• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제107권2호
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• pp.193-204
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• 2018

본 연구는 국내 주요 침엽수종인 소나무, 잣나무, 낙엽송을 대상으로 거리종속 경쟁지수 모델 및 경쟁목 선정방법에 따른 최적 경쟁지수 모형을 선발하고, 수종별 간벌강도 및 입목밀도에 따른 경쟁지수 특성을 분석하고자 하였다. 사용자료는 강원도와 경상북도의 국유림 내 분포하는 소나무림, 잣나무림, 낙엽송림을 대상으로 각 2회씩 조사된 표준지 80개소의 총 240개 시험구 내 입목정보를 활용하였다. 경쟁지수가 산출된 입목 수는 수종별로 소나무 1126본, 잣나무 4093본, 낙엽송 3399본 이었다. 최적 경쟁지수 모형 선정을 위하여 흉고단면적 정수, 수고 및 지하고의 각도를 이용하여 경쟁목을 선정하는 방법을 고려하였으며, 기존 Lorimer, Martin-EK, Braathe, Heygi, Daniels 모델과 본 연구에서 제안한 Modified Daniels 모델까지 총 6가지 경쟁지수 모델을 비교하였다. 최적 모형 선정을 위한 상관분석 결과, 흉고단면적 정수 $4m^2/ha$를 이용한 경쟁목 선정방법과 Modified Daniels 경쟁지수 모델이 이용된 모형에서 가장 좋은 상관이 나타나 최종적인 모형으로써 경쟁지수가 산출되었다. 임분특성에 따른 경쟁지수를 파악한 결과, 소나무, 잣나무, 낙엽송 모두 간벌강도가 강할수록 입목밀도가 낮을수록 경쟁지수는 낮아지는 경향이 나타났다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2010

Objectives: To introduce to TKM scientific dose conversion methods of human to animal or animal to human for new drug investigations. Methods: We searched guidelines of the FDA and KFDA, and compared them with references for drug-dose conversion from various databases such as PubMed and Google. Then, we analyzed the potential issues and problems related to dose conversion in safety documentation of new herbal drugs based on our experiences during Investigational New Drug (IND) applications of TKM. Results: Dose conversion from human to animal or animal to human must be appropriately translated during new drug development. From time to time, investigators have some difficulty in determining the appropriate dose, because of misunderstandings of dose conversion, especially when they estimate starting dose in clinical or animal studies to investigate efficacy, toxicology and mechanisms. Therefore, education of appropriate dose calculation is crucial for investigators. The animal dose should not be extrapolated to humans by a simple conversion method based only on body weight, because many studies suggest the normalization method is based mainly on body surface area (BSA). In general, the body surface area seems to have good correlation among species with several parameters including oxygen utilization, caloric expenditure, basal metabolism, blood volume and circulating plasma protein. Likewise, a safety factor should be taken into consideration when deciding high dose in animal toxicology study. Conclusion: Herein, we explain the significance of dose conversion based on body surface area and starting dose estimation for clinical trials with safety factor.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제90권5호
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• pp.650-662
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• 2001

이 연구는 중국 동북부 활엽수-잣나무 천연림의 다섯 가지 임형에 대하여 임분의 생장 모델과 수확 모델을 개발하기 위하여 수행되었다. 연구 자료는 43년생부터 364년생 범위에 이르는 임분에서 0.06ha에서 1.0ha 크기의 359개 임시 표본구와 58I개의 영구 표본구에서 수집되었다. 입지조건을 평가하기 위하여 지위급지수(Site Class Index; SCI)플 도입하였고, 천연혼효림의 임분밀도를 측정하기 위하여 수관경쟁지수(Crown Competition Factor; CCF)를 채택하였다. SCI 공식과 수고-직경 곡선 모델은 Chapman-Richards 함수를 이용하였고, 흉고직경, 흉고단면적, 및 임분재적 모델의 개발은 Schumacher의 생장함수를 기본 모델로 선정하였다. 평균 흉고직경과 흉고단면적 생장 모델에서 Schumacher 함수의 점근매개변수 A는 입지조건(SCI)과 임분밀도(CCF)와 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 비율매개변델수 k는 임분밀도와 관계가 있었고 입지조건과는 무관한 것으로 나타났다. 개발된 생장 모델과 수확 모델로써 예측된 임분 제원들을 평가하기 위하여 별개의 임분 자료를 이용하여 유효성 검정을 실시하였다. 검정 결과, 예측치의 상대평균오차(RME)는 ${\pm}5%$ 미만으로 산출되었고 임분 변수들의 정확도는 모두 95% 이상인 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.191-198
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• 2007

