• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.305-312
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• 2012

This study was to determine the effect of exercise on the recovery of dopaminergic neuron loss and muscle atrophy in 6-OHDA-induced hemi Parkinson's disease model. Exercise was loaded twice per day for 30 minutes each time, at 5 days after 6-OHDA lesioning and continued for 16 days using a treadmill. Exercise significantly increased the number of tyrosine hydroxylase positive neuron in the lesioned substantia nigra and the expression level of tyrosine hydroxylase in the striatum compared with the control group. To examine which signaling pathways may be involved in the exercise, the phosphorylation of $GSK3{\beta}$ and ERK were observed in the striatum. In the control group, basal level of $GSK3{\beta}$ phosphorylation was less than in both striatum, but exercise increased it. ERK phosphorylation decreased in the lesioned striatum, but exercise recovered it. These findings suggest that exercise inactivates $GSK3{\beta}$ by phosphorylation which may be involved in the neuroprotective effect of exercise on the 6-OHDA-induced cell death. In the exercise group, weight, and Type I and II fiber cross-sectional area of the contralateral soleus significantly recovered and expression of myosin heavy chain and Akt and ERK phosphorylation significantly increased by exercise. These results suggest that exercise recovers Parkinson's disease induced dopaminergic neuron loss and contralateral soleus muscle atrophy.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.834-842
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on recovery of muscle atrophy induced by Parkinson's disease. Methods: The rat model was established by direct injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 20 ${\mu}g$) into the left striatum using stereotaxic surgery. Rats were divided into two groups; the Parkinson's disease group with vehicle treatment (Vehicle; n=12) or DHEA treatment group (DHEA; n=22). DHEA or vehicle was administrated intraperitoneally daily at a dose of 0.34 mmol/kg for 21 days. At 22-days after DHEA treatment, soleus, plantaris, and striatum were dissected. Results: The DHEA group showed significant increase (p<.01) in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive neurons in the lesioned side substantia nigra compared to the vehicle group. Weights and Type I fiber cross-sectional areas of the contralateral soleus of the DHEA group were significantly greater than those of the vehicle group (p=.02, p=.00). Moreover, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation significantly decreased in the lesioned striatum, but was recovered with DHEA and also in the contralateral soleus muscle, Akt and ERK phosphorylation recovered significantly and the expression level of myosin heavy chain also recovered by DHEA treatment. Conclusion: Our results suggest that DHEA treatment recovers Parkinson's disease induced contralateral soleus muscle atrophy through Akt and ERK phosphorylation.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.46-53
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• 2008

Posterior cortical atrophy(PCA) is a presenile dementia that presents primarily with signs and symptoms of cortical visual dysfunction, while memory is relatively preserved until the late stage of the disease. We report a patient with PCA, confirmed by brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and $F^{18}$-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography(FDG PET). A 58-year-old right-handed woman presented initially with visual dimness and difficulty finding things around her. She had partial Balint's syndrome, partial Gerstmann syndrome, and idiomotor apraxia. She also had a mild memory disturbance, but preserved insight of her disease. Neuropsychological evaluation showed decreased parietal and left temporal functions bilaterally. Brain MRI and $F^{18}$-FDG PET revealed typical bilateral occipitoparietal atrophy and hypometabolism, which were slightly worse on the right side. Cholinesterase inhibitor administration for 6 months improved the memory impairment slightly, but not the cortical visual dysfunction. This is a typical case of PCA, confirmed by neurologic signs and imaging findings.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.11-22
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• 1984

