• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.51-64
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• 2014

Most planting grounds have converted to the artificial ground of the upper part of underground parking lot in apartment complex recently by increasing utilization of underground parking area. This study has examined the composition of each ground and planting status. The study presents problems of planting plans in artificial ground landscaping in apartment complex. This study has conducted reference and field research. It has researched green space planning, planting characteristics and measures condition of soil depth in 3 regions surveyed. The results are listed below. First, hybrid ground has the highest percentage and natural soils has the lowest percentage in the composition of green space in apartment complex. Artificial green space is composed of a number of small-scale grounds. Second, The study has found that planting characteristics don't reflect soil properties. On the other hand, planting deep rooting big arbors has a high proportion in artificial Ground. Third, the study has figured out 98% of fit in minimum soil depth for growth. Fourth, planters and landscaping stones are constructed in case of small green space. On the other hand, mounding is constructed in case of large green space. However in case of mounding types it has low fit, so it needs to improve this problem.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.297-311
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• 1998

Landscaping on artificial ground is currently served as a means to imposing a greenery benefit on high-density and high-rise apartment sites. It functions as a sub-hierarchy in apartment planning such as ornamental element from the past. Major parking space tends to be allocated on the basement area in response to the required parking regulation. Therefore, competitive relatioinship between the parking and greenery space I limited outdoor of apartments leads to the development planning strategy and technology of artificial ground. This study aims at evaluating landscape planning on artificial ground of apartment complex through several approaches such as site survey, plan drawing analysis, and interview with related field experts. 15 survey apartment sites including Bundang Model, Shindaebang-dong, Pyoungchon Hyundai Apartments have been selected for conducting the research. Main results of this study are summarized below : First, scattering allocation of artificial ground between apartment building units is a dominant plan layout type among the survey sites. Even though unifying allocation type has an advantage to maximize underground parking space, it has a difficulty in maintaining proper soil ground base for nurturing plants. Therefore, underground parking space should be planned by unifying allocation type placed separately from apartment units. This plan type can provide a balanced planting between soil and artificial ground on surface level. Second, It is strongly recommended to integrate the whole planting base which involves architectural structure, drainage, and water proofing above the planting design. When considering that process as a professional subject dealing with natural material such as trees and shrubs, those tasks should be directed by landscape architectural divison and landscape architect. And planting area for artificial ground has to be specified in initial phase of architectural design. This step provides an opportunity to make a proper decision on structural load, drainage, and water proof design as an integrated part of the management.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.46-60
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• 1997

The purposes of this research are to select the appropriate kinds of landscape woody plants for afforestation artificial ground and to find out the way of developing planting-tree area of artificial ground through test planting and case study. The summary of the research is as follows; As a result of observing the state of trees' growth, trees on artificial grounds grow as well as, or even better than those on natural grounds. The kinds of trees which represent better growth states on artificial soil of rooftop test area are Thuja occidentalis, Prunus armericana var. ausu, Acer palmatum, Viburnum sargentii for. sterile, Buxus microphylla var. koreana, etc. In addition, soils than on natural soils. As a result of investigating the tree's growth state according to soil beds of artificial soils, shrubs don't represent distinct differences. They show that shrubs can be planted on 30cm soil bed. The rest of trees no differences according to the variation of soil beds, and they are in normal condition or have slight damage. This means that though arbor planting area of artificial ground is made 45~60cm, it is possible for trees to grow on it. In consequence of analyzing the cases on areas of landscaping artificial grounds, as the appropriate kinds of trees for afforestation artificial ground, Diospyros kaki, Hibiscus syriacus, Syringa dilatata, Magnolia kobus, Acer ginnala and cornus alba are selected in Capital region, and Nandina domestica, Taxus cuspidata, Ilex crenata, Viburnum awabuki, Aucuba japonica and Euonymus japonica are selected in southern region. In addition, Juniperus chinensis, Zelkova serrata, Juniperus chinensis var. kaizuka, etc. are selected regardless of regional character. In accordance with the state of soil it shows great difference, namely, fertilization once or more a year and irrigation for drought is advantageous to tree's growth. This research represents that it is necessary that standards related to landscaping artificial grounds are subdivided. In addition to it, the plan for revising related to regulation is drawn up.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.7-16
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• 1991