The p53 which is well known as tumor suppressor gene is located at 17p13. p53 is a sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor that responds to certain cytotoxic stresses, such as DNA damage, by enhancing the transcription of genes that regulate cell-cycle progression as well as programmed cell death. The p63 gene that is located at 3q27-29, is recognized members of the p53 family, and responsible for the transcription of 6 isoforms. Three isoforms ($TAp63{\alpha}$, $TAp63{\beta}$, $TAp63{\gamma}$) contain an N-terminal transactivation (TA) domain and can induce apoptosis. The other 3 isoforms (${\Delta}Np63{\alpha}$, ${\Delta}Np63{\beta}$, ${\Delta}Np63{\gamma}$) lack the TA domain and may function in a dominant-negative fashion by inhibiting the transactivation functions of p53 and TAp63 proteins, and thus act as oncoproteins. A number of studies have investigated the role of p63 in human squamous cell carcinomas from different organs. Only a few studies have examined ${\Delta}Np63$ isoform in oral squamous cell carcinoma including normal epithelium. This study aimed to evaluate expression of ${\Delta}Np63$ isoform in human oral squamous cell carcinoma tissue and normal mucosa. The 3 cases of well differenciated oral squamous cell carcinoma specimen including adjacent normal mucosa were examined, and immunohistochemical study with monoclonal antibody(4A4) and tumor cell apoptosis analysis with Transmission Electon Microscopy were studied. And, RT-PCR analysis was done for expression of ${\Delta}Np63$ isoform. The results were as followed. 1. Normal gingiva showed the restricted p63 expression in basal cell layer. 2. Well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma showed mainly p63 expression in overall area of malignancy, especially in basal cell layer to adjacent stromal tissue. 3. Tumor cells around keratinized area with no p63 expression disclosed less micro-organelle in decreased size cytoplasm and severe chromatin margination with nuclear destruction that means apoptosis. 4. Comparison of mRNA expression of ${\Delta}Np63$ isoform by RT-PCR showed variable expression of ${\Delta}Np63$ isoform, but ${\Delta}Np63{\alpha}$ was most highly expressed in all 3 tumor specimen. From theses results, it should be suggested that ${\Delta}Np63$ isoform expression in well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma was closely related to tumor oncogenesis, expecially overexpression of ${\Delta}Np63{\alpha}$ is a most important factor in tumor genesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.264-274
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• 2020

Background: Climate change has altered the various ecosystem processes including forest ecosystem in Himalayan region. Although the high mountain natural forests including treelines in the Himalayan region are mainly reported to be temperature sensitive, the temperature-related water stress in an important growth-limiting factor for middle elevation mountains. And there are very few evidences on growth performance of planted forest in changing climate in the Himalayan region. A dendrochronological study was carried out to verify and record the impact of warming temperature tree growth by using the tree cores of Pinus roxburghii from Batase village of Dhulikhel in Central Nepal with sub-tropical climatic zone. For this total, 29 tree cores from 25 trees of P. roxburghii were measured and analyzed. Result: A 44-year long tree ring width chronology was constructed from the cores. The result showed that the radial growth of P. roxburghii was positively correlated with pre-monsoon (April) rainfall, although the correlation was not significant and negatively correlated with summer rainfall. The strongest negative correlation was found between radial growth and rainfall of June followed by the rainfall of January. Also, the radial growth showed significant positive correlation with that previous year August mean temperature and maximum temperature, and significant negative correlation between radial growth and maximum temperature (Tmax) of May and of spring season (March-May), indicating moisture as the key factor for radial growth. Despite the overall positive trend in the basal area increment (BAI), we have found the abrupt decline between 1995 and 2005 AD. Conclusion: The results indicated that chir pine planted population was moisture sensitive, and the negative impact of higher temperature during early growth season (March-May) was clearly seen on the radial growth. We emphasize that the forest would experience further moisture stress if the trend of warming temperatures continues. The unusual decreasing BAI trend might be associated with forest management processes including resin collection and other disturbances. Our results showed that the planted pine forest stand is sub-healthy due to major human intervention at times. Further exploration of growth climate response from different climatic zones and management regimes is important to improve our understanding on the growth performance of mid-hill pine forests in Nepal.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권8호
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• pp.1367-1376
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• 2024

