• 생약학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.55-61
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• 2014

Microwaves are non-ionizing electromagnetic waves of frequency between 300MHz to 300GHz and positioned between the X-ray and infrared rays in the electromagnetic spectrum. In recent years, the use of microwave for extraction of ingredient from plant material has shown remarkable research interest and potential. Scutellaria radix has been used as a traditional medicine for a variety of diseases. It has been reported to exert beneficial health effects, such as anti-bacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and free-radical scavenging. Oxidative stress or the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads neuronal cellular death and dysfunction, and it contributes to neuronal degenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and stroke. In this study, we aimed to compare the neuroprotective and antioxidant effect of Scutellaria radix extracted by different methods using hot-water extraction (SBE-DW) or microwave extraction (SBE-DW-MW). As a result, we first examined HPLC analysis of hot-water and microwave extracts of Scutellaria radix. The hot-water and microwave extracts of Scutellaria radix showed the discernible difference patterns of HPLC analysis. Microwave-water extracts of Scutellaria radix increased DPPH radical scavenging activity more than hot-water extraction. Microwave-water extracts of Scutellaria radix also showed neuroprotective effects and ROS inhibition against glutamate-induced oxidative stress in mouse hippocampal HT22 cells, but hot-water extraction not showed. In addition, the phosphorylation of MAPKs induced by glutamate insult was prevented by microwave-water extracts of Scutellaria radix. Thus, these results suggested that microwave extraction can be utilized for improving the extraction efficiency and biological activity of Scutellaria radix.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.254-260
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• 2016

Doenjang samples were prepared by inoculation of multiple starters consisting of two Bacillus spp., one yeast, and one fungus. Doenjang A was fermented with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens EMD17, B. amyloliquefaciens MJ1-4, Pichia farinosa SY80, and Rhizopus oryzae. Doenjang B and C were fermented with the same yeast and fungus but different Bacillus strains; namely, B. amyloliquefaciens EMD17 and B. subtilis CH3-5 for doenjang B, and B. amyloliquefaciens MJ1-4 and B. subtilis CH3-5 for doenjang C. Doenjang D was fermented with microorganisms present in rice straw (control). The doenjang samples were spiked with B. cereus ATCC14579 at two different levels, 10⁴ CFU/g doenjang (I) and 10⁷ CFU/g doenjang (II). All eight doenjang samples were fermented for 70 days at 25℃. Growth of B. cereus was inhibited in doenjang A, B, and C, with the bacterial cell count after 70 days being less than the initial 10⁴ CFU/g added, whereas B. cereus was not inhibited in doenjang D. Doenjang B showed the strongest inhibitory activity against B. cereus, with a cell count of less than 10³ CFU/g after 42 days, even when B. cereus was initially added at 10⁷ CFU/g. Some properties of the doenjang samples, such as pH, TA, and amino-type nitrogen content, were similar to those of doenjang fermented with starters only. The results indicate that carefully selected starters can effectively prevent the growth of B. cereus during doenjang fermentation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.1271-1279
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• 2009

To develop low endotoxic and multi-immunogenic outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), a deletion mutant of the msbB gene in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) was used as a source of low endotoxic OMV, and an expression vector of the canine parvovirus (CPV) VP2 epitope fused to the bacterial OmpA protein was constructed and transformed into the Salmonella ${\Delta}msbB$ mutant. In a lethality test, BALB/c mice injected intraperitoneally with the Salmonella ${\Delta}msbB$ mutant survived for 7 days, whereas mice injected intraperitoneally with the wild type survived for 3 days. Moreover, all mice inoculated orally with the ${\Delta}msbB$ mutant survived for 30 days, but 80% of mice inoculated orally with the wild type survived. The OmpA::CPV VP2 epitope fusion protein was expressed successfully and associated with the outer membrane and OMV fractions from the mutant S. Typhimurium transformed with the fusion protein-expressing vector. In immunogenicity tests, sera obtained from the mice immunized with either the Salmonella msbB mutant or its OMVs containing the OmpA::CPV VP2 epitope showed bactericidal activities against wild-type S. Typhimurium and contained specific antibodies to the CPV VP2 epitope. In the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay as a measurement of CPV-neutralizing activity in the immune sera, there was an 8-fold increase of HI titer in the OMV-immunized group compared with the control. These results suggested that the CPV-neutralizing antibody response was raised by immunization with OMV containing the OmpA::CPV VP2 epitope, as well as the protective immune response against S. Typhimurium in BALB/c mice.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.291-298
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• 2003

