• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.364-368
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• 2006

This experiment was carried out to figure out the $CO_2$ biomass and the growth response of Chinese cabbage and radish grown under the condition of high temperature and high $CO_2$ concentration to provide the information for the coming climatic change. Chinese cabbage and radish were cultivated in spring and autumn seasons under 4 treatments, 'ambient temp.+ambient $CO_2$ conc.', 'ambient temp.+elevated $CO_2$ conc.', 'elevated temp.+ ambient $CO_2$ conc.', and 'elevated temp. +elevated $CO_2$ conc.'. The 'elevated temp,' plot was maintained at 5 higher than 'ambient temp. (outside temperature)'and the 'elevated $CO_2$ cone.' plot was done in 650 ppm $CO_2$. The growth of spring-sown Chinese cabbage was worse than autumn-sown one, and was affected more by high temperature than high $CO_2$. concentration. The $CO_2$ biomass of Chinese cabbage was lower as 25.1-39.1 g/plant in spring-sown one than 54.8-63.4 g/plant of autumn-sown one. Daily $CO_2$2 fixation ability was not significantly different between spring- and autumn-sown Chinese cabbage as 1.9-2.9, 2.7-3.1 kg/10a/day, respectively. The $CO_2$ biomass of radish were 87.4-104.6 /plant in spring-sown one and 51.3$\sim$76.4 g/plant in autumn-sown one. Daily $CO_2$ fixation ability of radish were 6.2-10.1 kg/10a/day in spring-sown one and 4.6-6.9 kg/10a/day in autumn-sown one.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.279-293
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• 2017

This study suggests the yield forecast models for autumn chinese cabbage and radish using crop growth and development information. For this, we construct 24 alternative yield forecast models and compare the predictive power using root mean square percentage errors. The results shows that the predictive power of model including crop growth and development informations is better than model which does not include those informations. But the forecast errors of best forecast models exceeds 5%. Thus it is important to establish reliable data and improve forecast models.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.91-97
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to classify between radish and Chinese cabbage in autumn using hyperspectral images. The hyperspectral images were acquired by Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) with 1m spatial resolution and 48 bands covering the visible and near infrared portions of the solar spectrum from 370 to 1044 nm with a bandwidth of 14 nm. An object-based technique is used for classification of radish and Chinese cabbage. It was found that the optimum parameter values for image segmentation were scale 400, shape 0.1, color 0.9, compactness 0.5 and smoothness 0.5. As a result, the overall accuracy of classification was 90.7 % and the kappa coefficient was 0.71. The hyperspectral images can be used to classify other crops with higher accuracy than radish and Chines cabbage because of their similar characteristic and growth time.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.204-209
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• 2015

BACKGROUND: Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is cultivated worldwide and one of important vegetables in Korea where year-round production of radish is possible. Most of radishes in autumn are cultivated with double-row spacing except for Gangwon-do where sing-row spacing is predominant. However, no research has been conducted on double-row spacing in radish cultivation so far. This study was conducted to reveal the optimum double-row spacing in autumn cultivation of radish. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using top two popular autumn radish cultivars 'S' and 'C', seeds were sown in spacing between rows of $55{\times}25$, $45{\times}25$, $35{\times}25$ and $25{\times}25cm$, and that within rows of $35{\times}28$, $35{\times}25$, $35{\times}22$ and $35{\times}19cm$. Plants were harvested 58 days after sowing and leaf weight, length and number, and root weight, length sugar content and pithiness were investigated. In the spacing between rows, no significant difference was observed in leaf weight, length and number in both cultivars; however, 25 cm of spacing between rows significantly reduced the root length and weight in 'S' and 'C' cultivars, respectively. In spacing within rows, 28, 25 and 22 cm did not affect fresh root weight in both cultivars, producing appropriate radish roots of 1,500g on average. However, 19 cm of spacing within rows did not reduced fresh root weight in 'S' cultivar but did significantly in 'C' cultivar (1148.3 g). Sugar contents and pithiness of roots were also affected by spacing but its effect was very small and different between cultivars. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that optimum double-row spacing in autumn radish cultivation is 35 cm and 22 cm of spacing between and within rows, respectively, the spacing that did not reduce the yield and quality of radish roots in two popular autumn radish cultivars.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2001

Characteristics (salt concentration, weight loss, soluble solid content, moisture content, pH, textural properties) of kakdugi radish cube (kakdugi radish, $2{\times}2{\times}2\;cm$) were evaluated during salting. Five different radish cultivars harvested in autumn were immersed into 10, 15 or 20% brine solution (radish : brine solution = 1 : 2) at $15^{\circ}C$ for 5hrs. The time required to reach the optimum salt concentration (3.0%) was different among cultivars; in the 10% brine solution, 5hr for 'Taeback', 4hr for 'Bakja', 3hr for 'Kwandong' and 'Bakbong', 2hr for 'Bagkwang'. Generally, it was observed that it took shorter salting time at higher concentration of brine solution. While the highest value of weight loss of kakdugi radish cubes was observed with 'Bagkwang', the lowest, 'Taeback'. There was a decrease of pH of kakdugi radish during salting; while 'Bakja' showes little change in pH, 'Bagkwang' shows large decrease of pH. Hardness and fracturability decreased during salting; the highest value of hardness was observed with 'Taeback', the lowest, 'Bagkwang' has the highest moisture content, the lowest soluble solid content and hardness. There was a similarity of characteristics of kakdugi radish cube between two cultivars, 'Taeback' and 'Bakja', as well as 'Bagkwang', and those of 'Kwandong' and 'Bakbong' were between two types of cultivars.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2003

Physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of six dongchimi cultivars were evaluated. Moisture and sugar contents were 94.2% and $4.30^{\circ}Brix$ for three spring radish cultivars, while 92.9% and $7.30^{\circ}Brix$ for three autumn ones. pH $(5.7{\sim}6.1)$ and acidity $(0.09{\sim}0.12%)$ did not show significant differences among cultivars. pH decreased steadily up to 21 days to reach optimum pH of 4.0. The maximum number of total lactic acid bacteria, $10^8{\sim}10^9\;CFU/mL$, was reached at pH 4.0. The final acidity of spring radishes was lower than that of autumn ones, and was proportional to the sugar content of the radishes. The firmness of spring radish decreased rapidly compared to the autumn ones. Cheongbok was found suitable for dongchimi, because its firmness level was maintained around $165.0{\times}10^3\;N/m^2$ at 35 days. Sensory evaluation revealed 96371 among spring radishes and cheongbok among autumn radishes scored high in firmness, chewiness, flavor, and overall acceptance. These results suggest that autumn radishes are suitable for dongchimi fermentation with cheongbok being the best among the cultivars.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 1992

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of organic fertilizer. Sarang of fermented poultry manure. Miwon glutamic acid fertilizer and poultry manure, on the growth and yield of radish cultivated in spring and autumn. 1) The growth of leaf length, leaf weight, root length, root diameter and root weight of radish in two culture types was stimulated in order of NPK, fermented poultry manure + 1/5NK, fermented poultry manure, poultry manure and control treatment, and chlorophyll and nitrogen content of leaf were increased in order of the above mentioned fertilizers.2) Yield decreased in fermented poultry manure plot of 450kg application comparison with NPK plot but the one of 1800kg fermented poultry manure was increased. The yield of 450kg Sarang plot was sufficient as compared with Korean average yield of spring and autumn culture.3) The difference of growth of radish between treatments of fermented poultry manure and NPK was lowered by continuous application of Sarang organic fertilizer.4) Soil nitrogen content and exchangeable Mg were similar in all treatments but soil pH, the contents of organic matter, $P_2 O_5$ and Ca were high in the fermented poultry manure treatment.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2002

Characteristics (salt concentration, weight loss, soluble solid content, moisture content, and textural properties) of radish cube $(2{\times}2{\times}2\;cm)$ were evaluated during salting. Three different summer radish cultivars harvested in high land were immersed into 15% brine solution (radish : brine solution = 1 : 2) at $15^{\circ}C$ for 4 h. The time required to reach the optimum salt concentration (3%) was different among cultivars; 3 h for 'Bakbong', 4 h for 'Kwandong' and '92343'. Similar weight loss (about 24-26%) of salted radish cubes was found among cultivars. While the highest value of weight loss of salted radish cubes was observed with '92343', the lowest, 'Bakbong'. Hardness decreased during salting; the highest value of hardness was observer with 'Kwandong', the lowest, 'Bankbong'. The sample of '92343' has the lowest moisture content but has the highest soluble solid content and hardness, while 'Bakbong' has the highest moisture content, but has the lowest soluble solid content and '92343'. In separate experiments, seasonal variations in characteristics of salted radish cubes at optimum salt concentration (3%) were observed: for 'Bakbong', salt concentration, weight loss, soluble solid content, and hardness, and for 'Bakwang', salt concentration, weight loss, and hardness were higher in autumn cultivars than in spring or summer one, while moisture contents of both cultivars were higher in spring or summer cultivars than in autumn one.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.100-108
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• 1989

A study relating the sugar contents of radishes to the final titratable acidities(TA) after complete fermentation was conducted to get an idea of selecting radish varieties to improve storage stabilities of fermented pickled radish cubes. Thirty six varieties of spring-sowing and thirty four varieties of autumn-sowing radishes were chosen to ferment to measure their final TA in relation to their sugar contents. The sugar contents of spring-sowing radishes were in the range from 2.40 to $3.71^{\circ}\;Brix$ and the final TA ranged from 1.15 to 1.65%. The sugar contents of autumn-sowing radishes were in the range from 4.00 to $5.53^{\circ}\;Brix$ and the final TA ranged from 1.45 to 2.00%. The final TA obtained after complete fermentation were found to be directly proportional to the sugar contents of radishes, showing that TA equals to 0.29x+0.4428, where x is sugar content of radish. From the equation, since a properly aged fermented pickled vegetable is believed to have a TA range from 0.6 to 0.8%, a radish of a sugar content ranging from 0.6 to $1.3^{\circ}\;Brix$ will make fermented pickled radish cubes which will not be overacidified during the prolonged storage period.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.259-263
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• 1996

Occurrence and distribution of weeds were surveyed in autumn vegetable crops(Chinese cabbage, radish, cucumber and Welsh onion) in 16 cities or counties of Chungnam area during October and November 1995. Thirty weed species were occurred, and Rorippa globosa, Alopecurus aequalis var. amurensis, Stellaria media, Portulaca oleracea, Digitaria sanguinalis and Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum showed higher importance values among them. S. media, P. oleracea and A, aequalis var. amurensis were dominant in northwest coastal area, R globosa, D. sanguinalis and S. media in southwest coastal area, R globosa, A. aegualis var. amurensis and D. sanguinalis in northern area, and R globosa, A. aequalis var. amurensis and P. oleracea in southern area. S. media, R globosa and P. oleracea were dominant in Chinese cabbage fields, R globosa, Amaranthus retroflexus and S. media in radish fields, A. retroflexus, S. media and D. sanguinalis in cucumber fields, and R. globosa and P. oleracea in Welsh onion fields.