• 한국정보통신설비학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.08a
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• pp.229-233
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• 2003

최근, 인터넷 사용자가 급증하면서 빠른 서비스에 대한 문제가 큰 관심이 되고있다. 특히 데이터베이스 시스템에서 저장 삭세 수정 등은 사용자에게 긴 대기시간을 요구할 수도 있기 때문에 사용자의 불평을 야기할 수 있다. 이 논문에서는 3-티어 방식에서 요즘 많이 사용되는 application server의 cache에 대해서 말하고자 한다. 기존 application server는 데이터를 application server cache에 저장하여 같은 데이터를 서비스할 경우 server의 cache를 사용하지만 이 논문에서 제안하는 것은 접속된 client를 관리하여 각각의 client에 cache를 만들고 application server나 또는 데이터베이스 server가 서비스를 하지 못할 경우는 가장 최근의 데이터를 가지고 있는 client를 찾아 client cache에 있는 데이터를 서비스 하자는 것이다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.467-477
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• 2013

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of backward pedaling ergometer training on ankle ROM, lower extremities strength, foot pressure in hemiplegia. METHODS: The subjects consisted of control group(n=10) and experimental group(n=10), subjects were trained 5 times a week for 2 weeks each group. Control group were trained forward, experimental group were trained backward pedaling with physical therapy in both groups. Each group measured ankle joint ROM with DUALER IQ and ankle and knee joint flexor and extensor muscle strength by Manual Muscle Test System and foot pressure by Gait view system. RESULTS: The result of this study between pre and post test that experimental group had statistically significantly differences in ankle joint range of motion and lower extremities strength. But foot pressure had not statistically significant differences. There was not significantly difference of variation between groups. CONCLUSION: Therefore these results mean that backward and forward pedaling ergometer training effected an improvement of lower extremities function in hemiplegia.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.135-144
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• 2021

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 2 weeks of backward walking exercise (BWE) on cervical angle and gait parameters in college students with forward head posture. Methods : Fifteen subjects participated in the experiment. All the participants had a craniovertebral angle (CVA) of 55 degrees or less. The purpose of the study was explained to all the subjects prior to participation, and volunteered to take part in the study. A camera capable of taking pictures of the lateral plane was installed at a distance of 1.5 meters from each subject. Images of forward head posture were obtained before and after performing the BWE, and the CVA and craniorotational angle (CRA) were compared pre- versus post exercise. Foot pressure and gait parameters (step length of left and right, stride length, stance of left and right, swing of left and right, step time of left and right, and stride time) were measured using a rehabilitation treadmill. The subjects performed the BWE for 2 weeks. The exercise program consisted of a 5-minute warm-up exercise, 20-minute main exercise, and 5-minute cool-down exercise. In the main exercise, the treadmill speed was set to 2.4 km/h in the first week and 3.4 km/h in the second week. A paired t test was used to compare the CVA and CRA and gait parameters before and after the exercise. Results : Comparison of the CVA and CRA before and after the BWE revealed a significant difference post exercise, with a marked improvement in forward head posture after the exercise (p<.05). Conclusion : Based on the results of this study, the BWE is considered to be an effective exercise for the forward head posture. Also, additional research is needed to shed light on the impact of the BWE on gait parameters.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.237-246
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of forward-and-backward shift trunk exercise using a proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) diagonal pattern in a closed kinematic chain exercise on the upper limb function and activity of daily living (ADL) in a stroke patient. Methods: One subject participated in this study. The study used a reversal A-B-A' design, where A and A' were the baseline period (no intervention), and B was the intervention period. The intervention was a forward-and-backward trunk shift exercise, using a PNF diagonal pattern on both a stand-on-hand position and a quadruped position of closed kinematic chain exercises, for 20 min per day for 2 weeks. The range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder joint was measured and a Fugl-Meyer assessment of upper extremity (FMA-UE) and a functional independence measure (FIM) were performed to measure upper limb function and activity of daily living (ADL). Results: ROMs of shoulder joint (flexion, extension, abduction, and external rotation) increased in the intervention phase. The FMA-UE score increased (from 28 to 36) in the intervention phase. The FIM score increased (from 20 to 25) in the intervention phase. These increases were maintained after intervention (Baseline II). Conclusion: These results suggest that forward-and-backward shift trunk exercises using a PNF diagonal pattern in a closed kinematic chain exercise have a positive effect on stroke patients' upper limb function and ADL ability.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.241-264
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• 2015

This study analyzed backward and forward linkage effects among Korea, China and Japan by International Input-Output(I-O) tables. Index of dispersion power and sensitivity degrees were measured after making 'Korea, China and Japan International Input-Output(I-O) Table'. The study showed that the inter-dependency between Korea and China was increased while the influences of Japanese was decreased among the 3 countries. Under the de-industrialization, the 3 countries decreased influences over their domestic industry but increased the inter-dependency over the other countries. In addition, backward and forward linkage effects was significantly high in some industrial sectors such as petroleum, transportation, machinery equipment, service and public administration in 3 countries. In the case of service, the linkage effects among the 3 countries increased which means that the roles and inter-dependency of service was also gradually increasing in 3 countries.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.29-37
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• 2011

