• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.83-96
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• 2017

The importance of service science is emphasized in the modern economy, and the value and necessity of service research still increasing. Since the service research framework was proposed, it has been studied from various perspectives and incorporated into one framework--service research. The direction of service research has been established and a new baseline of research has been established. However, the modern economic and social environment could be described as a new era, the Fourth Industrial Revolution has changed drastically. More and more systematic research on services has become necessary. Therefore, this study analyzed the field of service research in the existing framework. The study suggested how service research could broaden the horizon of service research by studying the 'what'. To do this, we analyzed recent service research trends by themes. We also identified the shortcomings of previous studies about service, and suggested directions and research themes for future research. Based on this study we developed a general approach to the creation of new models from the viewpoint of service science. The authors were also able to develop a general approach to areas such as service innovation, service inference, service solution, and service design leverage. In addition, it is necessary to extend service research and business model to the utilization of service technology. This approach could contribute to forming the basis of future service development, and to utilize social media to create new value of innovative company. The results of this study could contribute to deepening and expanding service research.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.207-218
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• 1999

The increased number of elderly in Korea presents great challenges for community nutrition programs. Strategies to enhance elderly nutrition are needed, as well as dietary advice that are reality-based and tailored to the need of the elderly. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the overall effectiveness of an elderly nutrition improvement program(ENIP), by assessing changes in nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and behavior after program completion. ENIP was conducted in Suwon for 4 months in 1998 at 5 centers for the elderly. The program provided individual nutrition counseling and brief biweekly group education sessions. To stimulate participation and motivation, the elderly in two centers were served free milk packs(200ml) three time a week during the program(milk＋education group), and the elderly in 3 other centers were served yoghurt on the program day(education group). Altogether, 102 subjects finished the program(milk＋education group 67 ; education group 35). Data about nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes, diet records(24 hour recall) and dietary habit was collected before(baseline) and after the program(follow-up). The Drop-out rate for the milk＋education group(2.9%) was significantly lower than that for the education group(30.0%)(p<.001). The Nutrition Knowledge fo females milk＋education group increased significantly after the program, but no significant differences were observed in other groups. Over 60% of all the elderly showed positive responses to the healthy eating attitudes. Energy, protein, vitamin A, riboflavin, Calcium and Potassium intakes improved in the male milk＋education group. The Vitamin C intake improved in the male education group. Energy and vitamin A intakes improved in the female milk＋education group and energy, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, Ca nad P in the female education group. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the effects of food intake changes on overall nutrient quality. For all elderly, the fish intake explained 12.6% of the variance, followed by candy intake and vegetable intake(model $R^2$=19.6%). Dietary habits such as meal time regularity and salty food reduction were markedly improved in both groups. Sixty-one percent of the milk＋education subjects stated their participation was voluntary and active, while 51% of education subjects did. Sixty four percent of the subjects stated their interest on diet increased remarkably through program participation. Considering the results, it is conjectured that ENIP had a great impact on nutrient intake, dietary attitudes and habits. Milk supplement showed no direct effects on elderly nutrition improvement, but it encouraged the program by reducing drop-out rates and inducing voluntary participation. Therefore milk supplement could enhance the community nutrition education program. Moreover it is strongly suggested that the ENIP be expanded to other communities.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.3-21
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• 2016

The thesis examines genealogical study of various aspects to overcome lots of problems which come by when we execute SWIFTNet TSU BPO. Practical implications regarding the innovation of electronic trade infrastructure are as follows. First, the shipping documents in the SWIFTNet TSU BPO are directly sent to an importer by an exporter after the baseline is confirmed. With this process itself, therefore, the bank cannot secure the account receivable. When initiating the SWIFTNet TSU BPO deal, it is needed to set regulations on the bank's account receivable security in the contract. Second, the SWIFTNet TSU BPO should also have an institutionally unified sharing platform with security, stability and convenience. It other words, it is needed to develop services which meet e-payment paradigm and international environments through continued analysis on market changes and flow. Third, the SWIFTNet TSU is useful in terms of promptness, reduction of risk in foreign exchange payment, cost reduction. Therefore, the SWIFT should be perfectly united and linked among the banks, importer and exporter to make the SWIFTNet TSU more convenient in countries around the world. Fourth, the SWIFT should be approached from the aspect of expansion of network and creation of a new business model through analysis on these problems with a worldwide perspective. At the same time, it is necessary to build a cooperative system to share information and promote comprehensive management for efficient operation.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.51-62
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• 2011

