• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.133-140
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• 2011

Muscle misuse dysphonia (MMD) is defined as a behavioral voice disorder resulting from inappropriate contractions of intrinsic and/or extrinsic laryngeal muscles. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of motor learning guided laryngeal motor control therapy (MLG-LMCT) which is designed to improve an existing LMT and further the effective voice treatment on people with muscle misuse dysphonia. Forty-six people with MMD (M:F=16:30) participated in this study. The voice samples of the participants were recorded to investigate the effect of MLG-LMCT before and after the voice therapy. Voice samples were analyzed via electro-glotto-graph (EGG). Contact quotient (CQ), speed quotient (SQ), and waveform were reported. In addition, perceptual and acoustical evaluation were conducted to determine the change of voice improvement after treatment. The experimenter massaged the tensioned muscles around the neck. In order to find more proper phonation the experimenter showed the subjects their EGG wave forms as to whether or not they are moving the vocal folds to the appropriate position. Therefore, the EGG wave forms were used as a type of visual feedback. With the wave form, the experimenter helped subjects move the vocal folds and laryngeal muscles to find more proper voice production. The sensory stimuli from the experimenter gradually faded out. A paired dependent t- test revealed that there was significant differences in CQ between pre- and post-therapy. Perceptually, overall, rough, breathy, strain, and transition were significantly reduced. Acoustically, there were significant differences in Fo, jitter, shimmer, and NHR. After using MLG-LMCT, most of the subjects showed improvements in voice quality. The results from this study led us to the following conclusions: Motor learning guided laryngeal motor control therapy (MLG-LMCT) has reduces muscle misuse dysphonia. These results may occur because a visual feedback from EGG wave form can maintain the effect of the muscle tension reduction from laryngeal manual therapy. In case of people with MMD who reduced muscle tension from the therapy (LMT) but, not appropriately manipulating the location of larynx or adducting the vocal folds, MLG-LMCT might be an alternative therapy approach.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.105-114
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• 2016

미디어환경의 급변에 따라 최근 광고시장에서는 전통매체의 영향력이 점차 감소되고 PC 기반 인터넷, 모바일미디어, 소셜미디어 등의 뉴미디어를 활용한 프로모션의 성장이 두드러지고 있다. 특히 소비자가 상시적으로 접근할 수 있는 디지털미디어를 전통매체와 결합하여 활용하는 마케팅커뮤니케이션 활동이 가능해 짐으로써 교차광고(또는 크로스미디어광고) 전략이 새로운 마케팅환경에서의 효과적인 소구기법으로 크게 주목 받고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 온-오프라인 교차광고의 효과에 있어 제품관여도와 매체간 연계속성, 그리고 성별이 광고 노출 후의 브랜드태도와 행동적 의향에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 실증분석하고자 하였다. 실험설계상으로는 내적 타당성의 확보를 위해 가상의 제품을 정하고, 제품관여도와 매체간 연계속성이란 두 독립변인을 조작하여 실험광고물을 제작한 후 20~30대 성인 남녀를 대상으로 실험조사를 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 제품관여도와 매체간 연계속성의 상호작용이 성별의 조절효과에 따라 브랜드 태도와 행동적 의향에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이 같은 연구결과를 토대로 이론적 실무적 시사점을 논의하고 후속연구의 방향성을 제안하였다.

• 정보과학회 논문지
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• 제43권9호
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• pp.1015-1025
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• 2016

소프트웨어 테스트에 대한 중요도는 오늘날의 산업 전반적으로 커지고 있으며 효과적인 테스트를 지원하기 위한 많은 방법들이 연구되고 있다. 이에 테스트 설계를 위해 시스템의 요구사항을 정형화하는 방법으로 모델 기반 테스트가 주로 사용되고 있는데, 반복과 동시성 작업을 포함하는 복잡한 시스템의 경우 경로 폭발을 야기하기 쉬운 문제가 있다. 특히 동시성 작업의 경우 Thread가 추가될수록 기하급수적인 수의 테스트 시나리오가 발생하게 되는데, 기존의 방법으로는 이를 해결하기 어렵다는 문제가 있다. 본 논문에서는 동시성 경로가 가지는 작업적 특성에 주안점을 두고, 이를 탐색하는 새로운 기법으로 경로 폭발 문제를 회피하는 방법을 제안한다. 사례 연구에서는 동시성 작업을 포함하는 시스템을 액티비티 다이어그램으로 표현하고, 기존의 기법이 생성할 테스트 시나리오의 수와 비교하여 본 기법의 효과를 보인다. 본 방법은 적은 수의 테스트 시나리오를 통해 반복과 동시성 작업의 결함을 효과적으로 발견할 것임을 기대한다.

