• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.370-377
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• 1992

A series of field and laboratory experimentes were conducted to find out the effects of kinds of crops residues and the different amount of fertilizer to the microbial interaction, chemical properties, plant growth and their interaction under continous cultivation of hot pepper, soybean, sesame and upland rice. The results obtained were summerized follows : 1. Total number of bacteria and actinomycetes were enhanced by cultivation of upland rice and soybean while no appreciable effects were obtained by the cultivation of hot pepper and sesame. 2. The number of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi were increased by return of crop residues when the cultivation of hot pepper, soybean, sesame and upland rice. Specially, actinomycetes was remarkably increased by upland rice cultivation. 3. Increased amount of fertilizer were remarkably affected to decrease of number of soil microorganisms. Specially, actinomycetes succession was appearently affects while plant growing time. 4. The number of identified soil bacterial species were obtained high in order of Bacillus sp.>Rhizobium sp.>Agrobacterium sp.>Pseudomonas sp. The number of Gram positive bacteria were superior than that of Gram negative bateria. 5. Interaction between microbial succession and crops cultivation, the number of Bacillus sp. was increased in hot pepper, Rhizobium sp. was in soybean, and sesame, and Agrobacterium sp. were increased in soybean, respectively. 6. Survival and habitate of soil microorganisms were differ with kinds of crop, application of residue and fertilizers. Most high number of Bacillus sp. Rhizobium sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were obtained on the rhizoplane and rhizosphere while Agrobacterium sp. and Fusarium sp. were high in rhizosphere. 7. Factors in relation to change of soil microbial population was obtained high in order of climates>crops>organic>matter>fertilizer.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.535-542
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• 2018

The current study investigated the beneficial effects of 15 essential oils isolated from tree branches, leaves, and flowers. Among these oils, clove bud and Illicium anisatum oils showed the most potent anti-oxidant effects on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'azinbis-(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activities. Next, we evaluated the antibacterial effects of 15 essential oils on Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, and Streptococcus mutans. Clove bud significantly decreased growth of 5 bacterial strains. In addition, clove bud, Magnolia kobus, Picea abies and Chamaecyparis obtuse significantly reduced growth of the fungi, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum. Additionally, clove bud also remarkably reduced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible NO synthase in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 cells. These results indicate that essential oils isolated from trees, which exhibit antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties, may be potentially useful in the development of cosmetic ingredients.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2004

Three experiments were conducted to determine utilization of Song-Gang(equation omitted) stone as the dietary additive for growth and immune stimulant in juvenile olive flounder. In the feeding trial, four diets were formulated to contain 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% Song-Gang(equation omitted) stone per kg diet (SGS$_{0}$ , SGS$_{0.5}$, SGS$_{1.0}$ , SGS$_{2.0}$ ). Fish averaging 5.0$\pm$0.04 g (mean$\pm$SD) were fed one of four experimental diets in triplicate groups for 8 weeks. There were no significant differences in weight gain, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, hematosomatic index, condition factor and survival among fish fed all the diets. In chanlenge test, fish were infected by intraperitoneal injection of 0.1 $m\ell$ bacterial suspension with Edwardsielia tarda per fish after the feeding trial. Fish fed SGS$_{0.5}$ diet have a significantly higher cumulative survival rate than did fish fed the other diets (P<0.05). In the anti-mold test, Asprrgiilus niger, Penicillium pinophiltfm, Chaeromium globosum were inoculated with Song-Gang(equation omitted) stone using ASTM G-21 method. The amount of Α. niger, Ρ. pinuphiium. C. globosum didn't increase in Song-Gang(equation omitted) stone for 4 weeks for the test period. Therefore, these results indicate that 0.5% Song-Gang(equation omitted) stone per kg diet could increase immune resistance in juvenile olive flounder and Song-Gang(equation omitted) stone could be used as the anti-mold additive in fish feed.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.120-132
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• 1984

In order to clarify the effect of the fish meat hydrolysate on the growth of lactic acid bacteria(Str. lactis, Str. thermophibus, L. bulgaricus, L. acidophilus, and L. helveticus), the optimum conditions for hydrolyzing the fish meat were examined, and changes of the acid production, viable cell count of lactic acid bacteria and the charge of pH of the culture medium by addition of the fish meat hydrolysate were tested. The results were as follows: 1. When the hydrolysis of back muscle of mackerel was proceeded at $50^{\circ}C$ and at pH 8, for 48 hours adding 6% pancreatin of the protein content in the substrate, the best result was obtained. 2. The composition of the fish meat hydrolysate were 53.6% moisture, 32.4% protein, 1.0% fat, 10.7% carbohydrate, and 3.2% ash. 3. Above 0.1% of the fish meat hydrolysate in the culture medium, the acidity of the culture medium by Sir. lactis and Str. thermophilus were increased remarkably. The acidity of the culture medium by L. acidophilus and L. helveticus were increased in above 0.2% fish meat hydrolysate in the culture medium. but L. bulgaricus was not effected by the fish meat hydrolysate. 4. The pH of the culture medium during incubating Str. laclis and Sir. thermophilus failed obviously by adding the fish meat hydrolysate. But in the cases of L. bulgaricus, L. acidophilus, and L. helveticus, the pH were not changed clearly. 5. The viable cell count in all bacterial strains tested here were elevated by increasing the concentration of the fish meat hydrolysate.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.180-186
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• 1987