Objectives: The aim of the study was to identify the effects of a community-level metabolic syndrome self-care management program. Methods: Data included baseline demographics, abdominal circumference, blood pressure, blood sugar, triglyceride, and HDL-cholesterol collected at 15 public health centers in Seoul from January to March, 2010. A data obtained(584 men and 410 women) from Metabolic Syndrome Management Program in Seoul was analyzed using Paired t-test and Linear mixed model. Results: The group with 6-month intervention resulted in significant decrease in abdominal circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood sugar, and triglyceride. In moderate intervention group with 3-month follow-up showed tendency that abdominal circumference(-1.27(${\beta}$)) and diastolic blood pressure(-1.66(${\beta}$)) are significantly reduced. In the group with aggressive intervention, the more counseling led to significant reduction in abdominal circumference(-0.22(${\beta}$)). Conclusions: These results indicate that a self-care for metabolic syndrome management can improve metabolic syndrome status over a short-term period. Further structured research is needed to develop a systematic program on health behaviors focusing on exercise, diet, and intervention.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2017

For the restoration of lateral connectivity between channel and floodplain, it is important to find the former floodplain and to characterize its land use in streams which were channelized by the levee construction for the flood protection. The aim of this study is to map the former floodplains and to assess its land use pattern in the Cheongmi-cheon Stream, Korea. The former floodplains were explored by being overlapped on a digital elevation model (DEM), digital topographic map and design flood level using a geographical information system (GIS) in the Cheongmi-cheon Stream basin. The land use of the identified former floodplains was classified by land-use map. The total number of the former floodplains was 104 and their total area was $11.9km^2$ in the Cheongmi-cheon Stream. The land use pattern of the former floodplains was mostly farmland (87.1%). The former floodplains were usually surrounded by mountain forest in the downstream of the Cheongmi-cheon Stream. These former floodplains are probably suitable for restoration of lateral connectivity because of lower ratio of urban area but higher ratio of farmland. The results of delineation and land use analysis of the former floodplain can be used as a baseline data for planning stream restoration in the Cheongmi-cheon Stream.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.151-158
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• 2010

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between cigarette smoking and total mortality, cancer mortality and other disease mortalities in Korean adults. Methods: A total of 14 161 subjects of the Korean Multi-center Cancer Cohort who were over 40 years of age and who were cancer-free at baseline enrollment reported their lifestyle factors, including the smoking status. The median follow-up time was 6.6 years. During the follow-up period from 1993 to 2005, we identified 1159 cases of mortality, including 260 cancer mortality cases with a total of 91 987 person-years, by the national death certificate. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of cigarette smoking for total mortality, cancer mortality and disease-specific mortality, as adjusted for age, gender, the geographic area and year of enrollment, the alcohol consumption status, the education level and the body mass index (BMI). Results: Cigarette smoking was significantly associated with an increased risk of total mortality, all-cancer mortality and lung cancer mortality (p-trend, < 0.01, <0.01, <0.01, respectively). Compared to non-smoking, current smokers were at a higher risk for mortality [HR (95% CI)=1.3 (1.1 - 1.5) for total mortality; HR (95% CI)=1.6 (1.1 -2.2) for all-cancer mortality; HR (95% CI)=3.9 (1.9-7.7) for lung cancer mortality]. Conclusions: This study's results suggest that cigarette smoking might be associated with total mortality, all-cancer mortality and especially lung cancer mortality among Korean adults.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.41 no.11
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• pp.1095-1106
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• 2008

Climate change and global warming are prevalent all over the world in this century and many researchers including hydrologists have studied on the climate change. This study also studied the impact of climate change on streamflows of a basin in Korea. The SWAT model was used to assess the impacts of potential future climate change on the streamflows of the Daecheong Dam Basin. Calibration and validation of SWAT were performed on a monthly basis for the year of 1982-1995 and 1996-2005, respectively. The impact of seven 15-year(1988-2002) scenarios were then analyzed for comparing it to the baseline scenario. Among them, scenario 1 was set to show the result of doubling $CO_2$, scenario 2-6 were set to show the results of temperature and precipitation change, and scenario 7 was set to show the result of the combination of climatologic components. A doubling of atmospheric $CO_2$ concentration is predicted to result in an maximum monthly flow increase of 11 percent. Non-linear impacts were predicted among precipitation change scenarios of -42, -17, 17, and 42 percent, which resulted in average annual flow changes in Daecheong Dam Basin of -55, -24, 25, and 64 percent. The changes in streamflow indicate that the Daecheong Dam Basin is very sensitive to potential future climate changes and that these changes could stimulate the increased period or severity of flood or drought events.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.151-163
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• 2010