• 한국시스템다이내믹스연구
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.5-31
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• 2008

Korean administrative jurisdiction has changed from separation to integration system, without definite raison d'etre from the effectiveness dimension. It partially comes from the fact that the top priority of most existing documents has given to the behavioral patterns of key variables during specific time periods. As an alternative approach, this study focuses on dynamic analysis on the long-term structural patterns related to urban-rural integration issues. Specifically, it pays attention to unique experiences between two neighboring administrative authorities, namely Cheongju and Cheongwon, all of which have repeated exceptional confrontations between pros and cons over almost two decades. From the theoretical perspectives, this observes structural similarities and differences between separation and integration approaches and compares individual feedback loops in order to examine urban-rural integration effectiveness. Structurally, if the integrated local authority adopts systematic management and balanced territorial development principles, it would gain the highest positive effect of urban-rural integration. After scenario buildings, it analyzes administrative integration dynamics between Cheongju and Cheongwon, highlighting geo-political conditions, key issues, and implementation plans between two administrative authorities. It expects that the integrated jurisdiction as a whole would increase the urban attractiveness as it can facilitate territorial development plans from macro-level. Furthermore, if the integrated authority keeps balanced territorial principles, which would be well reflected in the mutual agreement between two administrative units, it would also guarantee the increased urban attractiveness in the integrated jurisdiction. Nonetheless, compared to Cheongwon, which might be wider open to the location of NIMBY facilities, it would be more difficult for Cheongju to pay attention to territorial development confined to its original jurisdiction in the short run.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.113-119
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• 2007

Developmental disability shows life-long behavioral abnormality with no significant physical malformation. This study was undertaken to develop an animal model for developmental disability by using two-factor approach. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial toxin, and NAN-190, a $5-HT_{1A}$ receptor antagonist, were administered to Sprague-Dawley rats on postnatal day (PND) 5 to induce inflammation and an altered 5-HT system, respectively. Long-term alteration of behavior occurred in the drug-treated groups. The LPS-treated group showed impaired motor coordination in the Rota-rod test. The LPS- treated or both LPS and NAN-190-treated groups showed impaired fore-paw muscle power in the wire maneuver test. These groups also showed decreased white matter volume and increased serotonergic fibers. The LPS and NAN-190-treated group also exhibited neurologic deficit in the placing reaction test and impaired equilibrium function in the tilt table test. The results showed that a variety of altered behaviors can be generated by two factor model, and suggested that combination of important etiologic factors and possible underlying defects is a promising strategy of establishing an animal model for developmental disabilities.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.55-66
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• 1995

The goals of nursing education, and the bases for evaluating them depend on the goals of nursing practice. In order to prepare for the coming twenty first century and the meet changing societal demands and health needs, it is necessary to develop a new conceptual framework for future nursing education. While hospitals will still be in significant components of the health care system, will no longer be central focus or dominant influence. Health care services will be more usually delivered at community base. The nursing education required by that new approach must provide for reconsidered about a concept of caring as nursing curriculum. The changes in health care delivery that have occured, now being proposed, for nursing education undergoing its own changes. So the philosophy and objectives of education meed to reconsidering about the caring concept and general nursing. Nurse educators must prepare students to practic in condition of constant change. At the same time nurse educators must emphasize preparation about that. The practice of science of caring in nursing draws on a basic knowledge of the behavioral knowledge, biophysical processes, pathological processes, nursing skills and procedures and various treatment regimes and problem solving to help decision making in nursing situations. The concept of care is probably one of the least understood ideas used by professional and nonprofessional people, yet it is probably one of the most improtant concepts to be understood by nursing. Human caring and human relationships are closely interrelated. Humn caring remains an essential dimension of professional work and the science of caring as essental to the discipline of nursing. It is expected that the objectives of nursing education will be accomplished when the course and content of the curriculum are based on this conceptual framework. One recurrent education goal with some consistency is that of equipping the student with the necessary skills to live effectively and productivly in the world of tomorrow. In the new vision we are developing, professional education must also include exposure to liberal arts, encouragement of critical thinking, and a moral context for advanced professional education that is based upon a contextual health policy and caring science educational model.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.143-148
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• 2011

