• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.119-128
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• 2005

Sediment yield and sediment transport in a basin bring about decrease of conveyance by the change of bed section, and have an influence on an aggravation of water quality and freshwater ecosystem. This study is to analyze the characteristics of outflow sediment according to land-use in Mushim-cheon flowing through forest area, farmland area and urban area. The upper stream of Mushim-cheon consists of forest area and farmland area. The suspended sediment is observed through 10 rainfall events in 5 sites. As a result of analyzing characteristics of landuse, the site of Bangse-gyo takes up 69% of Mushim-cheon, and farmland area(27.1%) and forest area(63.7%) take up 90.8% in Bangse-gyo. Accordingly, these two areas have the high possibility to occur sediment. The suspended sediment of this site shows the highest concentration. Transferring to the downstream and the urban, the concentration of suspended sediment gets decreased. The suspended sediment occurred in the upper stream of Mushim-cheon prior to Bangse-gyo has an influence on the downstream, and has a slight influence on the urban area. Also relational formula about suspended sediemtn and discharge is leaded. As a result of this formula, $R^{2}$ is 0.506 in the upper stream and is 0.656 in the downstream.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.147-155
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was designed to determine the influencing factors and clinical course of pathologically proven cases of radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI). Materials and Methods: The pathologic records of twelve patients were reviewed; these patients underwent surgery following radiotherapy due to disease progression found by follow-up imaging. However, they were finally diagnosed with RIBI. All patients had been treated with 3-dimensional conventional fractionated radiotherapy and/or radiosurgery for primary or metastatic brain tumors with or without chemotherapy. The histological distribution was as follows: two falx meningioma, six glioblastoma multiform (GBM), two anaplastic oligodendroglioma, one low grade oligodendroglioma, and one small cell lung cancer with brain metastasis. Results: Radiation necrosis was noted in eight patients and the remaining four were diagnosed with radiation change. Gender (p = 0.061) and biologically equivalent dose $(BED)_3$ (p = 0.084) were the only marginally influencing factors of radiation necrosis. Median time to RIBI was 7.3 months (range, 0.5 to 61 months). Three prolonged survivors with GBM were observed. In the subgroup analysis of high grade gliomas, RIBI that developed <6 months after radiotherapy was associated with inferior overall survival rates compared to cases of RIBI that occurred ${\geq}6$ months (p = 0.085). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that RIBI could occur in early periods after conventional fractionated brain radiotherapy within normal tolerable dose ranges. Studies with a larger number of patients are required to identify the strong influencing factors for RIBI development.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.158-168
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• 2019

Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Agency(KHOA) carried out a research project named 'Marine Fisheries Infrastructure Construction and Technology Training for the Philippines' as part of the 1st Official Development Assistance(ODA) from 2015 to 2018. It is preparing for the 2nd ODA project which will begin in 2020. Besides, recently, the Philippines is paying attention to marine territory management and response capability due to problems such as the sea-level rise and coastal erosion caused by climate change. Therefore, before 2nd ODA to the Philippines, this study analyzed the vertical ocean model on the vertical datum in Korea and suggests the direction of development of the vertical ocean modeling system for the vertical datum in the Philippines using the observed data from the permanent tide station which was built by the Philippines ODA research project over the last four years. Moreover, as a pilot study, the Sulu Sea in the Philippines was selected and analyzed by harmonic analysis method. At each tide station, constants for correction had been computed. And the grid-based tidal model was constructed based on this study. As a result of the study, similar tidal characteristic were observed when the prediction and the measured tide were compared by applying the constants for correction between two station in the sea area with similar tidal level. These results could be used as basic data for the 2nd ODA to the Philippines, and contributed to construct and maintain a close cooperation and friendship between Korea and the Philippines.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.359-375
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• 1999