Cell suspensions of two isolates of Pseudomonas syringae. PS8401 from sweet persimon and PS8402 from tea plant, were active in ice nucleation at -2.5 and $-3.8^{\circ}C$, respectively. Ice nucleation at those temperature was, using micropipette method, detected in suspensions ($10^8$ olony forming unit/ml of distilled water) of cells that had been grown on nutrient agar supplemented with $2.5\%$ glycerol. Using the same method, on the other hand, the freezing temperature of distilled water only was approx. $-21.8^{\circ}C$, and those of various plant saps including corn were lower than $-11.6^{\circ}C$. Corn seedlings sprayed with cell suspensions $(10^8\;cfu/ml)$ of nutrient broth) of PS8401 began to be damaged at $-2^{\circ}C$ and were almost completely damaged at $-4^{\circ}C$, whereas seedlings sprayed with nutrient broth only were not injured until the temperature down to $-9^{\circ}C$. Amounts of frost damage measured 48 hr after application of PS8401 suspensions increased as applied bacterial cell densities were increased. Ice-nucleation activity of the cell suspensions in vitro increased with increasing the number of cells in suspension. The activity also affected by growth-medium composition or growth-temperature. Ice nucleation thus occured at -4.0, -4.4 and $-7.2^{\circ}C$ in suspensions $(10^2\;cfu/ml)$ of PS8401 that had been grown at$25\%$ nutrient agar with $2.5\%$ glycerol, nutrient agar with $2.5\%$ glucose and nutrient agar only, respectively, and occured at -4.0 and $-7.6^{\circ}C$ in suspensions $(10^2\;cfu/ml)$ of PS8401 hat had been grown on nutrient agar with $2.5\%$ glycerol at $15\~25^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.513-520
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to measure the total bacterial count, the number of foodborne pathogens and the change of PH by the addition of grapefruit seed extract (GFSE) in kanjang Paste and kochujang paste, respectively. The change of inoculated foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella enteritidis IFO 3313, Staphlococcus aureus IFO 12732, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115, Escherichia coli O157:H7 ATCC 43894 in kanjang Paste and kochujang paste were measured for 14 days at the storage temperatures of $4^{\circ}\;and\;20^{\circ}C$. In kanjang paste, the changes of pH were not showed between the control and the addition of GFSE at $4^{\circ}C$. However, pH were decreased about 2 pome in the control and the addition of GFSE 250 ppm at $20^{\circ}C$. In the addition of GFSE 500 ppm, pH decreased about 1.2 points at $20^{\circ}C$. In the growth-inhibitory effect on foodborne pathogens, when comparing with the con01 and the addition of GFSE 250 ppm and 500 ppm the addition of GFSE was decreased more than the control in kanjang paste at storage temperatures of $4^{\circ}C\;and\;20^{\circ}C$. Otherwise, there were no differences of the number of foodborne Pathogens in kochujang paste as additions. But in kochujang paste stored at storage temperatiues of $4^{\circ}C\;and\;20^{\circ}C$ there were differences of the number of foodborne pathogens. When kochujang paste stored $20^{\circ}C$ at least for 10 days, tested all foodborne Pathogens were not detected.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.285-296
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• 2014

Although the problems of the algal blooms have been world-widely observed in freshwater, estuary, and marine throughout the year, it is not yet certain what are the basic causes of such blooms. Consequently, it is very difficult to predict when and where algal blooms occur. The constituents of the Asian dust are in a good agreement with the elements required for the algal growth, which suggests some possible relationship between the algal blooms and the Asian dust. There have been frequently algal blooms in drinking water from rivers or lakes. However, there is no any algal blooms in upwelling waters where the Asian dust cannot penetrate into the soil due to its relatively weak settling velocity (size of particles, $4.5{\pm}1.5{\mu}m$), which implies the possible close relationship of the Asian dust with algal blooms. The present initiative study is thus intended firstly in Korea to illustrate such a relationship by reviewing typical previous studies along with 12 years of weekly iron profiles (2001~2012) and two slant culture experiments with the dissolved Asian dust. The result showed bacterial suspected colonies in the slant culture experiment that are qualitatively in a good agreement with the recent Japanese studies. Since the diatoms require cheap energy (8%) compared to other phytoplankton (100%) to synthesize their cell walls by silicate, the present results can be used to predict algal blooms by diatoms if the concentrations of iron and silicate are available during spring and fall. It can be postulated that the algal blooms occur only if the environmental factors such as light, nutrients, calm water surface layer, temperature, and pH are simultaneously satisfied with the requirements of the micronutrients of mineral ions supplied by the Asian dust as enzymatic cofactors for the rapid bio-synthesis of the macromolecules during algal blooms. Simple eco-friendly methods to regulate the algal blooms are suggested for the initial stage of blooming with limited area: 1) to cover up the water surface with black curtain and inhibit photosynthesis during the day time, 2) to blow air (20.9%) or pure oxygen into the bottom of the water and inhibit rubisco for carbon uptake and nitrate reductase for nitrogen uptake activities in algal growth during the night, 3) to eliminate the resting spores or cysts by suction of bottom sediments as deep as 5 cm to prevent the next year germinations.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.377-386
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• 2003

