• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.487-496
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• 2011

Good manufacturing practice (GMP)-based quality control is an integral component of the common technical document, a formal documentation process for applying a marketing authorization holder to those countries where ginseng is classified as a medicine. In addition, authentication of the physico-chemical properties of ginsenoside reference materials, and qualitative and quantitative batch analytical data based on validated analytical procedures are prerequisites for certifying GMP. Therefore, the aim of this study was to propose an authentication process for isolated ginsenosides $Rb_1$ and $Rg_1$ as reference materials (RM) and for these compounds to be designated as RMs for ginseng preparations throughout the world. Ginsenoside $Rb_1$ and $Rg_1$ were isolated by Diaion HP-20 adsorption chromatography, silica gel flash chromatography, recrystallization, and preparative HPLC. HPLC fractions corresponding to those two ginsenosides were recrystallized in appropriate solvents for the analysis of physico-chemical properties. Documentation of the isolated ginsenosides was made according to the method proposed by Gaedcke and Steinhoff. The ginsenosides were subjected to analyses of their general characteristics, identification, purity, content quantitation, and mass balance tests. The isolated ginsenosides were proven to be a single compound when analyzed by three different HPLC systems. Also, the water content was found to be 0.940% for $Rb_1$ and 0.485% for $Rg_1$, meaning that the net mass balance for ginsenoside $Rb_1$ and $Rg_1$ were 99.060% and 99.515%, respectively. From these results, we could assess and propose a full spectrum of physicochemical properties for the ginsenosides $Rb_1$ and $Rg_1$ as standard reference materials for GMP-based quality control.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.61-72
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• 1996

A series of batch and lab-scale continuous tests were conducted to optimize the design parameters for the full-scale in-situ soil flushing experiments. The cleaning abilities of the surfactant solutions of Tween 80, Triton X-100 and SDS were compared for the soil artificially contaminated by hydrophobic organic contaminants: n-dodecane, naphthalene and anthracene. Tween 80 and Triton X-100 were shown to be efficient for n-dodecane. SDS and Tween 80 were shown to be efficient for naphthalene and anthracene. At the end of each column test, the sorbed amount of surfactant to soil was also measured. Tween 80 was found to be the least adsorbed surfactant to soil. The flushing ability at flowrate of 7 ml/min, was hampered comparing to flowrate of 3 and 5 ml/min. Initial pH of the soil did not significantly affect the flushing efficiencies. Tween 80 was determined as the most harmless surfactant for the Gram(+) and Gram(-) bacteria.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.453-462
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• 2010

Nowadays, the challenges of ensuring good water quality and quantity of river are becoming more important for human society, but there has been troublesome for purifying river water. In this study, we performed the fundamental study of a river water treatment system using riverside soil and eco-friendly optimal media for improving river water quality and can also treat a large amount of river water. As the results of the physical and chemical characterization of the two different soils (Kyungan and Chungrang, The Republic of Korea), which were collected from real stream sides in the Han River basin, and five kinds of media (zeolite, perlite, steel slag, woodchip and mulch), both soils were all classified as a sand, and effective size ($D_{10}$) and uniformity coefficient (U) of the soil were about 0.2 mm and 4 or so, respectively. Through the batch and column experiments with the soil and eco-friendly media, zeolite and mulch were found to be efficient for decreasing nitrogen. In addition, steel slag was especially superior to the other media for phosphorus removal. From soil reforming tests volume ratios were 2.8, 1, and 1 of Kyungan soil, zeolite, and steel slag hydraulic conductivity of mixed soil was increased $1.30{\times}10^{-2}$ from $2.85{\times}10^{-3}$ of Kyungan soil, and the removal efficiencies of nitrogen and phosphorus were also improved. These results show that reforming of the soil enhanced the purification of a large amount of water, and zeolite, mulch, and steel slag might be facilitated as proper functional media.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.91-99
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• 2010

A Model of small scale total mixed rations(TMR) plant which can be utilized round bales was developed, tested and analyzed in this study. This study consist of two parts. One is development of a small scale TMR plant model which was already reported at the previous paper. This is the second part of the study. For the study, a series of tests of the model plant were performed and its costs was analyzed. Also, the break-even point of the model plant by comparing with market price of commercial TMR feed was determined. Results of the research are summarized as follows ; As the results of mixing test, the average coefficient of variation(CV) value for mixing of the feed was 13.0 % at the gate of the mixer. The production cost was estimated as 8,298 won/head for dairy cattle farm and 2,495 won/head for beef cattle farm, when producing 8 batch a day. Also, it is recommended to utilize the model plant when farm size is over 79 heads for dairy cattle farm and 113 heads for beef cattle farm. As an overall conclusion, the model plant designed for farm size TMR feed mill will be very useful model for both beef cattle and dairy farms in Korea. Also it is expected that the capital investment for the model plant can be recovered with 8 months compare with purchasing commercial TMR feed if the model plant feeds 1,000 beef cattle approximately.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.24-30
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• 2002

The laboratory adsorption batch tests were performed to investigate the adsorption characteristics of Pb on kaolinite. The characteristics such as adsorption equilibrium time, adsorption capacity, adsorption isotherm were studied, and also the effects of pH and the mixing ratio on the adsorption of Pb on kaolinite were investigated. Test results show that the adsorption equilibrium state was reached within 24 hours, and the adsorbed amount of Pb increased, but the adsorption efficiency over the initial concentration of 198 mg/l decreased, with increasing the initial concentration of Pb. And the adsorption constant, 1/n was obtained 0.9584 by Freundlich isotherm equation. Regardless of the initial concentration of Pb. the adsorbed amount of Pb as well as the adsorption efficiency were increased with increasing pH values and converged to a certain constant value above 8 of pH values. And also the adsorbed amount of Pb increased with the mixing ratio, but its efficiency increased with the mixing ratio up to 8 and then showed the decreasing tendency above that.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.103-108
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• 1997