This is a survey in order to provide basic information about menstrual pain management and dysmenorrhea management. Menstrual pain means low abdominal cramps during menstruation and dysmenorrhea means low abdominal pains, and other symtoms as lumbago, fatigue, G-I symptoms, etc. The purposes of this study were (1) to measure the menstrual pain and dysmenorrhea, (2) to determine factors influenced to them, and (3) to know self-management method for them of college students. The subject of this study consisted of 312 college students Data were collected by questionnaire which was to measure the menstrual pain(Visual Analogue Scale(VAS), dysmenorrhea (dysmenorrhea scale) and general informations from May to June, 1999. The results of this study were as follows ; (1) Mean age for subjects was 19.4 yrs, their height was 161.4Cm, weight, 50.9Kg, menarcheal age, 13.5yrs, menstural period, 30.1 days, and menstrual duration was 5.6 days. Most respondents replied that their menstrual bleeding was moderate (72.1%) and occured regularly(55.4%). (2) Mean menstrual pain was 5.20. Menstrual pain didn't be occured 17.4 % of respondents, periodically 46.0%, and intermittently 36.6%, most commonly beginning the first day of menstruation (3) Chief management method was endurance (40.4%), use of analgesics (29.5%) and bed rest(16.5%). (4) Factors influenced to menstrual pain were analgesics use, heavy bleeding, time of menstrual pain, life change during menstruation. (5) Most symptoms of dysmenorrhea were low abdominal pain(22.2%), lumbago (15.9%), fatigue(9.0%). (6) Factors influenced to dysmenorrhea were anlgesics use and menstrual pain. (7) By Pearson's correlation analysis, there was a significant correlation between menstrual pain and menarcheal age, menstrual period. menstrual duration. But there was no correlation between menstrual pain and height, weight (8) By Pearson's correlation analysis, there was a significant correlation between dysmenorrhea and menstrual period But there was no correlation between menstrual pain and menarcheal age, menstrual duration, height, weight The results demonstrate the importance of development and clinical trial of nursing intervention on menstrual pain and dysmenorrhea.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.99-105
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• 2008

Purpose: In terminally ill cancer patients, accurate prediction of survival is necessary for clinical and ethical reasons, especially in helping to avoid harm, discomfort and inappropriate therapies and in planning specific care strategies. The aim of the study was to investigate prognostic factor of dying patients. Methods: We enrolled the terminal cancer patients from Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital from 2004 until their death. We observed symptoms shown in dying patients and assess 17 common symptoms shown in terminally ill cancer patients, performance status, pain and analgesic use. Results: Average period from hospitalization to death was 11.7 days. The most important prognostic factor is performance status (KPS), average KPS at enrollment is 48% and at last 48 hours is 25%. Physical symptoms that have significant prognostic importance are poor oral intake, weakness, constipation, decreased Karnofsky performance status, bed sore, edema, jaundice, dry mouth, dyspnea. Dying patients showed markedly decreased systolic blood pressure, cyanosis, drowsiness, abnormal respiration, death rattle frequently at 48 hours before death. Conclusion: If we assess the symptoms more carefully, we can predict the more accurate prognosis. The communication about the prognostic information will influence the personal therapeutic decision and specific care planning.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.761-772
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• 2008

The object of this study is to develop the model that solves the numerically difficult problems in hydraulic engineering and to demonstrate the applicability of this model by means of various test examples, such as, verification in the gradually varied unsteady condition, three steady flow problems with the change of bottom slope with exact solution, and frictional bed with analytical solution. The governing equation of this model is the integral form of the Saint-Venant equation satisfying the conservation laws, and finite volume method with the Riemann solver is used. The evaluation of the mass and momentum flux with the HLL Riemann approximate solver is executed. MUSCL-Hancock scheme is used to achieve the second order accuracy in space and time. This study introduce the new and simple technique to discretize the source terms of gravity and hydrostatic pressure force due to longitudinal width variation for the balance of quantity between nonlinear flux and source terms. The results show that the developed model's implementation is accurate, robust and highly stable in various flow conditions with source terms, and this model is reliable for one-dimensional applications in hydraulic engineering.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.4 s.50
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• pp.311-324
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• 2006