A study was conducted to evaluate seasonal variations in chemical composition of food waste (FW) and its feeding effects on growth performance and pork quality in finishing pigs. FW was collected for 1 year (6 times a month) to establish a database for use of FW as a feed ingredient. For a feeding trial (8 weeks), a total of 117 pigs ${\times}$D; 54.80$\pm$4.60kg) were used to evaluate the processing effects of FW. Treatments were: Control (a corn-soybean meal diet without FW), simple dried FW (SD) and vacuum fermented FW (VF). The gross energy, crude protein, crude fat, ash, calcium and phosphorus in FW (DM, average of 4 seasons) were 5,111kcal/kg, 22.92%, 14.31%, 15.48%, 2.7% and 1.05%, respectively. Among seasons, the energy and crude protein contents were the highest (p<0.05) in winter and summer, respectively. In lactic acid bacterial counts, there was no difference between SD and VF. Pigs fed the control diet grew faster (p<0.05) than those fed diets containing food wastes, but not feed conversion ratio. There were no differences in production traits between SD and VF. No differences were also found in dressing percentage, backfat thickness, and pork quality (color, drip loss and TBARS) among treatments. The feed cost (￦/kg body weight) was lower in pigs fed FW than those fed a control diet. In conclusion, a pelleted diet containing food waste less than 20% would reduce feed cost in finishing pigs. However, it seems that a vacuum fermentation of food waste is not necessary for diet processing.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.24 no.1 s.76
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• pp.38-48
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• 1996

The survival or colonization of beneficial organsisms and suppression of root rot of ginseng (Panax ginseng) by two distinct bacteria, Pseudomonas cepacia, Bacillus cereus and three mycorrhiza in pot soil were investigated and compared with uninoculated root. In separate inoculation, colonization of roots by P. cepacia was maintained at 6.25 (log cfu/g root) during growth for 10 days under pot culture conditions comparing to $5.62{\sim}6.19$ by mixed treatment with other organisms. Colonizations of P. cepacia were gradually decreased from 6.25 (log cfu/g root) in 10 days growth to 3.01 (log cfu/g root) in 270 days incubation period. This reduction was also investgated in combination treatments by B. cereus or F. solani. The numbers of Fusarium spp. were colonized high number in rhizosphere soil from 3.33 to 3.67 (log cfu/g root) in control within $10{\sim}60$days after treatment of pathogen F. solani, but it's numbers were markedly decreased in 270 days cultivation of plant from 3.33 to 1.02 (log cfu/g root) after treatment. In treatment of beneficial strains of P. cepacia and B. cereus, P. cepacia significantly suppressed the development of root rot from 4.3 in control to 1.2 in treatment, whereas B. cereus alone had no effect on the rate of disease suppression. The disease index $(1.8{\sim}2.3)$ in combination of two bacteria was reduced in plants inoculated with both P. cepacia and B. cereus comparing to the index (4.3) of control. As an effect of inoculation with mycorrhiza on disease suppression, suppression of root rot by F. solani was reduced to $1.2{\sim}1.6$ in disease index in treatment of Glomus albidum and Acaulospora longular comparing to 4.3 of control. In the treatment of bacterial strain P. cepacia and mycorrhizal fungus Glomus albidum, the disease suppression was apparent to 1.2 and 1.2 comparing to 4.3 of control in disease index respectively.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.1 s.81
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• pp.82-90
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• 2007

In an attempt to establish the appropriate ventilation device for the bottle culture of king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii), we investigated carbon dioxide concentration and fruiting body formation according to the various ventilation systems within the mushroom house. In addition to, the efficiency of air circulation and growth rate as well as the appearance of physiologically abnormal phenotypes during their growth stage were also evaluated. four different ventilation devices, parallel-pressure type, positive-pressure type, negative-pressure type, and positive- and negative-pressure type were applied in this study. The positive-and negative-pressure type showed the highest efficiency of air circulation as $CO_2$ concentration was 800 ppm and the level of air current was relatively low compared to the other types (the $CO_2$ concentration of parallel-pressure type was 1,400 ppm). Moreover, the stipe length, the cap diameter, yield, and general quality grown in positive- and negative type ventilation device were also better than in the other three devices though it took slightly longer period for harvesting (18.4 days) than the others (17.6, 17.9 and 18.3 days). The appearance of physiologically abnormal phenotypes such as fruiting body lump, soft rot, and brown rot were significantly decreased in positive-and negative type compared to other types, while the appearance rates were not much different for other symptoms of bacterial ooze, stipe limb and stipe bumpy. In summary, we propose that the optimal ventilation system for the bottle culture of king oyster mushroom is positive- and negative type, and this device is expected to increase the total quality as well as yield all year around.