Objective: Parathyroid hormone like hormone (PTHLH), as an essential factor for bone growth, is involved in a variety of physiological processes. The aim of this study was to explore the role of PTHLH gene in the growth of antlers. Methods: The coding sequence (CDS) of PTHLH gene cDNA was obtained by cloning in sika deer (Cervus nippon), and the bioinformatics was analyzed. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to analyze the differences expression of PTHLH mRNA in different tissues of the antler tip at different growth periods (early period, EP; middle period, MP; late period, LP). Results: The CDS of PTHLH gene was 534 bp in length and encoded 177 amino acids. Predictive analysis results revealed that the PTHLH protein was a hydrophilic protein without transmembrane structure, with its secondary structure consisting mainly of random coil. The PTHLH protein of sika deer had the identity of 98.31%, 96.82%, 96.05%, and 94.92% with Cervus canadensis, Bos mutus, Oryx dammah and Budorcas taxicolor, which were highly conserved among the artiodactyls. The qRT-PCR results showed that PTHLH mRNA had a unique spatio-temporal expression pattern in antlers. In the dermis, precartilage, and cartilage tissues, the expression of PTHLH mRNA was extremely significantly higher in MP than in EP, LP (p<0.01). In the mesenchyme tissue, the expression of PTHLH mRNA in MP was significantly higher than that of EP (p<0.05), but extremely significantly lower than that of LP (p<0.01). The expression of PTHLH mRNA in antler tip tissues at all growth periods had approximately the same trend, that is, from distal to basal, it was first downregulated from the dermis to the mesenchyme and then continuously up-regulated to the cartilage tissue. Conclusion: PTHLH gene may promote the rapid growth of antler mainly through its extensive regulatory effect on the antler tip tissue.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.423-430
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• 2020

To improve the low treatment efficiency of sewage treatment plants, the separated sewer system must be maintained to provide an adequate flow rate and quality of the sewage under the effect of inflow. In this study, data from five locations of Namsuk, Dukgok1, Dukgok2, Kanggu, and Opo were used to conservatively calculate the inflow water volume. The sewer flow and rainfall data were collected in 2017. The factors in the standard method used to calculate the inflow of the combined sewer pipes including "rainy days", "rainfall impact period", and "period for basal sewer" were defined as 3 mm/day, continuous rain for two days, and two weeks prior to the inflow generation, respectively. "Rainy days", "rainfall impact period", and "period for basal sewer" were conservatively adjusted to 5 mm/day, continuous rain for five days, and three weeks prior to the inflow generation, respectively. As a results of the adjustment, the linearity (r²) was improved except for in Dukgok1. This implies that the conservative adjustment made in this study could improve the management quality of sewer pipes. Also, the linear correlation coefficient (a_i) between inflow and rainfall showed a large difference between the target locations, which can be another monitoring factor affecting the quality of sewer pipes. To improve the correlation based on the individual characteristics of the locations in Korea, the automatic algorithm for the inflow calculation should be developed by innovative intellectual technologies for application to the entire national area.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제77권2호
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• pp.186-192
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• 1988