The authors administered KCN, NaF,AS2O3 orally to rabbits and caused acute and chronic poisoning, then studied the teeth, jaw bones, and other oral tissues histopathologically. The results were as follows : 1. There was no significant difference between acute poisoned group by NaF and control group. But, vasodilatation in the connective tissues, esepcially marginal area of jaw bone, atrophy and destrution of glandualr cells was observed. 2. Chronic poisoned group by NaF showed degeneration and thicking of subcutanece fibrosis ective tissues, atrophy and degeneration of subcutaneous connective tissues, atrophy and degeneration of muscle fibers, vasodilation of subcutaneous in bone cavities(lacunae), and degeneration of odotlblasts in pulp tissue. 3. Acute poisoned group by KCN showed almost similar appearances as control group, and chronic poisoned group showed hyperplasia of baal layer in epitheilium, degeneration of subcutaneous connective tissues, vasodilation and huperemia, severe hemorrhage of marginal area of jaw bone. hyperplasia of salivary gland ducts, but normal arrangement of muscle fibers and narrow bone carity(lacunae) due to active osteoblastic action, osteodentin were observed. 4. Acute poisoned group by AS2O3 showed degeneration of basal cell, atrophy of blood vessels in palatal muscosa. Chronic poisoned group showed irregular cell arrangement and degeneration, reduction of capillaries in palatal mucosa. Osteoclasts in jaw bone were observed. 5. In Masson's Trichrome and Van Gieson Staining, chronic poisoned group by NaF showed thicking and loosening of subcutaneous connective tissues. Hyperplasia of intermuscular connective tissue was observed in chronic poisoning by KCN and NaF. In PAS staining, negative reation in outer layer of palatalmucosa, positive reaction in keratin layer and mild reaction of basal layer in palate and tongue mucosa was observed.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2018

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of micro-current therapy on muscle atrophy and delayed wound healing process caused by traumatic peripheral nerve injury. For this, twenty-five 5-week-old Sprague Dawley rat were used and assigned to five groups including the normal group (NOR, n=5), the wound group (WD, n=5), the wounded and treated with micro-current electrical therapy group (WD+MET, n=5), the sciatic nerve denervated and wounded group (WD+DN, n=5), and the sciatic nerve denervated, wounded and treated with micro-current electrical therapy group (WD+DN+MET, n=5). In order to assess the changes in length of incisional wound for 12 days and the muscle volume for 2 weeks, the ImageJ analysis of macroscopic analysis and micro-CT data were obtained and analyzed. As a result, significant delay in the process in wound healing were observed and micro-current therapy suppress the postponement of healing process. Furthermore, there were significant changes in muscle volume between electrically treated group and non-treated group. These result shows that electrical stimulation may improve the delayed healing process and muscle atrophy at once.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.549-555
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to quantify the isokinetic peak torque and range of motion at the shoulder in 8 national male volleyball players who played during the 2008 professional leagues. In this study the strength and range of motion data in the internal rotation(IR) and external rotation(ER) of shoulder joint were measured with isokinetic measurement system(Biodex Inc) and motion analysis system (Simi motion system Inc.) from 3 volleyball players with atrophy of the infrasupinatus and 5 volleyball players without atrophy of the infraspinatus. Peak torques were determined using isokinetic measurement on the shoulder joint rotator at the point of angular velocities of $60^{\circ}$/s. Significant difference was found in the peak torque, IR / ER ratio and the range of motion through assessment of the dominant shoulder between two groups. we recommended functional exercises that improve both external rotators strength and stretching exercise for internal rotation in the dominant side during the prevention programs in volleyball players.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.17-27
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• 1990

The effects of both hyperthermia alone and X-ray irradiation combined with hyperthermia on rat testis have been investigated. The histological changes were observed on 15 and 30 days after treatment. There was no histological change of rat testis by hyperthermia alone. The earliest change by X-ray irradiation was the degeneration of the spermatogonia of the seminiferous tubule, which was appeared in 2 Gy group. Necrosis of the spermatogonia was severe in 6 Gy group and complete atrophy was developed in 8 Gy group. With increased dose of radiation, the degree of changes of tubules was increased. In combined group of X-ray irradiation and hyperthermia, the histological change of the seminiferous tubule was more severe than X-ray alone group. Necrosis and atrophy of the spermatogonia were appeared in 2 Gy and complete atrophy of spermatogonia was seen in 6 Gy group. Thermal enhancement ratio (calculated at the complete atrophy of the spermatogonia) was 1.3 in this experiment. There was no difference in observation time inverval between 15 and 30 days after each treatment in all groups.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.207-213
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• 2018

Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of Dokhwalgisaeng-tang on immobilization-induced muscle atrophy. Methods: Twenty young male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 2 groups. The rats in Dokhwalgisaeng-tang group were orally administered Dokhwalgisaeng-tang water extract, and the rats in the control group were given saline only. Hind limb immobilization was performed with casting tape to keep the left ankle joint in a fully extended position. No intervention was performed on the right leg which was used as an intact region. After 2 weeks of immobilization, all animals were sacrificed, and the gastrocnemius muscle was dissected from both legs and weighed. The morphology of the right and the left gastrocnemius muscle in both the Dokhwalgisaeng-tang and the control group was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The muscle cross sectional area was examined by image analysis (Axiovision LE software). In addition, immunohistochemical staining was carried out using the free-floating method, and the number of apoptotic related proteins were counted (anti-BAX, anti-Bcl-2). Results: Dokhwalgisaeng-tang showed a significant protective effect against the reduction of the left gastrocnemius muscle (weight and muscle cross sectional area) compared with the control group. Moreover, the treatment with Dokhwalgisaeng-tang significantly reduced protein expression of BAX and increased protein expression of Bcl-2 in the gastrocnemius muscle compared with the control group. Conclusion: Dokhwalgisaeng-tang showed protective effects against disuse muscle atrophy, potentially through altered BAX and Bcl-2 protein expression in the gastrocnemius muscle.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.88-95
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of neuropathic pain by peripheral nerve injury on mass and Type I and II fiber cross-sectional areas on hindlimb muscles of the neuropathic pain model rat. Method: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (body weight 200-220 g) were assigned to one of two groups: a neuropathic pain group (n=7) that had a ligation of the left L5 spinal nerve, a control group (n=5), a naive rat without any procedures. Withdrawal threshold, activity, body weight and food intake were measured daily. At 8 days after neuropathic pain, all rats were anesthetized and the soleus and plantaris muscles were dissected from the both hindlimbs. Body weight, food intake, muscle weight and Type I and II fiber cross-sectional area of the dissected muscles were determined. Result: The neuropathic pain group showed a significant decreases (p<.05) as compared with the control rats, in diet intake, body weight, muscle weight and Type II fiber cross-sectional area of the left (affected side) soleus and plantaris muscles, and the right (unaffected side) muscle weight of plantaris and Type II fiber cross-sectional area of the soleus muscle. Conclusion: The hindlimb muscle atrophy occurs in both affected and unaffected side due to neuropathic pain by the peripheral nerve injury. The hindlimb muscle atrophy of the affected side is more pronounced than that of the unaffected side.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.238-244
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• 2019

Background: This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim pharmacopuncture on disuse muscle atrophy in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats. Methods: Thirty male 250 g Sprague-Dawley rats were distributed randomly into 3 groups. The left hindlimb immobilization was performed with casting tape for 2 weeks, and no treatment was given to the right hindlimb. Rats received pharmacopuncture and were injected daily on the BL57 with either 2 mL of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim aqueous extract (ZM-W group), 1 mL pharmacopuncture of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim ethanol extract (ZM-E group), or 2 mL normal saline (control group). After 2 weeks of immobilization, the weight of the whole gastrocnemius muscle was measured, and the morphology of both the left and the right gastrocnemius muscles were assessed by Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. To investigate the immobilization-induced muscular apoptosis, the immunohistochemical analysis of BAX and Bcl-2 was carried out. Results: ZM-W and ZM-E significantly inhibited the reduction in weight of the left gastrocnemius muscle, the reduction in the left myofibrils, and the cross-sectional area of gastrocnemius, as compared with the control. Moreover, the ZM-W and ZM-E groups showed significantly reduced immunoreactivity for BAX, and increased immunoreactivity of Bcl-2 in left gastrocnemius muscle compared with the control group. Conclusion: These results suggest that Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim pharmacopuncture has protective effects against immobilization-induced muscle atrophy by regulating the activity of apoptosis-associated BAX / Bcl-2 proteins in the gastrocnemius muscle.