• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.290-298
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• 2015

Objectives: Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is an excellent bactericidal agent, but it is detrimental to stem cell survival, whereas intracanal medicaments such as calcium hydroxide ($Ca[OH]_2$) promote the survival and proliferation of stem cells. This study evaluated the effect of sequential NaOCl and $Ca(OH)_2$ application on the attachment and differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). Materials and Methods: DPSCs were obtained from human third molars. All dentin specimens were treated with 5.25% NaOCl for 30 min. DPSCs were seeded on the dentin specimens and processed with additional 1 mg/mL $Ca(OH)_2$, 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) treatment, file instrumentation, or a combination of these methods. After 7 day of culture, we examined DPSC morphology using scanning electron microscopy and determined the cell survival rate with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. We measured cell adhesion gene expression levels after 4 day of culture and odontogenic differentiation gene expression levels after 4 wk using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: DPSCs did not attach to the dentin in the NaOCl-treated group. The gene expression levels of fibronectin-1 and secreted phosphoprotein-1 gene in both the $Ca(OH)_2$- and the EDTA-treated groups were significantly higher than those in the other groups. All $Ca(OH)_2$-treated groups showed higher expression levels of dentin matrix protein-1 than that of the control. The dentin sialophosphoprotein level was significantly higher in the groups treated with both $Ca(OH)_2$ and EDTA. Conclusions: The application of $Ca(OH)_2$ and additional treatment such as EDTA or instrumentation promoted the attachment and differentiation of DPSCs after NaOCl treatment.

• 급식외식위생학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.27-35
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• 2020

Salt is a common seasoning agent used in various processed foods, especially in kimchi and salted seafood (jeotgal). This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of salt with antimicrobial substances (acetic acid, garlic extract, carvacrol, nisin, thymol, and their combination (acetic acid+nisin+thymol)) on improvement of antibacterial effects of salt against foodborne pathogens. Salt (10%) was prepared using six different types of 0.2% natural antimicrobial substances. The antibacterial effect of salt combined with natural antimicrobial substances was evaluated against foodborne pathogens using the broth micro-dilution method and growth curve plotted using absorbance measurements. For the five foodborne pathogens, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of salt without antimicrobial substances as control were in the range of 24~>50,000 ㎍/mL and >50,000 ㎍/mL, respectively. Salt with nisin, thymol, or garlic extract showed strong inhibitory effects and their MIC against L. monocytogenes were 49, 12,500, and 24 ㎍/mL, respectively. In particular, salt with nisin showed inhibitory activities against Gram-positive bacteria. However, all the antimicrobial substances were less effective against Gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium than Gram-positive bacteria. These results could be used for the development of salt with natural antimicrobial substances especially targeted against L. monocytogenes. This would enable the lowering of saline concentration while improving the storability of food.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.151-163
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• 2010

Objective: We investigated the oral malodor inhibitory effect of Scutellariae Radix (SR), Phellodendri Cortex (PC), Moutan Cortex (MTC) and Magnoliae Cortex (MGC) for the development of a gargle solution. Methods: 1. Against P. gingivalis and Pr. intermedia, the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) and the change of viable cells that were exposed to 1% each herbal extract were observed. 2. Deodorizing activity of 2% herbal extract and Garglin $Mint^{(R)}$ against methyl mercaptan were evaluated by gas chromatography (GC). 3. We used the salivary sediment system (SSS) as the malodor model. 4. The clinical examination was repeated 3 times by 2 subjects by $Halimeter^{(R)}$. Baseline VSC of each subject was measured. Then, the control subject gargled with cysteine for 30 sec. After 4 min, subjects would gargle for 30 seconds with herbal extracts (2%) and Garglin $Mint^{(R)}$. Subsequently, the concentration of VSC was measured at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 40 and 60 minutes. Results: 1. Against P. gingivalis, MBC of SR, PC and MTC was 0.1%, and MBC of MGC was 1%. Removal time of P. gingivalis was as follows; 5 hr in MGC, 24 hr in SR and PC, and 48 hr in MTC. Against Pr. intermedia, MBC of SR and PC was 0.5%, and MBC of MTC, MGC was 1%. Removal time of Pr. intermedia was as follows; 5 hr in MTC and 24 hr in SR, PC and MGC. 2. Deodorizing effect of herbal extracts against methyl mercaptan was as follows; MGC and MTC had 100%, SR had 82.22%, PC had 66.60%, Garglin $Mint^{(R)}$ had 40.54%. 3. In the experiment using SSS, PC and MTC had statistically significant malodor-inhibitory effects (p<.05). 4. In the clinical examination, PC and MGC had statistically significant inhibitory effects at every elapsed time compared to the control subject. MTC had that until 40 min. SR had that at 0, 4, 8, 20, and 60 min. Conclusions: SR, PC, MTC and MGC have an antibacterial effect and the chemical removable activity of the oral malodor caused by VSC. These four herbs could have potential as effective anti-malodor agents.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.67-81
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• 1996