This research investigated soil, plants, insects and birds in the Mongchon Earth Fort, establishing the 11 plots, according to planting treatment, in order to present management method for ecological stability of species in the ground covering plots. The results of analysizing the investigated data summarize as follows. 1. In the ground covering plots without upper layer, the density and coverage of middle and low layer in the natural plots were higher than those in the artificial plots. 2. In the ground covering plots without upper layer, the density and coverage of low layer were higher than those in the artificial, while the density and coverage of herb layer in the natural plots were lower. 3. Whether there was upper layer or not, the total species diversity and enenness of the ground covering community in the natural plot without artificial treatment and natural treatment plot were higher than those ground covering. 4. In the ground covering plots with upper layer, the species diversity of ground covering in the plots without artificial treatment is high, while the species diversity in the plots with natural treatment caused the secondary succession is higher than that of the natural plot. 5. In the ground covering plots without upper layer, the species diversity in the plots with artificial management was higher than that of natural plots, while the evenness in the plots with artificial management was lower. 6. In the ground covering plots with upper layer the species diversity of insect in the plot of natural state was higher than that of insect in the plots with artifical treatment. 7. Synthetically, in the area with upper layer the species diversity of the ground covering community in the natural plot was high, while in the area without upper layer, the species diversity of it in the plots with artificial treatment was high. The insect turned up frequently in the plots of high species diversity of the ground covering, so the bird did in the plots of high species diversity of the ground covering and insects.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.131-139
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• 2001

This paper aims at surveying through case studies the planting possibility on the interval artificial ground between the bank and the core landfill of the first section of works in the SUDOKWON Landfill area landfill area which was completed, followed by the layer-on-layer landfill process involving the latch or sealing layer against emitting landfill gas from the reclaimed waste. The survey results are as follows; 1. The layers of the artificial planting ground on the landfill were established on the basis of top-on-top procedure for a waste layer, a topping soil layer (T=50cm), a gas blocking layer (broken stones T=30cm), a filter layer (non-woven fabric 700g), a sheet protecting soil layer (T=20cm), and a blocking layer (HDPE SHEET 2.0mm), an irrigation layer (SAND T=30cm), a filter layer (non-woven fabric 700g), a sheet protecting soil layer (T=20cm), and a blocking layer (HDPE SHEET 2.0mm), an irrigation layer (SAND T=30cm), a filter layer (non-woven fabric 700g), a planting layer (T=90cm+), a top mound (T=2m). 2. Since no direct damage on the planting layer affected by the landfill gas was detected, planting is found to be still possible and successful except the severely unequal subsidence portion. 3. The mortality rate is discovered different on different trees: Pinus thunbergii (H3.0$\times$W1.0m) 11.25%, Pinus thunbergii (H2.5$\times$W0.8m) 4.73%, Koelreuteira paniculata 8.67%, Hibiscus syriacus 5.68%, Deutzia parviflora 6.50%, Forsythia koreana 8.17%, Rho. yedoense v. poukhanese 32.22%, and Spiraea pru v. symplicifolia 18.89%; although the last two of which are generally considered to have a strong generic growing character, they are subject to be weakened when exposed to the contaminated microclimate of the site like landfill gas. 4. The damage rates, on Pinus thunbergii, Koelreuteria paniculata, Hibiscus syracus, Forsythia koreana, Deutzia parviflora, Rho. yedoense v. poukhanense were shown to decrease to 7.31-17.69% in the second check (June 2000) lower than 5.77-46.92% in the first examination (June 1999), whereas the damage on Spiraea pru v. symplicifolia relatively increased. It is believed that preparatory method of the air pollution, change of temperature, odor by emitting landfill gas, and minute dust from vehicles should be made, and a research on this matter will be conducted in the near future.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.221-229
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• 2015

