• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.231-240
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• 2004

In the year of 2002 annual nationwide survey of virus diseases occurring in the pepper fields and greenhouses in Korea, the distribution and the incidence of viral diseases was investigated. The pepper samples from both greenhouses (155 samples) and open fields (227 samples) were collected and further analyzed to detect eleven different viruses by RT-PCR. The results indicate that no sample collected from both greenhouse and open field seems to be infected by TMV, RMV, PVY, AMV, and TSWV. On the other hand, CMV, BBWV2, PepMoV, PMMoV, TMGMV and ToMV are readily identified from greenhouse and open field samples by RT-PCR. The infection rates of the collected samples between greenhouse and open field are largely different. Comparing with 10% of virus-infected pepper samples grown in greenhouse, approximately one third of pepper samples collected from open field are infected. The mixed-infection rates in the virus-infected greenhouse and open field samples are 16% and 61%, respectively. The dominant virus occuring in greenhouse is PMMoV, indicating that virus-infected seed stocks and infected plant debris in the growing area may be important sources of inocula. On the other hand, both CMV and BBWV2 are dominant viruses in open field. This may indicate that the migration of viruliferous insect vectors into pepper fields may be the most important source of inoculum. Also, the survey shows that BBWV2 is newly immerging virus to be controlled in Korea. The discrepancies on the distribution and the occurrence of viral diseases between field and greenhouse may provide a fact that the accumulation and distribution of inoculum by successive cultivation and the migration of viruliferous vectors into growing areas are likely to be important factors to determine the incidence of viral diseases. Therefore, the further studies on epidemiology and the consideration of new breeding program of pepper are essential to minimize virus diseases.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.54-62
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• 1990

The recovery of vegetatiion and soil properties in the burned fields after forest fire were studied in Chung Cheong Buk Do area, Korea, from July 23 to 28, 1981. Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens, Carex humilis and Lespedeza bicolor were dominant species in the burned field of the second year after forest fire as well as unburned field. Especially, Lespedeza bicolor was gradually grown to the dominant species. Lespedeza bicolor, Carex humilis and Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens were the dominant species in the burned field of the fifth year after forest fire. Biological spectra of the burned fields were similar to the umburned fields with $H-e-D_1-R_5$ or $Ph-e-D_1-R_5$ from the second year after forest fire. Accordingly, biological spectra were recovered to the unburned fields from the second year. Degree of successiion was DS=423 in the burned field and DS=524 in the unburned field in 1981. The DS of the burned fields was gradually increased and recovered to be similar to the unburned from the second year. In the species diversities and evenness index, H,e and $\beta$ of the burned field in 1981 were higher and $\lambda$ was lower than the unburned field, but all of the indices were recovered to the unburned field from the second or third years. Accordingly, the vegetation of the first year was the complex community in view floristic composition, but it was recovered to the simple community as unburned field fromthe second or third years. In the soil preperties, pH, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, exchangeable calcium and exchangeable magnesium were increased and organic matter was decreased due to forest fire, and then was recovered to the unburned field from the second or third years. The vegetation and soil properties of the burned field after forest fire were similary recovered to the unburned field from the second or third years. Accordingly, there was a close relationship between the trend of vegetation recovery and the changes of soil characteristics after forest fire.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.24
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• pp.91-123
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• 2010

The threat factors available for occurrence given G20 Summit Meeting are expected leader terrorism, hostage terrorism, bomb terrorism, public facilities terrorism, and aircraft terrorism. As for the threat groups, which are expected in Korea, the North Korea, Islam extremist group, and the group such as NGO organization of being opposed to international meeting are regarded as having possibility of causing hazard. Thus, the purpose of this study is to suggest VIP Security-measure plans in the main site in preparation for G20 Summit Meeting. Accordingly, each country in the world is adopting 'the principle of Triple Ring' in common. Thus, it elicited a coping plan by 1st line(inner ring) 2nd line(middle ring) 3rd line(outer ring) based on this principle, and proposed even an opinion together that will need to be reflected in light of policy for the VIP security measures. In conclusion, as for the VIP Security-measure plans in the main site in preparation for G20 Summit Meeting, In the inner ring(safety sector), first, an intercepting measure needs to be devised for a spot of getting into and out of vehicles given the Straight Street. Second, the Walking Formation needs to be reinforced boldly in the exposed area. In the middle ring(security sector), first, the control plan needs to be devised by considering particularity of the main site. Second, there is necessity for adopting the efficient security badge operation plan that is included RFID function within security badge. In the outer ring(aid protective sector), first, there is necessity of preparing for several VIP terrorisms, of collecting information and intelligence, and of reinforcing the information collection system against terrorism under the cooperation with the overseas information agency. Second, the urgent measure training in time of emergency needs to be carried out toward security agent event manpower. Third, to maintain the certain pace in VIP motorcade, the efficient traffic control system needs to be operated. Finally, as for what will need to be reflected in light of policy for VIP security measures, first, there is necessity for allowing VIP residence to be efficiently dispersed to be distributed and controlled. Second, there is necessity for allowing impure element to misjudge or attack to be failed by utilizing diverse deception operations. Third, according to the reorganization in North Korea's Organization of the South Directed Operations, the powerful 'military-support measure' needs to be driven from this G20 Summit Meeting. For this, the necessity was proposed for further reinforcing the front back defense posture under the supervision of the Ministry of National Defense and for positively coping even with detecting and removing poison in preparation for CBR (chemical, biological, and radio-logical) terrorism.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.36
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• pp.139-176
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• 2013

