• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.3881-3885
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• 2015

Obesity markedly increases the risk of colorectal cancer. Recently, the preventive effects of edible mushrooms on triglyceride elevation and visceral fat accumulation have been reported. Here, the effects of Pleurotus eryngii (Eringi) and Hypsizygus marmoreus (Bunashimeji) on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF; precancerous lesions) in the colorectums of mice fed a high-fat diet were examined. Eringi (ER) and Bunashimeji (BU) mushroom powder samples were used. Six-week-old male C57BL/6J mice received an intraperitoneal injection of AOM (10 mg/kg) once a week for two weeks, and were sacrificed and dissected at 6 weeks after the start of the experiment. After the initiation of the experiment, they received a normal diet (ND), high-fat diet (HFD), HFD + ER (1 or 5% of diet), or HFD + BU (1 or 5% of diet). As a result, body and fat weights were significantly lower in the 5% ER and BU groups than in the HFD group. Liver triglyceride levels were also significantly lower in the 5% ER and BU groups. Total liver cholesterol levels were significantly lower in the 5% ER group. The numbers of ACF (especially large ACF) showed strong inhibitory effects in both ER and BU groups. Measurement of the cell proliferation marker Ki-67 labeling index in the colonic mucosa demonstrated more significant suppression in both ER and BU groups than in the HFD group. These results suggest that the simultaneous intake of ER and BU may inhibit colorectal tumorigenesis in HFD-fed mice.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.17
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• pp.7561-7566
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• 2015

Ziziphus jujuba (ZJ) fruit is rich in bioactive functional components such as polysaccharides, triterpenoid acid, flavonoids and oleamide. It has been commonly used in the treatment of various diseases including diabetes, digestive disorders, diarrhea, skin infections, liver and urinary diseases. However, its dietary effect on chemoprevention of colon cancer has never been studied. The present study was to evaluate the protective effects of dietary ZJ on colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis in azoxymethane (AOM)-dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-treated mice. AOM was injected (10 mg/kg b.wt., i.p.) and three cycles of 2% DSS in drinking water for 7 days with 14 days of normal drinking water in-between was administered to induce colitis-associated colon cancer. ZJ fruit was supplemented in feed as 5 and 10%. Dietary ZJ significantly attenuated aberrant crypt foci (ACF) formation thereby decreasing the progression of hyperplasia to dysplasia. In addition, it significantly reduced circulating white blood cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils and platelets compared to colon cancer mice. We conclude that ZJ supplementation delayed the progression of colon cancer from hyperplasia to dysplasia and ultimately adenocarcinoma and cancer. In addition, it decreased circulating tumor-related leucocytes, main regulators of cancer inflammation. Therefore, dietary consumption of ZJ fruit attenuated the formation of ACF and delayed the progression of colon cancer.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.149-155
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• 2017

The effects of Korean solar salt on an azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colon cancer C57BL/6 mouse model were studied. Korean solar salt samples (SS-S, solar salt from S salt field; SS-Yb, solar salt from Yb salt field), nine-time-baked bamboo salt (BS-9x, made from SS-Yb), purified salt (PS), and SS-G (solar salt from $Gu\acute{e}rande$, France) were orally administered at a concentration of 1% during AOM/DSS colon cancer induction, and compared for their protective effects during colon carcinogenesis in C57BL/6 mice. SS-S and SS-Yb suppressed colon length shortening and tumor counts in mouse colons. Histological evaluation by hematoxylin and eosin staining also revealed suppression of tumorigenesis by SS-S. Conversely, PS and SS-G did not show a similar suppressive efficacy as Korean solar salt. SS-S and SS-Yb promoted colon mRNA expression of an apoptosis-related factor and cell-cycle-related gene and suppressed pro-inflammatory factor. SS-Yb baked into BS-9x further promoted these anti-carcinogenic efficacies. Taken together, the results indicate that Korean solar salt, especially SS-S and SS-Yb, exhibited anti-cancer activity by modulating apoptosis- and inflammation-related gene expression during colon carcinogenesis in mice, and bamboo salt baked from SS-Yb showed enhanced anti-cancer functionality.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.5071-5074
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• 2016

Background: Azoxymethane (AOM) is a well-known colon cancer-inducing agent in experimental animals via mechanisms that include oxidative stress in rat colon and liver tissue. Few studies have investigated AOM-induced oxidative stress in rat liver tissue. Red seaweeds of the genera Hypnea Bryodies and Melanothamnus Somalensis are rich in polyphenolic compounds that may suppress cancer through antioxidant properties, yet limited research has been carried out to investigate their anti-carcinogenic and antioxidant influence against AOM-induced oxidative stress in rat liver. Objective: This study aims to determine protective effects of red seaweed (Hypnea Bryodies and Melanothamnus Somalensis) extracts against AOM-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress. Materials and Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats received intraperitoneal injections of AOM, 15 mg/kg body weight, once a week for two consecutive weeks and then orally administered red seaweed (100 mg/kg body-weight) extracts for sixteen weeks. At the end of the experiment all animals were overnight fasted then sacrificed and blood and liver tissues were collected. Results: AOM treatment significantly decreased serum liver markers and induced hepatic oxidative stress as evidenced by increased liver tissue homogenate levels of nitric oxide and malondialdehyde, decreased total antioxidant capacity and glutathione, and inhibition of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase). Both red seaweed extracts abolished the AOM-associated oxidative stress and protected against liver injury as evidenced by increased serum levels of liver function markers. In addition, histological findings confirmed protective effects of the two red seaweed extracts against AOM-induced liver injury. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that red seaweed (Hypnea Bryodies and Melanothamnus Somalensis) extracts counteracted oxidative stress-induced hepatotoxicity in a rat model of colon cancer.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.3551-3558
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• 2016

