• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
• /
• 제28권1호
• /
• pp.79-91
• /
• 2011

Ongnu (Jade Clepsydra; also called Heumgyeonggaknu) is a water clock was made by Jang Yeong-sil in 1438. It is not only an automatic water clock that makes the sound at every hour on the hour by striking bell, drum and gong, but also an astronomical clock that shows the sun's movement over time. Ongnu's power mechanism used is a water-hammering method applied to automatic time-signal device. The appearance of Ongnu is modeled by Gasan (pasted-paper imitation mountain) and Binpungdo (landscape of farming work scene) is drawn at the foot of the mountain. The structure of Ongnu is divided into the top of the mountain, the foot of the mountain and the flatland. There located are sun-movement device, Ongnyeo (jade female immortal; I) and Four gods (shaped of animal-like immortals) at the top of the mountain, Sasin (jack hour) and Musa (warrior) at the foot of the mountain, and Twelve gods, Ongnyeo (II) and Gwanin on the flatland. In this study, we clearly and systematically understood the time-announcing mechanism of each puppet. Also, we showed the working mechanism of the sun-movement device. Finally, we completely established the 3D model of Ongnu based on this study.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.355-374
• /
• 2009

동아시아 천문관서의 자동 시보와 타종시스템에 대하여 분석하였다. 조선의 서운관에서는 1434년(세종 16)부터 국가 표준시계로 자격루를 운영하였고, 1438년에는 옥루를 제작하였다. 이러한 자동 시보시스템은 당시 시각제도에 따라 시보장치와 타종장치로 운영되었다. 이보다 앞서 제작한 중국의 수운의상대(1092)에서도 당시의 시각제도에 따른 시보시스템을 이루고 있다. 한국과 중국 그리고 일본은 12시 100각법에 따른 동일한 시각제도를 사용하고 있었지만 세부적인 시보시스템은 다소 차이가 있었다. 시보장치와 타종장치의 제작기술은 중국의 전통을 기반으로 자격루와 옥루라는 독창적인 시보시스템을 나타내는 종합적인 시계 기술로 이어졌다. 시보시스템에 대한 연구로 당시 시각제도에 대한 사례와 새롭게 복원할 천문유물의 시보와 타종시스템에 대한 정보를 제공할 수 있게 되었다.

• 천문학논총
• /
• 제39권1호
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 2024

In this study, we investigated the time signal devices of Deungnu (circa 1270) and Gungnu (1354), the water clocks produced during the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368). These clocks influenced Heumgyeonggaknu (1438) of the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910), exemplifying the automatic water clocks of the Yuan Dynasty. Deungnu, Gungnu, and Heumgyeonggaknu can be considered as automatic mechanical clocks capable of performances. The Jega-Yeoksang-Jip (Collection of Calendrical and Astronomical Theories of Various Chinese Masters) contains records of Deungnu extracted from the History of the Yuan Dynasty. We interpreted these records and analyzed reproduction models and technical data previously produced in China. The time signal device of Deungnu featured a four-story structure, with the top floor displaying the four divine constellations, the third floor showcasing models of these divinities, the second floor holding 12-h jacks and a 100-Mark ring, and the first floor with four musicians and a 100-Mark Time-Signal Puppet providing a variety of visual attractions. We developed a 3D model of Deungnu, proposing two possible mechanical devices to ensure that the Time-Signal Puppet simultaneously pointed to the 100-Mark graduations in the east, west, south, and north windows: one model reduced the rotation ratio of the 100-Mark ring to 1/4, whereas the other model maintained the rotation ratio using four separate 100-Mark rings. The power system of Deungnu was influenced by Suunuisangdae (the water-driven astronomical clock tower) of the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127); this method was also applied to Heumgyeonggaknu in the Joseon Dynasty. In conclusion, these automatic water clocks of East Asia from the 13th to 15th centuries symbolized creativity and excellence, representing scientific devices that were the epitome of clock-making technology in their times.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
• /
• 제30권2호
• /
• pp.113-121
• /
• 2013

Heumgyeonggaknu is a water-hammering type automatic water clock which was made by Jang Yeong-Sil in 1438. The water clock that is located in Heumgyeonggaknu consists of Suho which is equipped with 2-stage overflow. Constant water wheel power is generated by supplying a fixed amount of water of Suho to Sususang, and this power is transferred to each floor at the same time. The 1st floor rotation wheel of Gasan consists of the operation structure which has the shape of umbrella ribs. The 2nd floor rotation wheel is made so that the 12 hour signal, Gyeong-Jeom signal, and Jujeon constitute a systematic configuration. The 3rd floor rotation wheel is made so that the signal and rotation of Ongnyeo and four gods can be accomplished. Based on the above conceptual design, this paper analyzed the internal signal generation and power transmission of Heumgyeonggaknu.

