• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2005

본 연구는 돼지 도축 규모 및 계절별로 도축단계에 따른 미생물 오염도와 변화를 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 도축 5단계 즉, 내장적출 전, 내장적출 후, 최종세척 전, 최종세척 후 그리고 냉장실에서 돼지 도체 복부 표면에 대한 미생물 오염도를 조사하기 위하여 가로 세로 10×10 cm의 면적에 대하여 swab 방법으로 시료를 채취하였다. 그 결과 가을철 시료의 경우 소규모 도축장의 일반세균수는 모든 도축공정에서 10⁴∼10/sup 5/ CFU/㎠로서 10²∼10³ CFU/㎠의 균수를 보인 대규모 도축장에 비하여 높은 경향을 보였고, 냉장실 시료의 경우 대규모 도축장에 있어서 일반세균수가 10² CFU/㎠ 수준으로 10⁴ CFU/㎠ 수준값을 보여준 소규모 도축장과 일반세균수의 값에 있어서 큰 차이를 보였다. 겨울철 시료와 봄시료에 있어서도 가을 시료와 마찬가지로 대규모 도축장은 모든 도축공정에서 중소규모 도축장에 비하여 적은 미생물수준을 보였으나, 봄 시료의 경우 최종세척 전(10⁴ CFU/㎠)과 냉장실(10³ CFU/㎠)의 미생물수에 있어서는 도축장 규모에 따른 차이를 보여주지 않았다. 최종 세척 공정의 시료 채취 부위에 따른 세척 효과를 보기 위한 실험에서 둔부 및 복부 부위에서는 세척 효과를 보였지만, 턱 부위에서는 오히려 세척 후 미생물 수가 최종세척 전 단계보다 증가하는 경향을 보였다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.327-336
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• 2013

본 연구는 국내에서 생산되는 노계육(산란노계, 환우계 및 종계)의 우수한 저장성 확보를 위해 수행되었으며, 차아염소산나트륨 세척 및 진공 포장 방법이 $4^{\circ}C$ 냉장 저장 중 노계가슴육의 미생물학적 및 이화학적 품질에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 노계육을 물 또는 50 ppm 차아염소산나트륨 세척 후 가슴육의 가열 감량과 조직감 분석 결과, 노계 종류 및 세척방법에 따른 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 노계육을 물 또는 50 ppm 차아염소산나트륨으로 세척 후 가슴육을 함기 또는 진공 포장하여 $4^{\circ}C$ 냉장 저장하면서 가슴육의 총 호기성 미생물을 측정한 결과, 식육의 부패 기준이 7 Log CFU/g 임을 고려하였을 때 차아염소산나트륨 세척 또는 진공 포장단일 처리에 의해 노계 가슴육을 7일 이상 저장할 수 있음이 확인되었으며, 차아염소산나트륨 세척 및 진공 포장 병용처리 시 14일 이상의 저장 기간을 확보할 수 있음이 확인되었다. 게다가 노계 가슴육을 진공 포장하여 저장하였을 때 노계 가슴육의 VBN 함량이 저장 7일 후에도 식육의 부패기준인 20 mg% 미만으로 나타났으며, 지방 산패 또한 함기포장 처리구에 비해 억제됨이 확인되었다. 저장 중 노계 가슴육의 pH는 저장 기간 증가와 함께 증가하는 경향을 보였으나, 노계 종류에 따른 차이가 컸고, 진공 포장하였을 때 증가가 억제되었다. 결론적으로 노계육을 차아염소산나트륨으로 세척 후 진공 포장하여 냉장 저장 시 노계육의 우수한 저장성 개선을 기대할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.19-31
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality and assure the hygienic safety of the Bibimbap production in elementary school foodservice in accordance with the HACCP(Hazzard Analysis Critical Control Point) program. The time-temperature relationship and the microbiological quality(total plate count and coliform bacteria count) were assessed to find the critical control point(CCP) during each of the production phase. In the pre-preparation phase, the risk factors of the raw ingredients exceeded the standard level suggested by Solberg et al. Mungbean starch jelly, egg and Kochujang were satisfactory in that no coliform groups were observed over the standard TPC level. In particular, there was a high the risk of beef from the early stages in terms of the coliform level. In the pre-preparation phase, green pumpkin had more coliform groups than the standard level even after washed, which calls for special attention to washing, sterilization, secondary infection of the handler, and the required time for pre-preparation of raw vegetables. In the cooking phase, the temperature of the soybean sprout and mungbean starch jelly decreased to 42$^{\circ}C$ and 26$^{\circ}C$, respectively, which was within the risk zone. In particular, mungbean starch jelly had a great risk factor even after boiling in hot water. During the storage stage before serving, a lot of ingredients were exposed to poor management of temperature and time and thus exceeded the standard level in the total plate counts. In particular, the microbiological count of beef was five times the standard level. Green pumpkins and soybean sprouts were left at 15-38$^{\circ}C$ that is within the risk zone for a long period of time after they were cooked. It is highly recommended that the time of the storage stage before consumption should be shortened and that proper devices should be used to prevent proliferation of bacteria. The number of TPC of the utensils was satisfactory enough, but the knife used exceeded the standard level and thus was a risk factor of bacteria proliferation.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.47-52
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• 1991