Large trees in the apartment complex are playing an important role to decide the quality of external environment. They are planted with the object of utilizing themselves as a landmark of the complex and enhancing space symbolism. Since planting large trees would require high maintenance costs and generate defect, it would cause decline in quality of external environment. This study researches on large trees in artificial ground of the apartment complex. This study analyzes actual condition of planting and tries to provide improvement direction of planting. In order to conduct this research, three target areas (over R30) and 265 trees are selected. Based on the drawings and specifications this study researches on the plan of landscape design, changes of field design, actual condition of completion, present condition of planting, minimum soil depth of growth and development and types of extra action for soil depth. The result shows that 85% of drawings and specifications for large trees in the apartment complex are deep-rooted tree species. On average large trees with R 35 are planted in artificial ground and there is lack of on average 65cm minimum soil depth of growth and development. Reviewing changes of field design is conducted in such limited size as mainly R30 and R40 and there is no extra plan for lack of soil depth. The plan for securing additional soil depth is done by 85% of mounding. However, since there is only 10% of satisfaction, the inappropriateness in securing additional soil is pointed out. This research also points out that the size of large trees, root characteristics and location-allocation for planting are pivotal factors for securing minimum soil depth of growth and development. This research also provides improvement direction in case of planning planting.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2015

Most landscape areas in apartment complex have been changing. Increasing the area of underground parking lots have an effect on apartment's circumstance. Natural ground was decreased so that the most space in apartment complex were converted into an artificial ground. To suggest the soil quality management, this study examined the actual situation about the soil quality of planting ground such as the quality standard as artificial soil, the difference of natural ground, and the difference of soil quality according to the work classification. As a result, the soil quality of the apartment complex with a large underground parking lot had low quality of soil. Soil physical properties were relatively fine but soil chemical properties needed the quality control. The soil quality of natural ground and artificial ground was not statistically significant and the soil quality by the work classification also had no statistical significance. Therefore, we established improvements about standards of the chemical properties for quality management, the soil quality in the natural ground and applying the equivalent standard according to the work classification.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.21-32
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• 2005

Questionnaire survey from 101 visitors and 77 specialists was carried out to establish the management plan on landscapes of the artificial structure constructed in valley within Bughansan National Park. When comparison was made between ground sill work structure and valley landscape, visitor group responded to the highest scores in valley landscape after planting of vine species in the bottom of the constructure, while specialist group responded to valley landscape after the removal of the constructure. When it made a comparison between revetment work constructure and valley landscape, visitor group responded to highest scores in valley landscape after planting of vine species in the top of the constructure, while specialist group responded to valley landscape after replacing concrete revetment by stone revetment constructure. When it made a comparison between fall work constructure and valley landscape, both groups responded to the highest scores in valley landscape after the removal of the constructure. According to the valley landscape analysis, artificial constructures built in water channel should be matched to adjacent landscape with the removal of concrete constructure. The slope of water channel should be considered to build fall work constructure.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.18-24
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• 1999

This study was aimed to develope appropriate soil media for the growth of Rhododendron hybrid $J_{ASANHONG}$ on the artificial ground five types of soil media was tested such as "sandy loam-general soil (T1)", "vermiculite-artificial soil (T5)", "sandy loam 50% + vermiculite 30% + sand 20% (improved of soil 2-T2)", "sandy loam 50% + carbonized rice hust 30% + sand 20% (improved of soil 3-T3)", "sandy loam 50% + humus sawdust 30% + sand 20% (improved of soil 4-T4)". The result of the research are as follows. 1. Among the type of soil media, the sandy loam(T1) soil type gave the worst effects on growth of above ground parts(height, No. of leaf, width of leaf, No. of flowering, dry weight of upper parts) and under ground parts(dry weight of roots). 2. Vermiculite(T5) showed the highest root growth(dry weight of roots). it seemed to be caused high saturated hydraulic conductivity and porosity. As a result, there is much available space for enabling the root spreads. 3. "sandy loam 50% + vermiculite 30% + sand 20%(improved of soil 2-T2)", "sandy loam 50% + carbonized rice hust 30% + sand 20%(improved of soil 3-T3)" showed good effects on growth of above ground parts and under ground parts compared with sandy 10am(T1) 4. "sandy loam 50% + humus sawdust 30% + sand 20% + (improved of soil 4-T4)" showed the highest effects on growth of above ground parts.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Environment and Ecology Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.81-84
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• 2005