This study was performed to assess the efficacy of high voltage pulsed galvanic current for the healing of wounds in rabbits. Skin wounds were created laterally on the flank of 12 domestic rabbits($3{\times}3cm$). The wounds of each group were treated with an intensity of 170 V at a frequency of 70 pulses per second, which was applied for 30 minutes a day for 10 days. The experimental groups were randomly assigned to either EXP I (n=3), EXP II(n=3), EXP III(n=3) or control(n=3). Each group was stimulated under the following conditions : 1) EXP I (Negative polarity), 2) EXP II (Change in polarity, negative electrode stimulation during the first 3 days and then positive electrode stimulation from 4 to 10 days), 3) EXP III(Positive polarity), 4) control(No stimulation). An active electrode was placed over the wound and a dispersive electrode on the buttock. The rate of wound closure was compared with the original wound size, evaluated by a tracing film in each measurement period. Finally, on the wound in each group, skin tissue was excised for histological evaluation after treatment for 10 days. The results obtained are as follows : 1) It was found that the control group did not show a complete remodeling of epitherial layer and had a chronic inflammatory response. Judging from the irregularity of intercellular space and the loose alignment of connective tissue, these findings show that wound healing was delayed. 2) EXP I showed a significant bactericidal effect, but a moderate response of vasodilation. The rate of wound closure was slower when compared with EXP II, III. 3) EXP II showed a complete remodeling of epitherial layer and a positive repair of connective tissue. Its rate of wound closure was best when compared with the others. 4) EXP III had a slower rate of wound closure than EXP II, but judging from the greater proliferation of collagen fibers and the dense alignment of connective tissue, this positive electrode was very effective in the formation of neo - connective tissue.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.124-129
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• 2011

Helicobacter pylori균의 ferric uptake regulator (Fur) 단백질의 산화적 손상에 대한 역할을 연구하였다. H. pylori균의 fur 유전자를 제거한 돌연변이체를 만들고 wild type H. pylori균과 돌연변이체 균의 산화적 스트레스에 대한 반응을 비교하였다. 산화적 스트레스는 methylene blue와 660 nm 파장의 빛을 이용하는 광역학적 치료방법으로 유도하였다. 산화적 스트레스를 가한 실험조건에서 wt H. pylori와 돌연변이체의 생존력, DNA 손상의 정도를 비교 검토하였다. 그 결과 fur 유전자가 제거된 돌연변이체의 생균수가 wt에 비해 10,000배 가량 감소한 것을 알 수 있었으며 DNA의 산화적 손상의 marker인 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)의 양도 fur 유전자 제거된 돌연변이에서 wild type에 비해 3배 정도 더 생성됨을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 실험결과 H. pylori균의 fur 유전자가 PDT법으로 유도한 산화적 스트레스에 방어 기작을 하는 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제56권2호
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• pp.103-108
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• 2016

Salmonellosis is a major bacterial zoonosis that causes self-limited enteritis in animals and foodborne disease and typhoid fever in humans. Recently, multi-drug-resistant strains of Salmonella spp. have increased and caused more serious problems in public health. The present study investigated the antibacterial effects of egg-white lysozyme (EWL) against Salmonella (S.) Typhimurium and the therapeutic effects of EWL for murine salmonellosis. Evaluation of the antibacterial effects of EWL against S. Typhimurium revealed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of EWL of 6.25 and $300{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. In the bacterial growth inhibition test, EWL at 300 (p < 0.05) and $600{\mu}g/mL$ (p < 0.01) significantly inhibited the growth of S. Typhimurium at 4 h post-incubation. EWL administration at MIC (LYS-1), MBC (LYS-2) and $2{\times}MBC$ (LYS-3) for 14 days resulted in mortality of mice infected with S. Typhimurium of 70, 40 and 10%, respectively, while that of control mice (CON) was 90%. Counts of S. Typhimurium in murine spleens were significantly lower in LYS-2 and LYS-3 than CON (p < 0.05). The results of this study indicate that EWL has the potential for treatment of ICR mice infected with S. Typhimurium.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.180-187
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• 2017