The present study investigated the role of peripheral P2X receptors in inflammatory pain transmission in the orofacial area in rats. Experiments were carried out on male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 220 to 280 g. Formalin (5%, 50 ${\mu}L$) and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA, 25 ${\mu}L$) was applied subcutaneously to the vibrissa pad to produce inflammatory pain. TNP-ATP, a $P2X_{2,2/3,4}$ receptor antagonist, or OX-ATP, a $P2X_7$ receptor antagonist, was then injected subcutaneously at 20 minutes prior to formalin injection. One of the antagonists was administered subcutaneously at three days after CFA injection. The subcutaneous injection of formalin produced a biphasic nociceptive behavioral response. Subcutaneous pretreatment with TNP-ATP (80, 160 or 240 ${\mu}g$) significantly suppressed the number of scratches in the second phase produced by formalin injection. The subcutaneous injection of 50 ${\mu}g$ of OX-ATP also produced significant antinociceptive effects in the second phase. Subcutaneous injections of CFA produced increases in mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity. Both TNP-ATP (480 ${\mu}g$) and OX-ATP (100 ${\mu}g$) produced an attenuation of mechanical hypersensitivity. However, no change was observed in thermal hypersensitivity after the injection of either chemical. These results suggest that the blockade of peripheral P2X receptors is a potential therapeutic approach to the onset of inflammatory pain in the orofacial area.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2011

Voltage dependent calcium channel (VDCC), one of the most important regulator of $Ca^{2+}$ concentration in neuron, play an essential role in the central processing of nociceptive information. The present study investigated the antinociceptive effects of L, T or N type VDCC blockers on the formalin-induced orofacial inflammatory pain. Experiments were carried out on adult male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 220-280 g. Anesthetized rats were individually fixed on a stereotaxic frame and a polyethylene (PE) tube was implanted for intracisternal injection. After 72 hours, 5% formalin ($50 \;{\mu}L$) was applied subcutaneously to the vibrissa pad and nociceptive scratching behavior was recorded for nine successive 5 min intervals. VDCC blockers were administered intracisternally 20 minutes prior to subcutaneous injection of formalin into the orofacial area. The intracisternal administration of 350 or $700{\mu}g$ of verapamil, a blocker of L type VDCC, significantly decreased the number of scratches and duration in the behavioral responses produced by formalin injection. Intracisternal administration of 75 or $150 \;{\mu}g$ of mibefradil, a T type VDCC blocker, or 11 or $22\; {\mu}g$ of cilnidipine, a N type VDCC blocker, also produced significant suppression of the number of scratches and duration of scratching in the first and second phase. Neither intracisternal administration of all VDCC blockers nor vehicle did not affect in motor dysfunction. The present results suggest that central VDCCs play an important role in orofacial nociceptive transmission and a targeted inhibition of the VDCCs is a potentially important treatment approach for inflammatory pain originating in the orofacial area.

• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.72-77
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• 2008

개인 식별 연구는 보안, 감시 시스템에서 중요한 부분이다. 최선의 성능을 가진 시스템을 설계하기 위하여 감지기들로부터 최대 정보를 이용할 수 있도록 설계한다. 다양한 생체 인식 시스템은 등록, 확인, 또는 개인 식별을 위하여 생리 특성이나 행동 특성을 하나이상 활용한다. 발걸음 인식만을 가지고는 아직 개인별 변별적 특징을 안정적으로 나타내지 못하므로, 본 논문에서는 얼굴과 발걸음을 결합한 개인 식별 시스템을 제안한다. 본 논문에서 우리는 한 개의 카메라를 이용한다. 즉, 얼굴과 발걸음 인식 모두 하나의 카메라를 이용하여 획득된 같은 이미지 셋을 사용한다. 본 논문의 중점은 이미지들에서 이용할 수 있는 최대 정보량을 활용하는 것으로 시스템의 성능을 향상시키는 것이다. 결합은 결정 단계에서 고려된다. 제안된 알고리듬은 NLPR 데이터베이스를 사용한다.

• 동서간호학연구지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.126-134
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• 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to supply the basic materials for the development of objective tools to measure 'Hwa-byung' and for the development of the theories and statements associated with 'Hwa-byung' by making clear the meaning and characteristics of 'Hwa-byung' and by analyzing the concept of 'Hwa-byung'. Method: The concept analysis of Hwa-byung was proceeded according to the concept analysis process of Walker and Avant(1995). Result: The conceptual characteristics of Hwa-byung resulted from the research are like these : (1) Injustice (2) Anger (3) Rumination (4) Anxiety. Therefore, we can describe Hwa-byung as the feeling repeatedly accumulated through the heavy mental pain, injustice, and anger and it is appeared with the physical and behavioral symptoms. Conclusion: Through this concept analysis, we propose as followings ; First, there's need of the objective tools which make it possible to assess Hwa-byung through the theory development and the statement associated with Hwa-byung. Second, there's need of interdisciplinary approach in the development of nursing intervention to coordinate the characteristics of Hwa-byung by understanding the total nature of Hwa-byung and finding the variables associated with Hwa-byung.