• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.58-66
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• 2007

Isolation, expression, and characterization of a novel $endo-{\beta}-1,3(4)-D-glucanase$ with high specific activity and homology to Bacillus lichenases is described. One clone was screened from a genomic library of Paenibacillus sp. F-40, using lichenan-containing plates. The nucleotide sequence of the clone contains an ORF consisting of 717 nucleotides, encoding a ${\beta}-glucanase$ protein of 238 amino acids and 26 residues of a putative signal peptide at its N-terminus. The amino acid sequence showed the highest similarity of 87% to other ${\beta}-1,3-1,4-glucanases$ of Bacillus. The gene fragment Bg1 containing the mature glucanase protein was expressed in Pichia pastoris at high expression level in a 3-1 high-cell-density fermenter. The purified recombinant enzyme Bg1 showed activity against barley ${\beta}-glucan$, lichenan, and laminarin. The gene encodes an $endo-{\beta}-1,3(4)-D-glucanase$ (E. C. 3.2.1.6). When lichenan was used as substrate, the optimal pH was 6.5, and the optimal temperature was $60^{\circ}C$. The $K_m,\;V_{max},\;and\;k_{cat}$ values for lichenan are 2.96mg/ml, $6,951{\mu}mol/min{\cdot}mg,\;and\;3,131s^{-1}$, respectively. For barley ${\beta}-glucan$ the values are 3.73mg/ml, $8,939{\mu}mol/min{\cdot}mg,\;and\;4,026s^{-1}$, respectively. The recombinant Bg1 had resistance to pepsin and trypsin. Other features of recombinant Bg1 including temperature and pH stability, and sensitivity to some metal ions and chemical reagents were also characterized.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.165-170
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• 2011

The physicochemical properties and cooking quality of Saechalssal bori (25% pearled ratio), which is a naked waxy barley, were investigated. The amylose, insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), soluble dietary fiber (SDF), total dietary fiber (TDF), and ${\beta}$-glucan contents of Saechalssal bori were 5.2, 10.8, 9.5, 20.3, and 3.7%, respectively. Pasting temperature, peak and final viscosity, and setback of Saechalssal bori were $66.5^{\circ}C$, 383.2, 231.3, and 55.6 RVU, respectively. The water absorption, expansibility, and soluble solid of Saechalssal bori were 232.2, 405.3, and 3.5%, respectively. As the ratio of water to grain increased, L value increased, whereas a and b values were decreased. The sensory evaluation showed that wateriness and overall acceptability increased with increasing ratio of water to grain, resulting in determining 2.1 times as the optimum ratio of water to grain. The cooked Saechalssal bori prepared using optimum condition had hardness (1.2 kg), cohesiveness (4.0), springiness (1.0), gumminess (5.1), chewiness (5.3), adhesiveness (0.2 kg), and A/H (0.8), respectively.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.45-55
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• 2021

Objectives : This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-atrophic effect of polycan in dexamethasone-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in vitro model. Methods : C2C12 myoblast were differentiated into myotube by 2% horese serum medium for 6 days, and then treated polycan extract at different concentrations for 24h. The effect of dexamethasone on the induction of muscle atrophy and expression of atrophy-related genes in differentiated C2C12 myotubes using a GSH, ROS, real-time PCR, western blots analysis. Results : The results showed that Treatment with polycan (100 and 200 ㎍/㎖) noncytotoxic levels on both myoblast and myotube. Polycan decreased the ROS level overproduced with dexamethasone and improved the depletion of GSH level. Dexamethasone showed a decrease in myotube diameter, which was associated with up-regulation muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases markers, such as atrogin-1, FoxO3, myostatin and muscle RING finger-1 (MuRF1), and down-regulation of myogenin, MEF2, Myogenic regulatory factor 5, 6 and MyoD. The results showed that polycan treatment significantly dose-dependently inhibited it. Furthermore, decreased expressions of PI3K/Akt signal pathway by dexamethasone were reversed by treatment with polycan. Conclusions : Thus, polycan suppresses dexamethasone induced muscle atrophy in C2C12 myotube in vitro model through activation of PI3K/Akt pathway and protective effect of improve skeletal muscle function.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.929-942
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• 2023