A total of 2,024 quarters of 515 dairy cattle in Kangweon area were examined for incidence of subclinical mastitis. Milk samples from cattle infected with subclinical mastitis were studied bacteriologically and the bacterial strains isolated were further examined for sensitivity to 12 antibacterial agents. And the status of carrying out the mastitis control program in 28 dairy farms was examined. The results obtained were summerized as follows ; 1. A total of 308(59.8%) of 515 cattle and 656(32.4%) of 2,024 quarters were found to be infected with subclinical mastitis. 2. The 277 strains of etiological agents were isolated from 358 subclinical quarters. These were identified as Staphylococcus aureus(14.4%), other staphylococci(36.5%), Streptoccus agalatiae(8.7%), other streptococci(30.7%), Bacillus spp.(1.8%), Corynebacterium spp.(1.4%) and coliform(0.7%). 3. The 109 strains of streptococci and 141 strains of staphylococci were examined for sensitivity to 12 antibacterial agents. All the strains of streptococci were sensitive to penicillin, ampicillin and cephalothin, and they were also sensitive to erythromycin(88.1%), clindamycin(83.5%), enrofloxacin(75.2%), trimethoprim＋sulfamethoxazole(67.9%), The strains of staphylococci were sensitive to cephalothin(97.2%), gentamicin(83.0%). enroflozacin(80.9%), trimethoprim＋sulfamethoxazole(78.0%), erythromycin(71.6%) and clindamycin(71.6%). But all the strains resisted to colistin. 4. In the 28 dairy farms examined, condition of udder before washing was dirty in most of the farms (89.7%). Hygiene of milking equipment was only good in the 5 farms(17.9%). Teat preparation before milking was good in the 6 farms(21.4%). The farms in which teat dipping after milking was conducted were 46.4%. Dry cow treatment for the complete herd was carried out in most of the farms(89.3%) but mastitis checking was only carried out in the 8 farms(28.6%) irregularly.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.425-435
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• 1996

The effect of application of dentin bonding agent to the exposed dentin on the intradental nerve activity (INA), dentinal fluid movement and sealing of the dentinal tubules, was investigated in this study. The INA was recorded from the single pulp nerve unit dissected from the inferior alveolar nerve. And specimen of dentin was observed by SEM. Dentinal fluid 'movement through exposed dentin surface was measured before and after the application of dentin bonding agent. 1. Eight Ao-fiber units (conduction velocity: $8.0{\pm}4.0m$/sec) were identified. 4M NaCl evoked an irregular burst of action potentials which ceased immediately after washing. 2. In 4 $A{\delta}$-fiber units, appliction of All Bond 2 completely abolished the INA induced by 4M NaCl. Also, application of Scotchbond Multipurpose(SBMP) totally abolished the INA induced by 4M NaCl in 4 $A{\delta}$-fiber units. 3. Before the application of dentin bonding agent, outward dentinal fluid movement of $10.2{\pm}5.7\;pl{\cdot}s^{-1}{\cdot}mm^{-2}$ was obsered. But after the application of dentin bonding agent the movement of dentinal fluid was stopped. 4. The gap width of 2-$3{\mu}m$ was formed between exposed dentin and adhesive resin in the specimens applied with dentin bonding agents of All Bone 2 and SBMP. But the formation of hybrid layer and the penetration of resin into were dentinal tubules were not clearly observed in interface between dentin and adhesive resin.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.509-517
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• 2006

We investigated the change of symptoms and preventive behaviors before and after the Asian Dust events among indoor workers (teachers) and outdoor workers (taxi drivers and bus drivers). On February 2004, we recruited 195 taxi drivers, 135 bus drivers and 93 school teachers. Symptoms and behaviors related the Asian Dust events during 1 week were questioned by self administrated questionnaires. We surveyed pre-event and post-event. The symptom were not changed in bus drivers during the events. In taxi drivers and teachers,'Bad or smoky smell on the air' and 'eye congestion' symptoms were increased during the events. The preventive behaviors were decreased or not changed in taxi drivers and bus drivers. In teachers,'close the window','diminishing the outdoor activities', 'diminishing the going out', 'wearing the sunglasses', 'washing the eyes after going out'. This results suggest that the outdoor worker's guideline during the Asian dust eventsneeds to be developed.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.48-56
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the dietary habits of boarding high school students in Gangwon based on gender and stress levels. Questionnaires were distributed to 571 boarding high school students and collected from 491 students from June 28 to July 20, 2011. The statistical data analyses were completed using SPSS (ver. 19.0) for the descriptive analysis, independent sample t-test and $X^2$-test. The mean stress score was 23.7 out of 40, and male's stress was significantly higher than female's (p<0.05). The rates of having daily breakfast and dinner were significantly influenced by gender (p<0.01), and the regularity of lunch was significantly different depending on the stress level (p<0.05). Female students consumed less flour based foods (p<0.01), carbonated drinks (p<0.01), juices (p<0.05) and functional drinks (p<0.01) than male students, but male students consumed less cookies and breads (p<0.01). Dietary habits that boarding high school students should improve were an unbalanced diet (38%), too much intake at once (17%) and prejudice against foods (11%), and their primary value in dietary life was preference (33%), followed by staving off hunger (18%) and pleasure (18%). The average level of interest in dietary life was 2.46 (on a Likert-type 3-point scale) and it was significantly higher for female students (2.53) than male (2.40) (p<0.05). About 54% of students washed their hands before a meal when they thought of it, but only 25% of students always scrubbed up. The regularity of breakfast and dinner, frequency of snack intake, dietary habits that need to improve, intrest in dietary life, and washing hands before meals showed significant difference by gender but not by stress levels.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.73-79
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• 2006