Objective: We investigated the oral malodor inhibitory effect of Scutellariae Radix (SR), Phellodendri Cortex (PC), Moutan Cortex (MTC) and Magnoliae Cortex (MGC) for the development of a gargle solution. Methods: 1. Against P. gingivalis and Pr. intermedia, the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) and the change of viable cells that were exposed to 1% each herbal extract were observed. 2. Deodorizing activity of 2% herbal extract and Garglin $Mint^{(R)}$ against methyl mercaptan were evaluated by gas chromatography (GC). 3. We used the salivary sediment system (SSS) as the malodor model. 4. The clinical examination was repeated 3 times by 2 subjects by $Halimeter^{(R)}$. Baseline VSC of each subject was measured. Then, the control subject gargled with cysteine for 30 sec. After 4 min, subjects would gargle for 30 seconds with herbal extracts (2%) and Garglin $Mint^{(R)}$. Subsequently, the concentration of VSC was measured at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 40 and 60 minutes. Results: 1. Against P. gingivalis, MBC of SR, PC and MTC was 0.1%, and MBC of MGC was 1%. Removal time of P. gingivalis was as follows; 5 hr in MGC, 24 hr in SR and PC, and 48 hr in MTC. Against Pr. intermedia, MBC of SR and PC was 0.5%, and MBC of MTC, MGC was 1%. Removal time of Pr. intermedia was as follows; 5 hr in MTC and 24 hr in SR, PC and MGC. 2. Deodorizing effect of herbal extracts against methyl mercaptan was as follows; MGC and MTC had 100%, SR had 82.22%, PC had 66.60%, Garglin $Mint^{(R)}$ had 40.54%. 3. In the experiment using SSS, PC and MTC had statistically significant malodor-inhibitory effects (p<.05). 4. In the clinical examination, PC and MGC had statistically significant inhibitory effects at every elapsed time compared to the control subject. MTC had that until 40 min. SR had that at 0, 4, 8, 20, and 60 min. Conclusions: SR, PC, MTC and MGC have an antibacterial effect and the chemical removable activity of the oral malodor caused by VSC. These four herbs could have potential as effective anti-malodor agents.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.40-51
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• 2015

This study is to estimate the viability of aerobic stabilization technology for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from landfills in Korea. In this study, methane emissions were estimated by applying Landfill gas estimation model (LandGEM) to Y landfill in Korea. By comparison of an anaerobic condition (baseline) and an aerobic condition, the amount of $CO_2eq$ savings was calculated. The $CO_2eq$ savings take place inside the landfilled waste during aeration due to the conversion of previously anaerobic biodegradation to aerobic processes, releasing mainly $CO_2$. It was demonstrated that 86.6% of the total GHG emissions occurring under anaerobic conditions could be reduced by aerobic stabilization technology. This means the aerobic stabilization technology could reduce environmental contamination through early stabilization and GHG emissions considerably at the same time. Therefore, the aerobic stabilization technology is one of the optimal technologies that could be employed to domestic landfill sites to achieve sustainable landfill.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.646-652
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• 2017

The objective of this study was to verify the longitudinal reciprocal causal relationship between depression and the somatic symptoms of depression among adolescents through an autoregressive cross-lagged model using data from the Korean Children & Youth Panel Survey. The subjects of this study included 1,968 adolescents, who participated in the second, fourth, and sixth Korean Children & Youth Panel Surveys. The results showed that both depression and the somatic symptoms of depression at a previous point in time affect depression and the somatic symptoms of depression at a later point in time. It was also found that depression at a previous point in time has a cross-lagged effect on the somatic symptoms of depression at a later point in time, implying that more severe depression at a previous point in time leads to increased severity of somatic symptoms at a later point in time. It was found that the somatic symptoms of depression at a previous point in time have a cross-lagged effect on depression at a later point in time, indicating that more severe somatic symptoms of depression at a previous point in time lead to increased severity of depression at a later point in time. This study is significant in that it provides baseline information about nursing interventions for adolescent mental health.