축산폐수가 방류되는 단위동물 밀집사육장 인근의 하천수로부터 phytase를 생산하는 세균들 중 활성이 가장 우수한 균주를 분리하여, Pseudomonas fragi Y9451로 동정, 명명하였다. 탄소원으로 fructose를 첨가할 경우에 phytase의 생산능이 가장 우수하였고, 배지에 7% 첨가할 경우에 72시간 배양 후 효소활성이 1,078 mU/ml로 최대의 phytase 생산능을 보였다. 또한, 질소원으로는 nutrient broth(NB)가 적합하였으며, NB를 3%의 농도로 첨가할 경우에 96시간 배양 후 효소활성이 1,425 mU/ml까지 향상되었다. 인산원인 $KH_2PO_4$, phytate는 첨가 농도가 높을수록 phytase 생산은 억제되었으며, 무기염으로 $MgSO_4$와 $CaCl_2$를 첨가하는 경우는 첨가농도와 상관없이 phytase의 생산을 현저히 억제하였다. 산업생산을 목적으로 하는 scale-up에 있어서의 통기교반 효과는 phytase의 생산량에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.422-428
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• 2014

딸기 근권에서 분리한 내생균 중 고추역병균 방제 및 고추생육촉진 효과가 우수한 균주를 선발하였다. Pseudomonas fluorescen EP103으로 명명된 내생균주는 다른 내생균주와 비교하여 식물의 뿌리 길이와 생체 중이 크게 증가하였다. 고추역병에 대한 온실검정에서 EP103처리는 방제가 78.7%을 나타냈으며 항균력 실험결과 고추역병균을 직접 억제하지는 않았다. EP103이 처리된 고추에서는 PR1, PR10등의 병저항성 유전자가 발현되었으며 EP103의 PCR분석 결과 피올테오린, 파이로니트린, 하이드로젠 싸이아나이드, 오르화미드 등의 유용유전자를 함유하고 있음이 밝혀졌다. 따라서 본 균주는 고추역병의 생물 방제용으로 활용할 가치가 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.349-354
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• 2016

트리아졸계 살균제는 세계적으로 사용량이 가장 많은 살균제 중 하나로 토양 반감기가 상대적으로 길다. 본 연구에서는 전국 과수원 토양으로부터 트리아졸계 살균제 테부코나졸, 플루퀸코나졸, 디페노코나졸을 분해할 수 있는 세균의 순수 분리를 시도하였다. 농화배양 과정에서 세 종의 살균제 중 디페노코나졸만이 100% 분해되었으며 이 배양액에서 디페노코나졸을 분해하는 세균 균주들을 순수분리하였다. rep-PCR 밴드 패턴 비교를 통해 이 균주들은 모두 동일 균주임을 확인하였으며 이 중 C8-2 균주만을 이후 연구에 사용하였다. 이 균주는 16S rRNA 유전자 염기서열에 기반하여 Sphingomonas 속 C8-2 균주로 동정되었으며 최소배지에서 100 mg/L의 디페노코나졸을 24시간 내에 분자량 296의 물질로 전환하였다. 이 분해산물은 토양 세균 및 곰팡이에 대한 저해 효과가 디페노코나졸에 비해 현저히 감소하여 향후 토양 및 농작물의 디페노코나졸 무독화에 C8-2 균주를 사용할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.1201-1209
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to isolate probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that produce bile salt hydrolase (BSH), and to evaluate its effects on serum cholesterol level. One-hundred-twenty bacterial colonies were initially isolated from human feces, and five strains were selected after screening based on their resistance to acids, tolerance against bile salts, and inhibitory activity on Escherichia coli. The Lactobacillus plantarum strain with the highest level of BSH activity was identified using 16S rRNA sequences, and was named L. plantarum CK 102. L. plantarum CK 102 at a level of 1.36$\times$10$^8$cfu/ml survived in pH 2 buffer for 6 h and exhibited excellent tolerance for bile salt. Coculturing the strain with E. coli in MRS broth resulted in strong inhibition against growth of E. coli at 18 h. Furthermore, the potential effect of CK 102 on serum cholesterol level was evaluated in rats. Thirty-two rats [Sprague-Dawley (SD) male, 129$\pm$l g, 5 weeks old] were divided into four groups of eight each. For six weeks, Group 1 was fed a normal diet (negative control); Group 2 was fed a cholesterol-enriched diet (positive control); Group 3 was fed a cholesterol-enriched diet plus L. plantarum CK 102 at 1.0$\times$10$^7$cfu/ml; and Group 4 was fed a cholesterol-enriched diet plus L. plantarum CK 102 at 5.0$\times$10$^7$cfu/ml. Blood samples were collected, serum lipids were analyzed, and weights of the organs were measured. Total blood cholesterol level, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, and free-cholesterol values were lower in rats that were fed 1. plantarum CK 102 than in those not fed L. plantarum CK 102. This cholesterol lowering effect implies that L. plantarum CK 102 could be utilized as an additive for health-assistance foods. In conclusion, these results suggest that the 1. plantarum CK 102 isolated could be used commercially as a probiotic.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.571-582
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• 2020