Background: The incidence of halitosis has a prevalence of 22-50% throughout the world and is generally caused by anaerobic oral microorganisms, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, Clostridium perfringens, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Previous investigations on the structure-activity relationships of ginsenosides have led to contrasting results. Particularly, the antibacterial activity of less polar ginsenosides against halitosis-related bacteria has not been reported. Methods: Crude saponins extracted from the Panax quinquefolius leaf-stem (AGS) were treated at $130^{\circ}C$ for 3 h to obtain heat-transformed saponins (HTS). Five ginsenoside-enriched fractions (HTS-1, HTS-2, HTS-3, HTS-4, and HTS-5) and less polar ginsenosides were separated by HP-20 resin absorption and HPLC, and the antimicrobial activity and mechanism were investigated. Results: HPLC with diode-array detection analysis revealed that heat treatment induced an extensive conversion of polar ginsenosides (-Rg1/Re, -Rc, -Rb2, and -Rd) to less polar compounds (-Rg2, -Rg3, -Rg6, -F4, -Rg5, and -Rk1). The antimicrobial assays showed that HTS, HTS-3, and HTS-4 were effective at inhibiting the growth of F. nucleatum, C. perfringens, and P. gingivalis. Ginsenosides-Rg5 showed the best antimicrobial activity against the three bacteria, with the lowest values of minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration. One major reason for this result is that less polar ginsenosides can more easily damage membrane integrity. Conclusion: The results indicated that the less polar ginsenoside-enriched fraction from heat transformation can be used as an antibacterial agent to control halitosis.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.49-54
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• 2019

Objective: Antibiotic resistance is a global health problem and threatens health of societies. These problems have led to a search for alternative approaches such as combination therapy. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of caffeine and omeprazole in combination with gentamicin or ciprofloxacin against standard and clinically resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of different agents against bacterial strains were determined. The interaction of non- antibiotic drugs with gentamicin and ciprofloxacin was studied in vitro using a checkerboard method and calculating fraction inhibitory concentration index (FICI). Verapamil as efflux pump inhibitor was used to evaluate the possible mechanism of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Results: The MIC and MBC values of gentamicin against bacterial strains were in the range of $20-80{\mu}g/ml$ and $40-200{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. Caffeine and omeprazole had no intrinsic inhibitory activity against tested microorganisms. However, upon combination of caffeine with antibiotics, the synergistic effects were observed. Verapamil was able to reduce the MIC values of gentamicin (4 folds) only in some bacterial strains. Conclusion: These findings indicated that caffeine was effective in removing bacterial infection caused by S. aureus and E. coli. The relevant mechanisms of antibiotic resistance were not related to the drug efflux.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.323-336
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• 2023

This study was conducted to find out the effect of yeast by-products discarded after beer production as feed additives for carp (Cyprinus carpio). After producing feed by adding high-temperature dried beer yeast by-products (HD), freeze-dried beer yeast by-products (FD), and freeze-dried fermented beer yeast by-products (FF) after lactobacilli fermentation, innate immunity indicators, survival rates, and challenge experiments were evaluated. Both ACH50 and lysozyme activity were significantly increased (p<0.05) in the experimental group of FF 0.2% and 0.5% compared to the control group from day 7 to day 21. In addition, phagocyte activity was significantly increased (p<0.05) in the group of FF 0.5% compared to the control group at all time points. Both IL-1β and TNF-α expression levels increased significantly in the FD and FF groups on day 21 compared to the control group (p<0.05). In addition, the FF 0.5% group showed significantly higher expression levels (p<0.05) at all time points. Similarly, IL-10 expression increased significantly (p<0.05) in FF 0.2% and 0.5% groups at all time points. SOD gene expression was significantly increased in FD 0.5% and all FF groups on day 14 and 21 (p<0.05). The results of a 10-day challenge experiment using Edwardsiella piscicida (E. piscicida) showed a higher relative survival rate than the control group at all concentrations that fed FD and FF. In summary, it is estimated that 0.5% FF can effectively improve the innate immunity, growth rate, and antibacterial properties of carp rather than using discarded beer yeast supernatant alone as a functional feed additive.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.435-440
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• 2008

E. coli, S. agalactiae, S. aureus는 젖소의 유방염을 유발하는 주요 원인균들이다. 이 균들은 분변 혹은 우유에 존재하며, 감염되지 않은 다른 개체로의 감염을 유발한다. 자외선은 소독제로서 이미 산업계 및 의료계에서 쓰레기 및 물의 살균에 사용되고 있으므로, 자외선을 이용하여 젖소의 유방염 확산을 방지하는 것의 실효성을 검증하였다. 분변의 함수율은 젖소 유방염 유발균의 증식에 영향을 미치지 않았고, 144시간 이상의 장시간 생존이 가능함을 확인하였다. 자외선의 조사 시, 조사하는 동안 우분뇨 및 톱밥을 교반하는 것이 교반하지 않는 것보다 균의 증식을 억압하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 한편, 자외선의 살균력은 함수율이 낮을수록, 조사시간이 길수록, 조사거리가 짧을수록 더 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 실험을 통해 얻은 함수율, 조사시간, 조사거리, 교반 여부에 대한 결과는 환경 유래, 특히 우분뇨 유래 젖소 유방염의 감염을 예방하고자 할 때 자외선 살균기의 적용이 가능할 것이며, 현장에 적용할 살균기의 제작에 중요한 기초 자료로서 활용될 것이다.