• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.87-115
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• 2012

Introduction: In these days, a loyalty program is one of the most common marketing mechanisms (Lacey & Sneath, 2006; Nues & Dreze, 2006; Uncles et al., 20003). In recent years, Coalition Loyalty Program is more noticeable as one of progressed forms. In the past, loyalty program was operating independently by single product brand or single retail channel brand. Now, companies using Coalition Loyalty Program share their programs as one single service and companies to participate to this program continue to have benefits from their existing program as well as positive spillover effect from the other participating network companies. Instead of consumers to earn or spend points from single retail channel or brand, consumers will have more opportunities to utilize their points and be able to purchase other participating companies products. Issues that are related to form of loyalty programs are essentially connected with consumers' perceived view on convenience of using its program. This can be a problem for distribution companies' strategic marketing plan. Although Coalition Loyalty Program is popular corporate marketing strategy to most companies, only few researches have been published. However, compared to independent loyalty program, coalition loyalty program operated by third parties of partnership has following conditions: Companies cannot autonomously modify structures of program for individual companies' benefits, and there is no guarantee to operate and to participate its program continuously by signing a contract. Thus, it is important to conduct the study on how coalition loyalty program affects companies' success and its process as much as conducting the study on effects of independent program. This study will complement the lack of coalition loyalty program study. The purpose of this study is to find out how consumer loyalty affects affiliated brands, its cause and mechanism. The past study about loyalty program only provided the variation of performance analysis, but this study will specifically focus on causes of results. In order to do these, this study is designed and to verify three primary objects as following; First, based on opinions of Switching Barriers (Fornell, 1992; Ping, 1993; Jones, et at., 2000) about causes of loyalty of coalition brand, 'brand attractiveness' and 'brand switching cost' are antecedents and causes of change in 'brand loyalty' will be investigated. Second, influence of consumers' perception and attitude prior to joining coalition loyalty program, influence of program in retail brands, brand attractiveness and spillover effect of switching cost after joining coalition program will be verified. Finally, the study will apply 'prior brand preference' as a variable and will provide a relationship between effects of coalition loyalty program and prior preference level. Hypothesis Hypothesis 1. After joining coalition loyalty program, more preferred brand (compared to less preferred brand) will increase influence on brand attractiveness to brand loyalty. Hypothesis 2. After joining coalition loyalty program, less preferred brand (compared to more preferred brand) will increase influence on brand switching cost to brand loyalty. Hypothesis 3. (1)Brand attractiveness and (2)brand switching cost of more preferred brand (before joining the coalition loyalty program) will influence more positive effects from (1)program attractiveness and (2)program switching cost of coalition loyalty program (after joining) than less preferred brand. Hypothesis 4. After joining coalition loyalty program, (1)brand attractiveness and (2)brand switching cost of more preferred brand will receive more positive impacts from (1)program attractiveness and (2)program switching cost of coalition loyalty program than less preferred brand. Hypothesis 5. After joining coalition loyalty program, (1)brand attractiveness and (2)brand switching cost of more preferred brand will receive less impacts from (1)brand attractiveness and (2)brand switching cost of different brands (having different preference level), which joined simultaneously, than less preferred brand. Method : In order to validate hypotheses, this study will apply experimental method throughout virtual scenario of coalition loyalty program if consumers have used or available for the actual brands. The experiment is conducted twice to participants. In a first experiment, the study will provide six coalition brands which are already selected based on prior research. The survey asked each brand attractiveness, switching cost, and loyalty after they choose high preference brand and low preference brand. One hour break was provided prior to the second experiment. In a second experiment, virtual coalition loyalty program "SaveBag" was introduced to participants. Participants were informed that "SaveBag" will be new alliance with six coalition brands from the first experiment. Brand attractiveness and switching cost about coalition program were measured and brand attractiveness and switching cost of high preference brand and low preference brand were measured as same method of first experiment. Limitation and future research This study shows limitations of effects of coalition loyalty program by using virtual scenario instead of actual research. Thus, future study should compare and analyze CLP panel data to provide more in-depth information. In addition, this study only proved the effectiveness of coalition loyalty program. However, there are two types of loyalty program, which are Single and Coalition, and success of coalition loyalty program will be dependent on market brand power and prior customer attitude. Therefore, it will be interesting to compare effects of two programs in the future.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.335-343
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• 2022