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of β-glucan with vitamin E supplementation on the growth performance, blood profiles, immune response, pork quality, pork flavor, and economic benefit in growing and finishing pigs. Methods: A total of 140 growing pigs ([Yorkshire×Landrace]×Duroc) were assigned to five treatments considering sex and initial body weight (BW) in 4 replications with 7 pigs per pen in a randomized complete block design. The experimental diets included a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet with or without 0.05% or 0.1% β-glucan and 0.02% vitamin E. The pigs were fed the diets for 12 weeks (phase I, 0 to 3; phase II, 3 to 6; phase III, 6 to 9; phase IV, 9 to 12). The BW and feed intake were measured at the end of each phase. Blood samples were collected at the end of each phase. Four pigs from each treatment were selected and slaughtered for meat quality. Economic benefit was calculated considering the total feed intake and feed price. Pork flavor was analyzed through inosine monophosphate analysis. Results: The average daily gain and feed efficiency were improved compared to the control when β-glucan or vitamin E was added. Supplementing 0.05% β-glucan significantly increased the lymphocyte concentration compared to the addition of 0.1% β-glucan and the content of vitamin E in the blood increased when 0.02% vitamin E was added. The treatment with 0.1% β-glucan and 0.02% vitamin E showed the most economic effect because it had the shortest days to market weight and the lowest total feed cost. The addition of β-glucan or vitamin E had a positive role in improving the flavor of pork when considering that the content of inosine monophosphate was increased. However, carcass traits and meat quality were not affected by β-glucan or vitamin E. Conclusion: The addition of 0.1% β-glucan with 0.02% vitamin E in growing and finishing pig diets showed great growth performance and economic effects by supplying vitamin E efficiently and by improving the health condition of pigs due to β-glucan.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.324-329
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• 1999

Barley malts were prepared at 15, 18 and $21^{\circ}C$ for $3{\sim}6$ days, and assayed for ${\beta}-glucanase$, ${\alpha}-amylase$ and ${\beta}-amylase$ activities. ${\beta}-Glucanase$ activity increased markedly during earley germination and reached maximum at the 6th day of germination. ${\beta}-Glucanase$ activity in six-rowed barley malt was much higher than that in two-rowed malt. ${\beta}-Glucanase$ activity was associated with reduction in ${\beta}-glucan$ content during germination. ${\beta}-amylase$ activity was also considerably higher in two-rowed barley, and increased continuously during 6-day germination. ${\beta}-Amylase$ activity was the lowest at $15^{\circ}C$, the highest at $18^{\circ}C$, and intermediate at $21^{\circ}C$ of germination temperature. Considerable amount of ${\beta}-amylase$ was detected in ungerminated raw barley, and this enzymatic activity tended to increase during 6-day germination. Diastatic power, measure of starch-saccharifying enzyme, in six-rowed malt was $1.4{\sim}1.6$ fold higher than in two-rowed malt. Germination at $18^{\circ}C$ for $5{\sim}6$ days was suggested to be the optimum condition for manufacturing good quality malts, in terms of enhanced starch-degrading enzymatic activity.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.21 no.6 s.101
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• pp.479-483
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• 2006

[ ${\beta}-Glucan$ ], one of the cell wall components, is most plentiful polysaccharides in cell wall and has several advantages in immune system. In yeast ${\beta}-glucan$ is mainly contained in the yeast cell wall, and thus it is important to produce high levels of cell mass for the mass production of yeast ${\beta}-glucan$. The best carbon and nitrogen sources on cell mass production were high fructose syrup and yeast extract. Response surface methodology (RSM) was very potential tool for the optimization of process factor and medium component. It was applied to estimate the effects of medium components on the production of cell mass. Optimal concentrations of high fructose syrup and yeast extract by response surface methodology were 8.0% (v/v) and 5.2% (w/v), respectively and the cell mass predicted was $17.0\;g/{\ell}$ at 20 h of cultivation.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.299-305
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• 2009

