were -0.29 and -0.72 in adult females and -0.42 and -0.93 in adult males, respectively. These results suggest that inheritance of dicofol resistance is controlled by an incomplete recessive. $R_d$ strain exhibited a high level of cross resistance to amitraz, and also showed cross resistance to pyrethrotd acaricides, acrinathrin and bifenthnn. $R_d$ strain showed non-cross reslstancz to abamectin, chlolfenson, clofentezine, cyhexatm, fenbutatin oxlde, fenpyroximate, hexythiazox, monocrotophos, propargite and tetradifon, but negatively correlated cross-resistance to azocyclotin and fenbutatin oxide belonging to tin acaricides.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to optimize a simple, fast, and economic analytical method for the simultaneous determination of various pesticides (aldrin, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, ${\alpha}$-endosulfan, ${\beta}$-endosulfan, dieldrin, heptachlor, permethrin, chlordane, deltamethrin, diazinon, bifenthrin, methoprene, propargite, fenpropathrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and fenpropathrin) in milk by using dispersive solid phase extraction (SPE). In this study, two different extraction methods (low temperature cleanup and liquid-liquid partitioning), which were followed by a cleanup process based on dispersive-SPE, were evaluated and compared for the 19 pesticides. The results for all the pesticides were determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with selected-ion monitoring mode, and the matrix effect of the method was evaluated. Comparison of these approaches yielded higher and more consistent recoveries of most pesticides at fortification levels of $1{\mu}g/mL$ using low-temperature fat precipitation, followed by cleanup process based on dispersive-SPE with PSA and C18 as sorbents, than other preparation process. The relative standard deviation was <20 % and the combination of this method were very effective for the cleanup.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Applied Microbiology Conference
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• 1979.10a
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• pp.244.3-245
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• 1979

1. 수율계수 함수의 영향 : 유가 배양에 있어서 수율 계수가 제한 기질 농도의 함수일 경우에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 사용한 수율 계수 함수는 기질 농도에 대하여 선형 함수였으며 목적함수는 중간 대사 물질의 생산량이었다. 1-가) 수율 계수 함수의 기울기가 음의 값으로 적어짐에 따라 제한 기질의 공급속도가 증가되었다. 1-나) 일반적으로 초기의 얼마 동안은 회분 배양에서와 같이 공급 속도가 거의 없었으며 그후 전환점 이후에 가서야 공급 속도가 증가하였다. 1-다) 전환점 이후에서도 처음에는 대부분의 경우에 공급속도가 음의 값으로 부터 시작하여 증가하기 시작하였다. 1-라) 어떤 경우에는 배양 초기부터 공급 속도가 양의 값으로부터 시작하였으나 곧 감소하였다가 다시 증가하는 비 단조형 변화를 보였다. 1-마) 전환점 이후에서 공급 속도가 증가하는 형태에서도 처음에는 선형 증가를 보이다가 나중에 지수적 증가를 보였다. 1-바) 위와 같은 공급 속도의 변화에 따른 발효조 내의 제한 기질 농도의 변화는 초기에는 가능한 최대치를 유지하다가 전환점 이후에는 갑자기 감소하는 형태를 취하였다. 2. 목적 함수의 영향: 목적 함수가 균체량과 생성 중간 대사물질 량의 선형 결합일 때 대하여 연구하였다. 선형 결합 계수로는 균체량과 생성대사 물질의 상대적인 값어치를 취하였다. 2-가) 허용 최대 균체 농도가 제한되어 있는 상황 하에서 생성 대사 물질의 상대적인 값이 증가 할수록 목적 함수가 증가하였다. 2-나)생성대사 물질의 상대적인 값이 증가할수록 전환점의 위치가 줄어들었다. 2-다) 생성대사 물질 상대적 값의 단위 증가에 대한 목적 함수는 균체량을 감안하지 않은 야마네박사의 결과에 수렴하였다. 2-라) 공급 속도는 상대 값이 커질수록 줄어들었다. 2-마) 균체량의 시간에 대한 곡선은 상대값이 증가할수록 감소하고 전형적인 분기점 형태의 변화를 보였다.변이 뚜렷하여 이로 인한 외임파강내의 염증성병변이 뚜렷이 나타나 있으며 와우관의 특히 기저회전에서의 유모세포의 손실이 심한 것으로 보아 중이염으로 인한 골도의 고음역에서의 손실이 발생함을 알 수 있다.A group), vinclozolin, procymidone, tetradifon cypermethrin, 그리고 fenvalerate(B group)에서는 70% 이상의 회수율을 얻었고, 20%의 ethyl acetate/hexane을 사용하여 분석한 경우는 5%나 10%의 ethyl acetate/hexane을 사용하여 분석했을 때보다 좋은 결과를 나타내어 전체 16종의 농약 중 14종에서 75% 이상의 회수율을 얻었으나, alachlor와 bifenthrin은 매우 낮은 회수율을 보여서 ethyl acetate와 hexane의 혼합용매가 이들 두 농약성분의 분석에는 적합하지 않은 용출 용매임을 알 수 있었다.NO_2의$ 급성 중독증상으로서는 눈, 코를 강하게 자극하고 폐충혈, 폐수종, 기관지염, 폐염 등을 일으킨다. 만성 중독시에는 만성폐섬유와 및 폐수종을 일으킨다. (4) $오존(O_3)$ Ozone은 자동차 배기가스에서 나오는 $NO_2$ gas 및 탄화수소와 작용하여, PAN이라는 자극성 물질을 생성시키는 광학적 Smog의 주요소로 알려져 있다. 자극적인 냄새가 있음으로 불쾌감을 주고 비, 인후점막의 전조감과 두통이 오며 폐기능을 저하시키며 더욱 진행되면 폐충혈, 폐수종 등을 일으킨다 (5) Smog에 의한 건강피해 대표적인 것이 1952.12.5~12.8까지 4일간 영국 Lon-don에서 계속된 Smog사건이며, 이 사건으로 말미암아 호흡기질환 사망율이 사건전보다 사건기간 중 혹은 사건후에 5~10배의 증가율을 보였다. 이때 Smog의 주원인은 연료의 불완전 연소에 의한 연기와 이때 발생