• 천문학논총
• /
• 제34권3호
• /
• pp.31-40
• /
• 2019

보루각루를 발전시킨 흠경각루는 세종이 계획하고 장영실이 제작했다. 1438년에 완성한 흠경각루는 수격식 혼의와 혼상의 동력 발생 방식(Lee & Kim, 2012; Mihn et al., 2016)을 채택하였을 뿐만 아니라, 보루각루에서 검증된 구슬 신호 방식과 방목장치를 개량한 걸턱 신호를 활용한 것으로 추론된다. 비록 흠경각루의 내부 구조에 대한 자세한 기술은 없지만, 가산의 상층, 중층, 하층에서 시각에 따라 운행되는 시보시스템 모델을 구체적으로 제시하였다. 본 연구의 흠경각루 모델은 수차의 회전 동력이 기륜 주축에 연결된 세 기륜(4신기륜, 시보기륜, 12신기륜)의 회전력을 기반으로 각종 인형들을 작동시키는 메커니즘으로 구현하였다. 흠경각루 시보시스템 모델을 통한 작동구조와 주요 특징을 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 4신기륜은 걸턱과 지레를 이용해 4신옥녀의 종을 치고, 4신이 90℃씩 회전하도록 구성했다. 둘째, 시보기륜에서 주전의 역할과 기능을 갖도록 12시진·5경·5점의 걸턱, 밀쇠, 구슬키잡이를 설치해 구슬신호를 발생시키고, 구슬신호 분배기를 통해 경점시간을 알렸다. 셋째, 12신기륜에서 걸턱, 마중쇠, 저울쇠 등을 설치해 12신옥녀와 12신의 작동을 제어했다. 보루각루를 더욱 발전시킨 흠경각루에서는 걸턱, 지레, 주전, 구슬 신호 등을 적용하여 이슬람의 기술요소를 다양한 방식으로 확장하여 적용했다. 이러한 전통은 17세기 조선의 혼천시계 제작 방법에서도 그대로 계승되었다.

• 천문학논총
• /
• 제36권3호
• /
• pp.65-78
• /
• 2021

Jagyeokru, an automatic striking water clock described in the Sejong Sillok (Veritable Records of King Sejong) is essentially composed of a water quantity control device and a time-signal device, with the former controlling the amount or the flow rate of water and the latter automatically informing the time based on the former. What connects these two parts is a signal generating device or a power transmission device called the 'Jujeon' system, which includes a copper rod on the float and ball-racked scheduled plates. The copper products excavated under Gongpyeong-dong in Seoul include a lot of broken plate pieces and cylinder-like devices. If some plate pieces are put together, a large square plate with circular holes located in a zigzag can be completed, and at the upper right of it is carved 'the first scheduled plate (一箭).' Cylinder-like devices generally 3.8 cm in diameter are able to release a ball, and have a ginkgo leaf-like screen fixed on the inner axis and a bird-shaped hook of which the leg fixes another axis and the beak attaches to the leaf side. The lateral view of this cylinder-like device appears like a trapezoid and mounts an iron ball. The function of releasing a ball agrees with the description of Borugak Pavilion, where Jagyeokru was installed, written by Kim Don (1385 ~ 1440). The other accounts of Borugak Pavilion's and Heumgyeonggak Pavilion's water clocks describe these copper plates and ball releasing devices as the 'Jujeon' system. According to the description of Borugak Pavilion, a square wooden column has copper plates on the left and right sides the same height as the column, and the left copper plate has 12 drilled holes to keep the time of a 12 double-hours. Meanwhile, the right plate has 25 holes which represent seasonal night 5-hours (Kyeong) and their 5-subhours (Jeom), not 12 hours. There are 11 scheduled plates for seasonal night 5-hours made with copper, which are made to be attached or detached as the season. In accordance with Nujutongui (manual for the operation of the yardstick for the clepsydra), the first scheduled plate for the night is used from the winter solstice (冬至) to 2 days after Daehan (大寒), and from 4 days before Soseol (小雪) to a day before the winter solstice. Besides the first scheduled plate, we confirm discovering a third scheduled plate and a sixth scheduled plate among the excavated copper materials based on the spacing between holes. On the other hand, the width of the scheduled plate is different for these artifacts, measured as 144 mm compared to the description of the Borugak Pavilion, which is recorded as 51 mm. From this perspective, they may be the scheduled plates for the Heumgyeonggak Ongru made in 1438 (or 1554) or for the new Fortress Pavilion installed in Changdeokgung palace completed in 1536 (the 31^st year of the reign of King Jungjong) in the early Joseon dynasty. This study presents the concept of the scheduled plates described in the literature, including their new operating mechanism. In addition, a detailed model of 11 scheduled plates is designed from the records and on the excavated relics. It is expected that this study will aid in efforts to restore and reconstruct the automatic water clocks of the early Joseon dynasty.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제12권12호
• /
• pp.1285-1292
• /
• 2003

당진 지역과 안면도 지역의 강수특성을 비교해 보기 위하여 수용성 이온성분 및 pH, 전기전도도 등을 2002년 4월 1일부터 2002년 11월 30일까지 당진 지역 총 47개의 시료와 안면도 지역 총 59개의 시료를 측정 분석해 본 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1) 강수의 신뢰성 검토에는 WMO에서 사용하고 있는 이온수지법과 전기전도도법에 의한 방법 두 가지를 사용하였는데, 당진 지역의 강수는 이온수지법($r^2$ : 0.9429), 전기전도도법($r^2$ : 0.9916)의 값을 나타냈으며, 안면도 지역의 강수는 이온수지법($r^2$ : 0.9620), 전기전도도법($r^2$ : 0.9955)의 값을 보임으로써 WMO에서 권고하는 분석 자료에 대한 신뢰성을 확인 할 수 있었다. 2) 당진과 안면도 지역의 pH 분포는 당진 지역이 년 평균 pH 4.6, 안면도 지역이 년평균 pH 4.8로 산성비 기준인 5.6보다 산성을 나타내었다. 산성비 기준인 pH 5.6이하의 총 발생빈도는 당진이 약 76.8%, 안면도 지역이 81.4%로 나타났는데 이것은 두 지역에서 산성비가 그만큼 내렸다는 것과 같고, 또한 pH의 저하요인인 음이온이 상대적으로 많이 포함되어 있음을 추측할 수 있다. 3) 강수량과 pH와의 관계를 살펴보면 당진 지역과 안면도 지역 모두 여름철인 7, 8월에 강수량이 집중되었고 pH 또한 4.1-5.5 사이로 봄철이나 가을철에 비해 pH가 높게 나타났다. 이는 여름철의 장마로 인한 대기 중의 세정효과로 볼 수 있다.