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world, with chronic inflammation and diet as major causes in its development. Chemopreventive effects of natural dietary products have been the focus of studies for prevention over the past decade. This study was conducted to determine the effects of unpolished Thai rice during precancerous stage through the involvement of ${\beta}$-catenin, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and inflammatory cytokines focusing on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF)-related to CRC. Male Sprague Dawley rats received two injections of AOM (15 mg/kg body weight) at weeks 4 and 5 while rats were treated with 20% or 70% unpolished Thai rice. The rats were sacrificed at week 38 and the colons removed for aberrant crypt foci (ACF) identification. Histopathologic changes, immunohistochemical analysis of ${\beta}$-catenin and COX-2 expression, and cytokine expression of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers were determined. The administration of unpolished Thai rice significantly and dose dependently decreased the total number of ACF and the percentages of ACF with high-grade dysplasia. Interestingly, unpolished Thai rice suppressed the expression of ${\beta}$-catenin and COX-2. In addition, it also altered proinflammatory (IL-6 and IFN-${\gamma}$) and anti-inflammatory (IL- 10) markers. The results suggested that unpolished Thai rice may provide a promising dietary intake for prevention during precancerous stage of CRC development, through the involvement of ${\beta}$-catenin and COX-2 expression, and also modulate inflammatory cytokines-related to CRC.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.115-124
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• 2012

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death in western countries or in the developed countries. Zinc intake has been associated with decreased risk of CRC. We investigated the effect of zinc on the formation of colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) induced by azoxymethane followed by dextran sodium sulfate in mice. Five-week old ICR mice were fed with the different zinc levels (0.01, 0.1, 1 ppm) for 12 weeks. The numbers of ACF were measured in the colonic mucosa. The ACF number of HZn group was significantly low compared with LZn group or MZn group. Cytosolic superoxide dismutase activity was the highest in HZn group, while thiobarbituric acid reactive substance level for lipid peroxidation was the highest in LZn group. There was no difference in number of PCNA-positive proliferative cells among the groups. TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells were increased in HZn group compared with LZn group. The HZn group exhibited a decrease of ${\beta}$-catenin immunostaining areas compared with the LZn or MZn group. These findings indicate that dietary zinc might exert a protecting effect against colon carcinogenesis by inhibiting the development of ACF in the mice.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 2018

BACKGROUD/OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin C on inflammation, tumor development, and dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota in an azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced inflammation-associated early colon cancer mouse model. MATERIALS/METHODS: Male BALB/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with AOM [10 mg/kg body weight (b.w)] and given two 7-d cycles of 2% DSS drinking water with a 14 d inter-cycle interval. Vitamin C (60 mg/kg b.w. and 120 mg/kg b.w.) was supplemented by gavage for 5 weeks starting 2 d after the AOM injection. RESULTS: The vitamin C treatment suppressed inflammatory morbidity, as reflected by disease activity index (DAI) in recovery phase and inhibited shortening of the colon, and reduced histological damage. In addition, vitamin C supplementation suppressed mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, including cyclooxygenase-2, microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-2, tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$, Interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, and IL-6, and reduced expression of the proliferation marker, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, compared to observations of AOM/DSS animals. Although the microbial composition did not differ significantly between the groups, administration of vitamin C improved the level of inflammation-related Lactococcus and JQ084893 to control levels. CONCLUSION: Vitamin C treatment provided moderate suppression of inflammation, proliferation, and certain inflammation-related dysbiosis in a murine model of colitis associated-early colon cancer. These findings support that vitamin C supplementation can benefit colonic health. Long-term clinical studies with various doses of vitamin C are warranted.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.55-58
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• 2011

Certain lactic acid bacteria have anti-tumor activity, especially colon cancer. The fermented milk products containing that kind of lactic acid bacteria have to be recommended for human health as excellent health functional foods. This paper have been classified by 5 regions on the functions of lactic acid bacteria related to prevention of colon cancer. 1) Enhancing of host's immune response; Production of cytokines. 2) Binding and degradation of potential carcinogens; Binding and degradation of mutagenicity. 3) The changes of intestinal microflora and production of antitumorigenic or antimutagenic compounds; Production of azoxymethane. 4) Alteration of the metabolic activity of intestinal microflora; Decrease of harmful enzymes in intestinal tract. 5) Alteration of physicochemical conditions in the colon; Decrease of pH and bile acids contents.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.224-232
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• 2013

Cucurbitacins are a natural cell-permeable triterpenoid compound isolated from Cucurbitaceae and Cruciferae. Cucurbitacins have been used as folk medicine because of their anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. In the present study, we investigate the anti-cancer effects of cucurbitacin I on colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis induced by azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in BALB/c mice. Cucurbitacin I treatment attenuated loss of body weight and decreased the number of colon tumors. Western blot analysis showed that cucurbitacin I treatment significantly inhibited the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ and interleukin (IL)-6. These results suggest that cucurbitacin I suppressed inflammatory reaction and tumor development in colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.74-74
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• 2002

Ethyl 3-(4'-geranyloxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoate (EGMP) and ferulic acid (FA) have been shown to inhibit development of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in the azoxymethane (AOM)-treated rat colon. In the present study, inhibitory effects of EGMP and FA on the post-initiation stage of AOM-induced colon carcinogenesis were studied in male ddY mice.(omitted)