In the Pohang-Gampo area, several diatomite beds occurred in mostly thinner than 1 m are embedded in the Pohang Formation of marine environment and the pyroclastic Eoil Formation. The diatomite from the Eoil Formation is constituting the high-grade ore altered slightly by diagenesis. In contrast, the diatomite intercalated within the upper horizon of the Yeonil Group is comparatively low-grade and highly altered in places. During diagenesis, an increasing of crystallinity of opal, i.e., the original mineral component of diatom, results in ultimately the mineral transition to quartz with accompanying a drastic change in morphology and texture of the altered diatomite. The diagenetic alteration appears to have undergone by way of the chemical diagenesis, which is largely controlled by degree of fluid contact, rather than burial diagenesis. For the diatomite from the Pohang-Gampo area, careful SEM observations, XRD, chemical analyses, and determination of specific surface area were done to identify the fossil species, mineral and chemical composition, and other physical properties in the view of assesment of grade and quality. The domestic diatomite ores are evaluated to be not good in grade and quality, compared to those of famous foreign localities. However, some diatomite deposits of marin,: origin from the Pohang Formation is constituting a peculiar clay-rich type, i.e., moler applicable to the special usage such as a manufacturing of lightweight brick. Because such a diatomite is frequently intercalated relatively as a thicker bed in the upper part of the Yeonil Group, a systematic and careful investigation should be done for the exploitation and development of an economic diatomite deposit of the moler type.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.35 no.4B
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• pp.677-686
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• 2010

In this paper, we propose the virtual interface management scheme on the multi-mode mobile node for supporting multiple connections to various access networks in fixed mobile convergence (FMC) networks. The proposed scheme supports the virtualization of multiple physical network interfaces by presenting only the virtual interface to beyond IP layers and hiding physical network interfaces from them. In the proposed scheme, only one IP address is allocated to virtual interface without any IP allocations to physical network interfaces. Therefore, the proposed scheme does not change its IP address and keep it during the vertical handover, so that it can support the seamless handover of real-time multimedia services among heterogeneous access networks. The proposed scheme is implemented on the multi-mode mobile node with multiple network interfaces by using NDIS (Network Driver Interface Specifications) libraries. Through the mobility test-bed and the test application of virtual interface, we evaluate and analyze the performance of the proposed scheme.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.128-137
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• 2012

This paper deals with the local scour around a pipeline exposed to combined waves and current in the shallow water zone. To investigate the characteristics of the scour around a pipeline on the sea bed, experiments were performed according to the various pipe diameters, wave periods, wave heights, and current velocities. Wave generator and current generator were used for the experiments. Two current directions were used ; co-direction and counter direction to the waves. With the experimental results, the correlations between the scour depths and non-dimensional parameters such as Keulegan-Carpenter number(KC), Froude number(Fr), Ursell number(Ur) and velocity ratio were analysed. The relative scour depths were found obviously to be dominated by the wave component when the velocity ratio function approaches zero and those are gorverned by the current component when the velocity ratio approaches unity. Velocity ratio function was approved to be a proper parameter which is able to express the change of the scour in the combined wave and current zone. Also considering the orbital velocity and the current velocity into Fr numer and KC number respectively, scour depths show more favorable correlationship with the parameters.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.123-132
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• 2020

Purpose: In this study, the authors propose a flood evacuation plan for skyscrapers with law related to underground space of skyscrapers, domestic and international underground space flood case study and simulation test. Method: This study compares the evacuation pattern of various case from flooded underground spaces extending over several floors with respect to the number of evacuation routes with. Also, simulation test was performed by setting up the virtual underground spaces consisting of three-stories basement and changing the number of the ground entrance, area of the basement and the flooding heights of the basement. Result: There was no difference in evacuation route according to the inundation risk even if there was an area corresponding to risk level 4. This is because the risk in the starting area is greater than that in the evacuation route. Especially, even if the risk of evacuation route increases with time, there is no change in route because the route must be passed to reach the evacuation site. Conclusion: In this study, there was no difference in evacuation route according to the inundation risk. However, if the size and shape of the underground space of each building is different, the depth of inundation with time may be different.