A series of batch tests were conducted to evaluate the design parameters for the application of soil washing techniques to the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs)-contaminated soil using mixed surfactants. Because the mixed surfactants form different structures of molecular aggregates from single surfactant, they were applied to improve the washing efficiency. Kinds of surfactants added, mixing ratio, and total concentration of mixed surfactants were evaluated. The uncontaminated soil was obtained from a country hill near Nock-Chun Station in Seoul. The portion of soil passing #4 (4.75 mm) sieve was used. The pH, organic contents and cation exchange capacity were 4.4, 1.6% and 4.08 meq/100 g, respectively The soil was artificially contaminated by n-dodecane. The 5% solution of OA-5 and OA-14 (1:1) showed 86% washing efficency. The 4% solution of SDS and OA-5 (1:1) showed 95% washing efficiency.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.506-510
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• 2009

The effects of various organic wastes on anaerobic fermentative hydrogen production were studied using enriched mixed microflora in batch tests. Rotten fruit, corn powder and organic wastewater enriched with sulfate (up to 1,000 mg/L) were used for experiments. Maximum hydrogen production (547.1 mL) was observed from rotten apple with initial substrate concentration of 132.2 g COD/L. The experimental result on sulfate enriched organic wastewater indicated that hydrogen production is not adversely influenced by relatively high sulfate concentration. Residual sulfate content remained at 96-98 % after 75 hours of reaction, which showed that no major sulfate reduction was occurred at pH 5.3-5.5 in the reactor. The volatile fatty acid (VFA) fractions produced during the reaction was in the order of butyrate > acetate > propionate in all experiments. The results of this study would be useful for controlling the conditions on fermentative hydrogen production using different feedstocks.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.92-96
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• 2003

The on-site sewage sludge vermicomposting equipment was designed and evaluated on the batch and continuous tests. The vermicomposting equipment was designed to consider the mechanization as well as automation. In terms of performance evaluation of equipment with continuous experiments, the highest treatment rate was found in the condition of 5mm in particle size and 10mm in e feeding height. Also, 20~25kg of earthworm per 50kg of sewage sludge was the most appropriate density of earthworm. In addition, the most effective separation of cast was found when the earthworm breeding box height was 80cm. The performance evaluation on equipment allowed the establishment of earthworm composting capacity of 2ton per a day with a size of $5{\times}3{\times}1m$ and the automatic control devices.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.668-673
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• 2012

Biohydrogen production from organic wastewater by anaerobically activated sludge fermentation has already been extensively investigated, and it is known that hydrogen can be produced by glucose fermentation through three metabolic pathways, including the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA, oxidation of NADH to $NAD^+$, and acetogenesis by hydrogen-producing acetogens. However, the exact or dominant pathways of hydrogen production in the anaerobically activated sludge fermentation process have not yet been identified. Thus, a continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) was introduced and a specifically acclimated acidogenic fermentative microflora obtained under certain operation conditions. The hydrogen production activity and potential hydrogen-producing pathways in the acidogenic fermentative microflora were then investigated using batch cultures in Erlenmeyer flasks with a working volume of 500 ml. Based on an initial glucose concentration of 10 g/l, pH 6.0, and a biomass of 1.01 g/l of a mixed liquid volatile suspended solid (MLVSS), 247.7 ml of hydrogen was obtained after a 68 h cultivation period at $35{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. Further tests indicated that 69% of the hydrogen was produced from the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvic acid, whereas the remaining 31% was from the oxidation of NADH to $NAD^+$. There were no hydrogen-producing acetogens or they were unable to work effectively in the anaerobically activated sludge with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of less than 8 h.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.1085-1093
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate anoxic-RBC (rotating biological contactor) and its application in advanced municipal wastewater treatment process to remove biologically organics and ammonia nitrogen. Effluent COD and nitrogen concentration increased as the increase of volumetric loading rate. But, the concentration changes of NO$_2$$\^$-/ -N and NO$_3$$\^$-/ -N were little, as compared to COD and NH$_4$$\^$+/ -N. When the volumetric loading rate increased, COD removal efficiency and nitrification appeared very high as 96.7∼98.8% and 92.5∼98.8%, respectively. However, denitrification rate decreased to 76.2∼88.0%. These results showed that the change of volumetric loading rate affected to the denitrification rate more than COD removal efficiency or nitrification rate. The surface loading rates applied to RBC were 0.13～6.0lg COD/㎡-day and 0.312∼1.677g NH$_4$$\^$+/-N㎡-day and they were increased as the increase of volumetric loading rate. However, the nitrification rate showed higher than 90%. The thickness of the biofilm in RBC was 0.130 ∼0.141mm and the density of biofilm was 79.62∼83.78mg/㎤. They were increased as surface loading rate increased. From batch kinetic tests, the k$\_$maxH/ and k$\_$maxN/ were obtained as 1.586 g C/g VSS-day, and 0.276 g N/g VSS-day, respectively. Kinetic constants of denitrifer in anoxic reactor, Y, k$\_$e/, K$\_$s/, and k were 0.678 mg VSS/mg N, 0.0032 day$\^$-1/, 29.0 mg N/l , and 0.108 day$\^$-l/, respectively. P and K$\_$s/, values of nitrification and organics removal in RBC were 0.556 g N/㎡-day and 18.71 g COD/㎡-day, respectively.