We evaluated the efficacy of health education in reducing indoor arthropod allergens in Seoul. The mite control measures comprised the use of mite-proof mattress and pillow coverings, regular washing of potentially infested materials, maintenance of a low humidity, removal of carpets, and frequent vacuum cleaning. Cockroach control measures included trapping, application of insecticides, and protecting food. Of 201 homes enrolled in October 1999, 63 volunteers were included in a 2-year follow-up survey between April 2000 and January 2002. Before intervention, the density of mites/g of dust varied greatly; 27.1/g in children's bedding, 20/g in adult bedding, 7.2/g on the floors of children's bedrooms, 6.8/g in sofas, 5.9/g on the floors of adult's bedrooms, 3.9/g on living room floors, 3.7/g in carpets, and 1.9 mites/g on kitchen floors. The predominant mite species and house percentages infested were; Dermatophagoides farinae $93\%$, D. pteronyssinus $9\%$, and Tyrophagus putrescentiae $8\%$. Comparing 1999 and 2001 infestations, before and after 25 mo of education, mite abundance was reduced by $98\%$, from 23.7 to 0.57 mites/g of dust. In 1999, cockroaches were detected in $62\%$ homes: $36\%$ Blattella germanica and $35\%$ Periplaneta spp., including $9\%$ double infestations of B. germanica and P. americana. Following intervention, cockroach infestation rates decreased to $22\%$ of houses in 2000 and $23\%$ in 2001. We conclude that continuous and repetitive health education resulted in the effective control of domestic arthropods.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.475-484
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the nutrition education on preschool children's nutrition knowledge and behaviors. The study subjects were preschool children attending J kindergarten located in Wonju. Each of the control group and the education group consisted of 49 children and the education group was exposed to nutrition education while the control group did not. The nutrition education intervention lasted 9 weeks weekly basis. The t-test for the homogeneity of each group showed no meaningful difference at the beginning point of nutrition education. After nutrition education a test of nutrition knowledge using picture-questionnaire was carried out by the researcher for the subjects of education group and control group and the caretakers of the education group were offered self-administered questionnaire on the changes in children's dietary behaviors. The results of the study were as follows: 1. Nutrition education intervention showed a meaningful difference in children's understanding nutrition; the kinds and function of food, the relationship between food and body, the function of nutrients and enhanced their idea on hygiene compared to the control group (p < p.005). 2. However, nutrition education intervention made no statistically meaningful difference in children's dietary behaviors such as having breakfast, keeping balanced diet, washing hands before meals, saying "thanks" before and after meals, cleaning the table after meals, brushing teeth after meals and so on. Therefore, we found that it is hard to expect children to correct their dietary behaviors in such a short period of 9 weeks and nutrition education for preschool children should be offered to caretakers at the same time.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.79-86
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to understand the dyeing properties and color analysis of fabrics knitted with ramie, cotton, wool and acrylic by using scoria and to analyze whether the knitted fabrics can be used for industrialization by measuring color fastness after and before sliver-nano process. The following is the conclusions. Firstly, when ramie fabric regarding cotton, wool and acrylic was dyed at the temperature of $50^{\circ}C$ for fifteen minutes by using 10, 25, 50, 100g/ $\ell$ of scoria, dyeing absorption gradually increased up to 50g/ $\ell$, and over the point of 50g/ $\ell$ it showed slow increase. Secondly, regarding saturation, among ramie fabric, wool, cotton and acrylic, wool appears as the lowest brightness. Therefore, it can be dyed with bright color and the highest value. In terms of the value of chromaticity, wool also emerges as the lowest brightness. On the contrary, acrylic showed the lightest red as it had the value of the smallest b. Cotton takes the lightest yellow as the b value of the cotton showed the smallest. Thus, scoria dyestuff is a material that showed strong red and yellow on knitted fabric mixed with wool that is the biggest a. b value. Thirdly, in terms of dyeing fastness, sunlight fastness did not show noticeable differences before and after silver-nano processes, but in terms of washing and friction fastness, the material processed by silver-nano indicated that all knitted fabrics are over 4-5 point. which means silver-nano process can be effective for the industrial applications. As mentioned above, as a result of dyeing knitted fabrics with scoria, this study found a possibility of dyeing in the fabric materials, and if there is deeper dyeing experiments, fastness experiments and speculations, it might be possible to be a big issue just like loess and charcoal.