A new six-rowed naked barley cultivar "Jinjuchal" with high whiteness after cooking and high $\beta$-glucan content was developed from the cross between 'Jinmichapssalbori' with high winter hardiness, lodging tolerance, grain whiteness and pearling yield, and 'Suwon 333' with waxy endosperm by the Honam Agricultural Research Institute (HARI), NICS, RDA in 2007. An elite line, SB962002G-B-B-B-84-4 was selected in 2002 and designated as 'Iksan 79' It showed good agronomic performance in the regional yield trials (RYT) from 2005 to 2007 and was released with the name of "Jinjuchal" possessing high whiteness and low proanthocyanidin waxy endosperm. The average heading and maturing dates of "Jinjuchal" were April 27 and June 1 in paddy field, which were same and one day later than those of the check cultivar 'Saechalssalbori' respectively. The new cultivar, "Jinjuchal" had 81 cm of culm length that was 1cm longer than that of 'Saechalssalbori' and 4.9 cm of spike length. It showed 673 spikes per $m^2$, 56 grains per spike, 27.0 g of 1,000-grain weight, and 752 g of test weight. "Jinjuchal" showed stronger hardiness and better resistance to powdery mildew and BaYMV (Barley yellow mosaic virus) than those of the check cultivar, 'Saechalssalbori' It showed higher $\beta$-glucan content(8.4%) and water absorption rate than those of the check cultivar, 'Saechalssalbori' Its average yield of the pearled grain in the regional yield trial was 3.79 MT/ha in upland, and 3.73 MT/ha in paddy field, which were 1% lower and 3% higher than those of the check cultivar, respectively. Total phenol and proanthocyanidin contents were 4.2 and 0.2 mg/g, respectively. This cultivar is suitable for the area of the daily minimum temperature above $-6^{\circ}C$ in January in Korean peninsula.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.78-86
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• 2006

Laminarans with different purity were prepared from Eisenia bicyclis and their structures were characterized. Crude laminaran was successively extracted two times at room temperature for 2 hr with 0.09 N HCl, and partially purified laminaran was isolated using cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). Crude laminaran accounted for $14.5\%$ of the dry seaweed weight and contained $8.4\%$ protein, $7.6\%$ sulfate and $68.2\%$ polysaccharide. Partially purified laminaran accounted for $6.5\%$ of the dry algal weight and composed of $3.8\%$ protein, $3.2\%$ sulfate and $74.7\%$ total sugar, which is mainly composed of glucose $(83.3\%)$, indicating that partially purified laminaran was more purified polysaccharide than crude laminaran. Purified laminaran was fractionated into one fractions by Sephacryl S-300 HR column chromatography and this fraction was analysed by FT-IR, $^{13}C$ NMR, methylation and gel filtration chromatography. Purified laminaran showed $\beta-configuration$ $(^{13}C:103.0ppm,\;FT-IR:888cm^{-1})$ in the anomerization of the glycosidic linkages and was $(1\rightarrow3),\;(1\rightarrow6)$ linked $\beta-glucan$. The average molecular weight of purified laminaran was 12,600 dalton.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.556-567
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• 2024

β-glucan, a polysaccharide found in various sources, exhibits unique physicochemical properties, yet its high polymerization limits clinical applications because of its solubility. Addressing this limitation, we introduce PPTEE-glycan, a highly purified soluble β-1,3/1,6-glucan derived from Aureobasidium pullulans. The refined PPTEE-glycan demonstrated robust immune stimulation in vitro, activated dendritic cells, and enhanced co-stimulatory markers, cytokines, and cross-presentation. Formulated as a PPTEE + microemulsion (ME), it elevated immune responses in vivo, promoting antigen-specific antibodies and CD8+ T cell proliferation. Intratumoral administration of PPTEE + ME in tumor-bearing mice induced notable tumor regression, which was linked to the activation of immunosuppressive cells. This study highlights the potential of high-purity Aureobasidium pullulans-derived β-glucan, particularly PPTEE, as promising immune adjuvants, offering novel avenues for advancing cancer immunotherapy.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.835-843
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• 2020

Obesity, the world's leading metabolic disease, is a serious health problem in both industrialized and developing countries. Natural substances are of great interest in preventative medicine, especially in the field of metabolic syndromes-from insulin resistance to obesity and diabetes. In the present study, we investigated the effect of A. pullulans SM-2001 Extract (Polycan^®) on the adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and the anti-obesity effect of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Although β-glucan has been found to have health benefits in the regulation of the immune system and blood cholesterol levels, its role in obesity has not been fully investigated. Polycan^® suppressed lipid accumulation and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity without affecting cell viability in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and adipocytes. Polycan^® also inhibited cellular lipid accumulation through down-regulation of transcription factors, such as PPARγ and C/EBPα, and induced dose-dependent phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-a cellular energy sensor-while the total AMPK protein content remained unchanged. Taken together, this shows that the activation of AMPK by Polycan^® in adipocytes plays a critical role in Polycan^®-induced inhibition of adipocyte differentiation. Our results show that Polycan^® has an anti-obesity action in vitro, suggesting a potential novel preventative agent for obesity and other metabolic diseases.