• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.576-579
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• 2007

The effects of temperature and Korean bramble (Rubus coreanum Miquel) tissue concentrate on heterocyclic aromatic amine (HAA) formation in fried ground beef patties were investigated. Various amounts of Korean bramble tissue (4.0, 7.0, and 11.0%, w/w) were added to ground beef patties were fried at 2 different temperatures (190 and $225^{\circ}C$) for 10 min/side. It was observed in the fried ground beef patties fried at $190^{\circ}C$ with the addition of 11.0%(w/w) Korean bramble that the mutagenicity decreased by 64%, and formation of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) and 2-amino-I-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]-pyridine(PhIP) reduced by 55 and 86%, respectively. Although no difference in total mutagenicity was shown in patties fried at $225^{\circ}C$ with the addition of 4.0, 7.0, and 11.0%(w/w), different levels of reduction of PhIP formation in patties fried at $225^{\circ}C$ with the addition of 4.0, 7.0, and 11.0%(w/w) were shown 49, 63, and 75%, respectively.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.364-370
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• 1998

This study was carried out to establish optimum smoking conditions i.e., smoking temperature, time, and smoking material for meat products. Smoking materials employed for smoking were oak and apple trees. Roast ham and wiener produced by various smoking conditions wree subjected to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) analysis. Benzo(a)pyrene was not detected in roast ham and wiener prepared with oak wood smoked and apple wood smoked at 250$^{\circ}C$. The content of benzo(a)pyrene in roast ham and wiener with apple wood smoked at 400$^{\circ}C$ were 0.6 and 0.7 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, and those sample smoked at 500$^{\circ}C$ is not suitable for meat products due to the high production rate of benzo(a)pyrene. The higher smoking temperature of the products, the higher the content of PAHs. The similar tendency was observed in smoking time. PAHs contents of the products smoked with oak wood was ranged from non-dection to 0.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg. Meat products smoked for 75 min. were found to be highly valuable from the viewpoints of flavour and color.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.341-350
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• 1996

We determined 6 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) fluranthene, pyrene, benz(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene). A total of 129 samples has been collected from September 1990 to September 1994 on 2 different types of filters (quartz fiber filter, glass fiber filter) by a PM-10 high volume air sampler at the Kyung Hee University-Suwon campus. The organic components in the PM-10 were extracted by an ultrasonication process with benzene:ethanol(4:1, v/v) prior to the analysis by using a GC/FID. We had also investigated the decaying quantity of 6PAHs at the room temperature. For example, chrysene was decayed by 56.7% after 4 days and benzo(a)anthracene by 84.2% after 30 days. All of PAHs were almost completely decayed after a year. We extensively estimated the decay rates by regression analyses for existing 18 raw data sets. Based on the decay rate constants $(\beta)$, pyrene was rapidly decayed by 19.0 $\times 10^{-2}$/day; on the other hand, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene slowly by 0.7 $\times 10^{-2}$/day. Applying the decay rates of PAHs on stored and dated samples, we could reasonably determine annual and seasonal concentration average of PAHs in particulate matters smaller than 10 $\mu$m.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.162-175
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• 2002

Aromatherapy is used in many diseases nowdays. And, Aromatherapy is similar to historical oriental medicine. Moreover, Aroma is a popular alternative medicine like oriental medicine in these days. We used for all kinds of diseases with aroma herbs, especially in ENT and dermatological disese. We must be a bridge over oriental and western medicine with aromatherapy, because it will help reduce stress in pschosomatic disorder. We have to accept aromatherapy as oriental medicine paradigm for better holistic medicine. Method :We analyzed 20 herbs difference and similarity both aroma herb and oriental herb. We reseach for a scientific name, family, therapeutic region, efficacy, perfumery note, nature. The results were as follows: 1. Most of herbs are similar to each other in the treatment. Top, middle, bottom is similar to sam-cho(三焦) sang-cho, zhong-cho, ha-cho, and But futher reseach is needed for development of Oriental medicine. 2. We find out much similarity between oriental herbs and aromatic herbs and qi-mi ron(氣味論) is useful to analyze them 3. We find out difference mechanism between GI absortion and nasal inhalation. 4. Other Aroma herbs must be analyzed by oriental oriental medical thought, for example, seung-gang-bu-chim(昇降浮沈), gui-gyong(歸經), and so on. 5. Aromatic oriental medicine ways are developed like aromatic therapy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.70-79
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• 2003

$\beta$ -Glucosidase-catalysed synthesis of glucosides with aromatic alcohols and monoterpene alcohols as accepters and cellobiose as a donor in the presence of various commercial $\beta$ -glucosidases were described. $\beta$ -Glucosidases from Aspergillus niger spp,. Trichoderma spp., Penicillium sup. and bitter almond have been shown to catalyze synthesis of $\beta$ -glucosides of benzyl alcohol, 2-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, 2-phenylethyl alcohol, geraniol and citronellol in the presence of cellobiose as sugar donor. Among enzyme preparations tested, each $\beta$ -glucosides prepared from Aspergillus niger were isolated in the pure state by Diaion HP-20 and silica gel column chromatography. The products were identified as $\beta$ -glucosyl products of benzyl alcohol, 2-hydroxyhenzyl alcohol, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, 2-phenyl ethyl alcohol, geraniol and citronellol by spectrometry (UV, IR, $^1$H-NMR, $^{13}$ C-NMR) and enzymatic hydrolysis with $\beta$ - glucosidase. Monoterpene alcohols with a sterically hindered hydroxyl group, such as linalool, $\ell$-menthol and $\alpha$-terpineol were not used as acceptors in transglycosylation reaction.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.42-49
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• 1998