Plotless sompling방법(方法)중 STRAND법(法)으로 임분재적(林分材積)을 추정(推定)하는데 필요(必要)한 임분형수(林分形數)를 산정(算定)할 수 있도록 하기 위하여 경기(京畿), 강원(江原), 충남북(忠南北), 전북(全北), 경북지역(慶北地域)에서 낙엽송표준지(標準地) 380개소(個所), 잣나무 358개소(個所)에서 임분구성인자(林分構成因子)를 측정(測定)한 자료(資料)를 가지고 임분형수표조제법(林分形數表調製法)을 연구(研究)하였다. 1. 임분형수(林分形數)에 관련성(關聯性)을 구명(究明)키 위하여 편상관계수(偏相關係數)를 구한 결과 임분평균수고(林分平均樹高)와 임분형상고(林分形狀高), 임분평균직경(林分平均直徑), 임령(林令), 수간거리(樹幹距離), 단면적수고(斷面積樹高)의 순(順)으로 높게 나타났다. 2. 임분형수(林分形數)을 구할 수 있는 적합(適合)한 추정식(推定式)을 낙엽송, 잣나무에 대하여 산출(算出)한 결과(結果) Table 3과 같다. 3. 최적추정식(最適推定式)에 의하여 임분형수표(林分形數表)를 조제(調製)한 결과(結果), 낙엽송은 Table 4, 5 잣나무는 Table 6, 7과 같으며 표(表)의 값과 실측치간(實測値間)에는 회귀계수(回歸係數)가 거의 1인 Y=bx의 회귀관계(回歸關係)가 성립(成立)하였으며 유의성(有意成) 검정결과(檢定結果) 유의성(有意性)이 없어 적합(適合)함을 알 수 있다. 4. 임분형수표(林分形數表)를 실제(實際)로 사용(使用)할 경우 표(表)값의 추정오차율(推定誤差率)은 낙엽송 임분형수표(林分形數表)는 2.39~4.15%, 잣나무는 1.73% ~2.50%로 아주 작게 나타나 정확(正確)하게 임분형수(林分形數) 산출(算出)에 사용(使用)할 수 있다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.92-97
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• 2005

Inhibition of inflammatory response, acceleration of basal cell growth, and balanced synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) are important in healing of cutaneous open wounds. In order to evaluate the healing effects of water extracts of Radix Astragali (the root of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.)) on open wound at early stage, the experimental open wounds were generated on the dorsal sides of SD rats under anesthesia. The boiled-water extracts of Radix Astragali $(100{\mu}l)$, soaked into an occlusive film dressing were applied once a day for eleven consecutive days. The healing process was assessed by measuring macroscopic appearance and wound areas of the open wounds. The molecular aspects of healing process by Radix Astragali extracts were also investigated by Hematoxylin-Eosin (H-E) double staining and immunohistological staining of collagen type I in the healed skin area, implying cell density and linear alignment of the granulation tissue, and ECM synthesis and its remodeling, respectively. The Astragali radix extracts were found to significantly accelerate the cutaneous wound healing by suppressing the inflammation and stimulating the basal cell growth in wounded area, as compared to epidermal growth factor (EGF).

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.311-317
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• 1999

Prolactin (PRL) was reported to be locally synthesized in many brain areas including the hypothalamus, thalamus (TH) and hippocampus (HIP). In the pituitary lactotrophs, PRL synthesis is dependent upon a pituitary-specific transcription factor, Pit-1. In the present study, we attempted to identify Pit-1 or Pit-1-like protein in brain areas known as the synthetic sites of PRL. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Northern blot analysis showed the same Pit-1 transcripts in brain areas such as the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH), preoptic area (POA), TH, and HIP with the Pit-1 transcripts in the anterior pituitary (AP). Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was run with nuclear protein extracts from brain tissues using a double strand oligomer probe containing a putative Pit-1 binding domain. Shifted bands were found in EMSA results with nuclear proteins from MBH, POA, TH and HIP. Specific binding of the Pit-1-like protein was further confirmed by competition with an unlabeled cold probe. Antisense Pit-1 oligodeoxynucleotide (Pit-1 ODN), which was designed to bind to the Pit-1 translation initiation site and block Pit-1 biosynthesis, was used to test Pit-1 dependent brain PRL transcription. Two nmol of Pit-1 ODN was introduced into the lateral ventricle of a 60-day old male rat brain. RNA blot hybridization and in situ hybridization indicated a decrease of PRL mRNA signals by the treatment of Pit-1 ODN. Taken together, the present study suggests that Pit-1 may play an important role in the transcriptional regulation of local PRL synthesis in the brain.