The article analyzes the features of innovation and investment activities of enterprises in the context of digitalization to increase their competitiveness in the international market. Ukraine's position on the Global Innovation Index is assessed. The interrelation of management functions in the context of innovation and investment activities of enterprises is substantiated. The structure of sources of financing of innovative activity of industrial enterprises is analyzed. Trends in changes in the volume of foreign direct investment and capital investment in Ukraine are assessed. It is determined that the level of innovative development of enterprises is determined by the level of their investment support, which is determined by the level of their investment attractiveness. The components of the strategy of investment attractiveness of enterprises are outlined. Determining factors in the implementation of innovation and investment policy of enterprises are identified and the main stages that should include the processes of managing innovation and investment activities of enterprises in the context of digitalization.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to find whether the perception of facial attractiveness is influenced by gender, age and kinds of affective dimensions(sharp/soft, babyish/mature). In the study the participants (48 elementary school students, 44 middle school students, 39 university students comprised of 60 males and 71 females) were shown the photos of sixty female faces and asked to grade each face on a nine point scale in three different dimensions (sharp/soft, babyish/mature, attractive/unattractive). Results using Multi-level analysis, faces that were babyish and soft were perceived as more attractive regardless of gender and age. But differences were found in the strength of facial attractiveness by gender and age. Two groups (elementary school students and middle school students) perceived the same photos of female faces to be less attractive than the university students. Also, male participants perceived the faces to be less attractive than female participants. Moreover the study showed a significant difference between university students and elementary school students in relation to the sharp/soft dimension and this dimension was more influential on elementary school students than university students. These results further suggest that if a face looks babyish and soft, then the face will be perceived as attractive regardless of gender or age. However, the degree of facial attractiveness perceived depends on the participant's gender and age.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.8 no.7
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• pp.51-61
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• 2017

Purpose - Present study investigates character identification and emotional response to character that may affect consumers' intention to purchase the character-attached products. And this study explores whether symbolic relevance and object relevance affect the character identification, and whether character attractiveness and character salience affect the emotional response to characters. Research design, data, and methodology - SNS characters, animated characters, game characters, and traditional characters were used as experimental characters. And stationery as experimental product was used. 250 college students participated in the empirical study, and structural equation model was used to verify hypotheses. Results - First, the character identification and emotional response to characters affected the intention to purchase the products positively, and the emotional response to characters also positively affected character identification; second, symbolic relevance had no positive impact upon character identification, while object relevance had positive influence on character identification; and third, character attractiveness and salience had a positive effect on the emotional response. Conclusions - Present study contributes to the progress of character theories. Marketers should find ways to increase consumers' object relevance to characters and the level of characters' attractiveness and salience in order to promote the intent to purchase the products.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.103-122
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to explore the personal experiences of businesswomen regarding appearance management and their body image. To achieve this, diverse perspectives were employed, including critical, practical, and positive body image perspectives. Interviews were conducted with 17 Korean businesswomen with more than 10 years of work experience. The data were analyzed using a phenomenological approach to understand their lived experiences of appearance management and body image. The participants acknowledged that appearance is important in the workplace - more so for women than for men. They commented that appearance may play an important role in displyaing social attractiveness to strangers, but other elements of social attractiveness such as liveliness or social skills take prominence in established relationships. Businesswomen, particularly those whose professions involve the display of appearance, are more likely to engage in aesthetic labor or the unpaid labor of managing their physical appearance in order to meet expectations at work. In general, however, these women considered appearance management to be a practice of self-care which seems to demonstrate their positive body image. This study has significance in that it strived to understand the subjective, lived experiences of businesswomen, including their thoughts and emotions related to appearance management and body image.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.71-80
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• 2014

Incheon international airport has tried to upgrade its image by hosting lots of international events and inviting celebrities as a honorary ambassador of airport. It is uncomparable to other airports all over the globe for incheon airport to utilize an honorary ambassador to promote airport. The purpose of this paper is to try to find out the PR effect of employing honorary embassador at Incheon airport, which has a positive impact on enhancing the image of Incheon airport. In other words, it should be considered the PR effect of honorary embassador has contributed to upgrading airport image resulting in the commitment of passengers. According to empirical research result, it is proven the attractiveness and trust of honorary embassador has not significantly positive impact on the airport's image. However it is also proven the PR activities of airport authority has a significant impact on the airport's image. Passengers believed the honorary ambassador has a high level of attractiveness and trust but they don't agree causal relationship among attractiveness, trust and airport image. That is, they are not interested in who is the honorary ambassador of airport but in the contents of airport's news article itself. The administrative implication is mentioned in the paper that airport authority should mainly focus on the contents of PR not the figure of the honorary ambassador.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.353-378
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• 2012