The contents of holocellulose, one of the main components of the wood, were 83.9% in oak wood and 76.9% in apple wood, respectively. Those of hemicellulose were 16.41 and 20.33%, and in lignin 23.0 and 19.7%, respectively. Six species of domestic oak wood and apple wood were considered to be suitable for smoking materials due to the low content of lignin. Benzo(a)pyrene contents in smoke flavoring prepared with oak wood at 150, 400 and 500$^{\circ}C$ were 0. 4, 3. 7 and 5.6$\mu\textrm{g}$,/kg, respectively. The amounts of phenanthrene were 112.7, 131.4 and 255.9$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, respectively, in each temperature. The amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAH) in smoke flavory were in the order of phenanthrene＞anthracene＞pyrene＞benzo(a)anthracene＞chrysene＞benzo(b)fluoranthens＞benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene contents in smoking extracts prepared with apple wood at 150, 400 and 500$^{\circ}C$ were 0.4, 3.3 and 5.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, respectively. Phenanthrene contents in those samples were 72.7, 100.2 and 220.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, respectively. Contents of each PAH showed the same order as in oak wood.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.367-373
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• 2002

The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) content in sewage sludge was determined by gas chromatography linked to ion trap mass spectrometry(GC/ITMS) with five deuterated PAHs as internal standards. The minimum detection limit was from 1.66 to 7.14 pg for individual PAH by GC/ITMS. For determining total PAHs(∑PAH) in sewage sludge 84 samples from 74 waste water treatment plants in whole country were analyzed. The average content of ∑PAH far whole samples was 3,289$\pm$3,098 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, and ranged from 142 to maximum 20,102 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg. According to the number of population of the city, the areas were classified as five regions, ie. big, large, middle, small, and rural area in which the waste water treated plants were grown. The contents of PAHs were 4,689$\pm$5,503, 5,839$\pm$6,401, 3,725$\pm$2,053, 2,237$\pm$2,069, and 2,475$\pm$1,489 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, in big, large, middle, small, and rural area, respectively.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.394-404
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• 2003

Certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been reported to induce cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 and 1A2. In the present study, the effects of six well-known PAHs, such as benzo[a]pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[k]fluorancene and benzo[b]fluorancene, on the activities of hepatic and pulmonary CYP enzymes were investigated in male ICR mice. When mice were treated intraperitoneally with 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg of individual PAHs for 3 consecutive days, the activities of ethoxyresorufin- and methoxyresorufin-Ο-dealkylases were significantly and differentially induced in both liver and lung. Moreover, other CYP isozyme-associated monooxygenase activities were also induced significantly in liver and lung with characteristic induction profiles. Our present results suggest that individual PAHs might have inductive effects on CYP isozymes, and that the characteristic inductive effects of individual PAHs on certain CYP isozymes would be developed as a marker for determining exposure to certain PAHs.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.309-319
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• 2017

The research investigates the inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis of the human Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase enzyme by the aromatic-structure inhibitors (also known as ligands) containing variables of substituents, contributing an important role in the treatment of fatty-acid metabolic syndrome expressed by the group of cardiovascular risk factors increasing the incidence of coronary heart disease and type-2 diabetes. The effective interoperability between ligand and enzyme is characterized by a 50% concentration of enzyme inhibitor ($IC_{50}$) which was determined by experiment, and the factor of geometry structure of the ligands which are modeled by quantum mechanical methods using HyperChem 8.0.10 and Gaussian 09W softwares, combining with the calculation of quantum chemical and chemico-physical structural parameters using HyperChem 8.0.10 and Padel Descriptor 2.21 softwares. The result data are processed with the combination of classical statistical methods and modern bioinformatics methods using the statistical softwares of Department of Pharmaceutical Technology - Jadavpur University - India and R v3.3.1 software in order to accomplish a model of the quantitative structure - activity relationship between aromatic-structure ligands inhibiting fatty acid biosynthesis of the human Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase.

• Archives of design research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.205-212
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• 2002

With the abundance of material goods, modern consumers prefer consumable goods suitable to their tastes. Therefore, since the consumers'emotions cannot be satisfied only by the product's function, quality and price, the technique of developing goods satisfying the need or seed of consumers is required. As a solution, emotional engineering technology is being studied. The goods selected in this study is an aromatic case for car, This is a product which is appeared upon achieving economic abundanoe. It is practical goods for satisfying the requirement of consumers of a 'comfortable'automobile interior environment. Therefore, the emotional image that consumers have of the products is extracted by the emotional engineering method. In turn, the suggestion of a design direction that satisfies the consumers is possible.