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to find out of an effect of forward, backward walking using partial weight bearing on walking of the patient with incomplete spinal cord injury. Methods : The average age, and the term of being sick of 6 patients who were selected as the subjects with incomplete spinal cord injury and who received medical attention in the National Rehabilitation Hospital, was 50.3 years old, and 10.7 months, and those were also the patients that were classified as ASIA-C or D by ASIA. The forward, backward walking using a partial weight bearing system as the research method, took total 6 weeks, 3 days per week, 3 times per day, total 45 minutes for each time(15 minutes for a time, 5 minutes for a breathing time), and the 15 minutes was used for forward walking 7.30 minutes, backward walking for 7.30 minutes, to find out before and after the test of WISCI, PCI, Walking Speed, Motor Score of Lower Limbs for the selected patients with incomplete spinal cord injury. Results : The result was showed WISCI from 17 points to 17 points that is, no change occurred at all, and PCI from $161.01{\pm}103.06$ to $74.97{\pm}58.19$, some amount of reduction that is not statistically significant(p<.05). Regarding walking speed, it increased from $24{\pm}.07m/sec$ to. $61{\pm}.35m/sec$, that is statistically significant(p<.05), and motor score of lower limbs showed statistically significant increase like from $33.17{\pm}7.08$ to $37{\pm}5.14$(P<.05). Conclusion : The 4 evaluation categories seem to have shown differences due to an insufficient number of subjects, and short test term, and it seems the more diverse task-oriented walking exercises should be studied in the coming days.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.77-85
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• 2014

Objective: In the present study, the effects of progressive body weight support treadmill forward & backward walking training (FBWT), progressive body weight support treadmill forward walking training (FWT), and progressive body weight support treadmill backward walking training (BWT), and on stroke patients' ambulatory abilities were examined. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: A total of 36 chronic stroke patients were divided into three groups with 12 subjects in each group. Each of the groups performed one of the progressive body weight supported treadmill training methods for 30 minute, six times per week for three weeks, and then received general physical therapy without any other intervention until the follow-up tests. For the assessment of the step length, total double support, cadence, gait were measured using optogait and the 10-m walk test (10MWT), 6 minutes walk test (6MWT). Results: In the within group comparisons, all the three groups showed significant differences between before and after the intervention (p<0.05). In the comparison of the three groups, there were significant differences among the three groups in stride length, double limb support stance, cadence, 10MWT, and 6MWT in the third week, and only in stride length, 10MWT, and 6MWT test in the sixth week (p<0.05). Conclusions: This study verified that progressive body weight-supported treadmill gait training positively affected the gait ability of stroke patients in an actual gait environment. It also showed that FBWT group was more effective than FWT group and BWT group training.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.315-327
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utilization of the orthopantomograph as a diagnostic aid to observe maxillary sinus and adjacent structures. For achieving this goal. the lead plates were attached to the five walls of the maxillary sinus of a human dry skull. The dry skull was placed in fourteen different positions; standard. 20mm forward. 20mm backward. 10 degree upward. 10 degree downward. 20mm lateral. forward & upward, forward & downward. forward & lateral. backward & upward. backward & downward, backward & lateral. upward & lateral. downward & lateral position. The obtained results were as follows: 1. The image of the medial wall was observed very differently according to the head positions. 2. The image of the anterior wall was observed at medial third to half of the maxillary sinus in each head position. 3. the image of the posterior wall was always observed at lateral third of the maxillary sinus in all head positions and more obviously in the downward-lateral position. 4. The image of the superior wall was observed at the inferior third to half of the orbit in each head position. 5. The image of the inferior wall was always observed at the inferior third of maxillary sinus in all head positions and observed more obviously in the standard and downward-lateral positions. 6. The images of the zygomatic process. zygomatic arch and zygomaticotemporal suture were observed very well in the downward-lateral position.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.2403-2408
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• 2013

This paper has analyzed the change of forward and backward current for channel doping concentration to analyze off-current of double gate(DG) MOSFET. The Gaussian function as channel doping distribution has been used to compare with experimental ones, and the two dimensional analytical potential distribution model derived from Poisson's equation has been used to analyze the off-current. The off-current has been analyzed for the change of projected range and standard projected range of Gaussian function with device parameters such as channel length, channel thickness, gate oxide thickness and channel doping concentration. As a result, this research shows the off-current has greatly influenced on forward and backward current for device parameters, especially for the shape of Gaussian function for channel doping concentration.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.1487-1493
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• 2016

The susceptible, exposed, infectious, and recovered model (SEIR) is used extensively in the field of epidemiology. On the other hand, dissemination information among users through internet grows exponentially. This information spreading can be modeled as an epidemic. In this paper, we derive the mathematical model of SEIR in viral communication from the view of optimal control theory. Overall the methods based on classical calculus, In order to solve the optimal control problem, proved to be more efficient and accurate. According to Pontryagin's minimum principle (PMP) the Hamiltonian function must be optimized by the control variables at all points along the solution trajectory. We present our method based on the PMP and forward backward algorithm. In this algorithm, one should integrate forward in time for the state equations then integrate backward in time for the adjoint equations resulting from the optimality conditions. The problem is mathematically analyzed and numerically solved as well.