Quorum sensing (QS)-mediated infections cause severe diseases in human beings. The control of infectious diseases by inhibiting QS using antipathogenic drugs is a promising approach as antibiotics are proving inefficient in treating these diseases. Marine fungal (Pestalotiopsis sydowiana PPR) extract was found to possess effective antipathogenic characteristics. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the fungal extract against test pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 was 1,000 ㎍/ml. Sub-MIC concentrations (250 and 500 ㎍/ml) of fungal extract reduced QS-regulated virulence phenotypes such as the production of pyocyanin, chitinase, protease, elastase, and staphylolytic activity in P. aeruginosa PAO1 by 84.15%, 73.15%, 67.37%, 62.37%, and 33.65%, respectively. Moreover, it also reduced the production of exopolysaccharides (74.99%), rhamnolipids (68.01%), and alginate (54.98%), and inhibited the biofilm formation of the bacteria by 90.54%. In silico analysis revealed that the metabolite of P. sydowiana PPR binds to the bacterial QS receptor proteins (LasR and RhlR) similar to their respective natural signaling molecules. Cyclo(-Leu-Pro) (CLP) and 4-Hydroxyphenylacetamide (4-HPA) were identified as potent bioactive compounds among the metabolites of P. sydowiana PPR using in silico approaches. The MIC values of CLP and 4-HPA against P. aeruginosa PAO1 were determined as 250 and 125 ㎍/ml, respectively. All the antivirulence assays were conducted at sub-MIC concentrations of CLP (125 ㎍/ml) and 4-HPA (62.5 ㎍/ml), which resulted in marked reduction in all the investigated virulence factors. This was further supported by gene expression studies. The findings suggest that the metabolites of P. sydowiana PPR can be employed as promising QS inhibitors that target pathogenic bacteria.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.215-221
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• 2002

Cephradine is a first generation cephalosporin and has broad spectrum antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, through inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cephradine is useful for treatment of infections of the urinary and respiratory tract, skin and soft tissues. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two cephradine capsules, Cefradine Yuhan (YuHan Corporation) and Broadcef (Ilsung Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The cephradine release from the two cephradine capsules in vitro was tested using KP VII Apparatus II method with various different kinds of dissolution media (pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 buffer solution and water). Twenty normal male volunteers, $23.10{\pm}2.90$ years in age and $67.69{\pm}8.04\;kg$ in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After one capsule containing 500 mg as cephradine was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of cephradine in serum were determined using HPLC method with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two cephradine capsules were very similar at all dissolution media. Besides, the pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AVC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AVC_t\;and\;C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences in $AVC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ between two capsules based on the Cefradine Yuhan were -2.87%, -0.96% and -4.85%, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two capsules in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of 1og(0.8) to log(1.25) $(e.g.,\;log(0.93){\sim}log(1.02)\;and\;log(0.88){\sim}log(1.13)\;for \;AVC_t\;and\;C_{max},\;respectively)$. The 90% confidence interval using untransformed data was within ${\pm}20%$ $(e.g., \;-17.54{\sim}7.78\;for\;T_{max})$. All parameters met the criteria of KFDA guideline for bioequivalence, indicating that Broadcef capsule is bioequivalent to Cefradine Yuhan capsule.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.744-756
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• 2018

본 연구는 제주산 자생 로즈마리 에센셜 오일의 항염 및 피부상재균에 대한 항균 활성을 확인하기 위한 것이다. 로즈마리 에센셜 오일은 물 증류법으로 추출하였다. 로즈마리 에센셜 오일의 항염 효능을 확인하기 위하여 RAW 264.7 세포에서 LPS에 의해 유도된 NO와 $PGE_2$의 생성을 농도 의존적으로 억제하는 것을 확인하였다. Western blot 실험을 통해 이들을 생합성하는 효소인 iNOS, COX-2 단백질의 발현이 농도 의존적으로 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 전염증성 cytokine인 TNF-${\alpha}$와 IL-6의 생성 억제 효능을 확인하였다. 항생제 내성균주 각 2종을 포함한 S. epidermidis 3종, P. acnes 3종에 대한 항균 활성을 실험한 결과, paper disc법에서 저해환이 관찰되었고, MIC, MBC 실험을 통하여 균생육 저해와 사멸를 확인하였다. 위의 실험 결과로부터 로즈마리 에센셜 오일의 항염증, 항균 효능을 확인 하였으며 향후 화장품 및 스킨케어 소재로서 활용 가능성을 확인하였다.