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the influence of selection attributes of convention center on participant's satisfaction. Specially, this study is focusing on the moderating effects of city image and city attractiveness. In the dimensions of convention center selection attributes, many factors affect participant satisfaction can be assumed that. They are categorized as seven factors; main facilities, subsidiary facilities, operations management, human services, board and lodging, accessibility, and peripheral conditions. The data was collected from 260 foreigners who visited the Shanghai convention center in China. 237 respondents were analyzed via intercept survey based on self-administered questionaries. The results of this study supported the proposed conceptual framework overall. The findings indicate that first, main facilities, subsidiary facilities, human services, accessibility, and peripheral conditions affected positively participant's satisfaction. Second, the high level city image and city attractiveness have moderating effect between some selection attributes of convention center and participant's satisfaction.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.1017-1025
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• 2013

As various types of regional festivals are contributing to the growth of local economy, promoting the culture, and enhancing the region's images, representative festivals are getting more important for local governments. This study analyzed the correlation between satisfaction on festivals' attractiveness and images of the region, based on an actual field study taken with respondants who visited 2012 Anseong World's Folkloriada Festivals. Among various facets that affect festivals' attractiveness, 4 factors such as services aside from transportation and promotional guides, programs, convenient facilities, and food significantly affected tourists' satisfaction level. Tourists' satisfaction level was found to have significant impact on the enhancement of local images. Based on these findings, this paper suggests implications and limitation of the research as well as future directions for the study.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.97-111
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to systematically develop an impression management education program for career women by applying the Educational System Development Model [ESD] (Kwon, 1997) based on the research results of Hwang and Lee(2019) on social attractiveness. Since the previous impression management education programs were generally developed by content experts, few of them were developed systematically by considering the learner characteristics, clearly setting the educational goals, and structuring the contents accordingly. In this study, 'social attractiveness' defined by Hwang and Lee (2019) was considered as the educational goal of the impression management education program. In particular, this study focused on the design stage of the ESD model, set teaching goals based on the components of social attractiveness derived from previous studies, and conducted an analysis of teaching activities, the establishment of the educational goals at the specific function level, allocation of time, and establishment of an evaluation plan. The research process was intended to improve the learners' social image directly related to success through a systematic educational program designed to enhance the social attractiveness of working women with various hands-on activities and information. The impression management education program designed in this study has the educational advantage of a learner-centered education program configured to meet the needs and goals of career women. In addition, based on the ESD model, the sub-factors necessary for impression management were identified, and the curriculum was configured to reflect them through mutual communication between the instructor and learners. Therefore, this education program meets the basic requirements of impression management education necessary for career women and is expected to contribute to enhancing the social attractiveness of working women.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.376-384
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• 2022

The article considers the features of the organizational-economic mechanism of attracting investment resources in the innovative development of regions in terms of sustainable development. Factors influencing the investment activity of regions in terms of sustainable development, including: institutional structure, intellectual capital, level of innovation infrastructure, business development, financial and credit component, level of human resources development, information environment, production development, environmental component. Factors influencing the attraction of investment resources in the regions are identified. The dynamics of changes in the volume of capital investments and foreign direct investment in Ukraine is analyzed. The regional features of the distribution of capital investments in the conditions of sustainable development are revealed. The essence of the main principles on the basis of which the organizational - economic mechanism of attraction of investment resources in innovative development of regions in the conditions of sustainable development should be formed is analyzed. A set of measures to regulate the investment processes of the regions has been identified. The mechanism of attraction of investment resources in innovative development of regions in the conditions of sustainable development is outlined. The results of activity of separate Agencies of regional development for 2020 in the direction of investment and innovation activity and increase of level of investment attractiveness of regions are analyzed. Important prerequisites for the effective implementation of the organizational-economic mechanism for attracting investment resources in the innovative development of regions in terms of sustainable development are identified. The main directions of directing the efforts of the organizational-economic mechanism to ensure the attraction of investment resources in the innovative development of regions in the context of increasing the level of investment activity in the regional aspect are substantiated.