It is believed that the Koryo dynasty era is the period which has very special meaning with regard to the history of the VIP guard system. The guard system in the early Koryo dynasty time focused on the official protection for kings and their families with absolute royal authority. On the contrary, the guard system in the late Koryo dynasty time, especially military regime period, conducted providing private protection for military rulers and increasing their power. The official guard troops named 2Gun6Wii became just perfunctory organizations at that time. That is the reason why this study develops the discussion only about the guard system of the early Koryo time. The official VIP guard organizations under the government structure of the early Koryo period were Naegoonbu, Byeongbu and Joongchoowon. This study particularly reviewed the Joongchoowon with thorough research. In the meantime, the guard organizations under the military chart of the early Koryo period were 2Gun6Wii, Gonghakgoon, Geonryonggun and so on. 2Gun consisted of ungyanggun and yonghogun. They were the royal bodyguards. This study especially tried to review the substance of the Gonghakgoon, Geonryonggun with different point of view from other theories. The Gumowwii, one of 6 Wii, conducted many official duties such as royal palace protection, capital city Gaesung defence, area patrols, criminal apprehension and disturbance prevention. It also accomplished crowd control and convoy mission at the streets to respond emergency cases while carrying out VIP protection roles for kings and Chinese diplomats. Many bibliographies verified that the Chunwoowii was the royal bodyguards which helped kings during state ceremonies and grand meetings held by kings. Consequentially, it is true that this study discovered, analyzed and evaluated various references and research materials related with the guard system. It is meaningful that this study newly reviewed the organizations and functions of the guard system as one structure.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.77-89
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• 2004

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the change of health status through the intervention of physical activity arid exercise program for the people living in the area where health promotion program has been executed. Methods: The data was obtained from self--administered questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of general characteristics, physical activity transition and health status variables using the SF-36(36-Item Short-From Health Survey). Data were analyzed 134 subjects participating in the physical activity arid exercise intervention programs. Results: The 35.1% of adults above 20 years of age are regularly physical activity and exercise before intervention program. but the rate increased to 49.3% after that. Frequency and duration of physical activity were increased, and frequency of participating in physical activity was increased from 0.9 times a week to 2.1 times especially. Scores of health status measured by SF-36 was increased in category (if general health after intervention of program, but those were decreased in category of vitality and mental health. Physical function of four groups classified by change of behavioral pattern were increased after intervention of program, especially in groups starting to physical activity. Conclusions: Physical activity and exercise is associated with health status. This study suggest that effective strategy and policy supporting for the promotion of physical activity and exercise should be needed in all peoples.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.77-82
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• 1999

Three floating islands have been constructed for water quality improvement for a polluted irrigation reservoir. Each floating island consists of 10 segments. Each segment hay an area of $16m^2$(4×4m) and is made of wood frames and floats(polystyrene foam). We planted three species of aquatic macrophytes(Typha angustifolia, Zizania latifolia, and Phragmites australis) in floating island on June, 1998. They grew very well without death. We would like to evaluate Phragmites australis is the most suitable aquatic macrophyte that could be planted in a floating island because it maintained the best balance of its root and shoot among them. During their grown period, net primary productivity of Typha angustifolia was $962gDM/m^2$, Zizania latifolia was $1,115gDM/m^2$, and Phragmites australis was $523gDM/m^2$. From these data, it would be estimated to 5.0Kg uptake of nitrogen by aquatic macrophytes and phosphorus 0.8Kg in 3 floating islands. The floating islands worked well as a habitat of fish and prawns. Many kinds of insect lived on the floating islands. The floating island has not only the function of water quality treatment but also several advantages: improvement of landscape and species diversity; low cost of maintenance; low technology; unnecessary of energy; less susceptible to variations in pollutant loading. It could be evaluated a good measure of water quality improvement for an irrigation reservoir. However, it should be intensively studied to develop more light, strong, durable and low-priced frames for efficient floating islands.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.09a
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• pp.125-153
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• 2005

It has been widely known that the seismic piezo-cone penetration test (SCPTU) is one of the most useful techniques for investigating the geotechnical characteristics including dynamic soil properties. As the practical applications in Korea, SCPTU was carried out at two sites in Busan and four sites in Incheon, which are mainly composed of alluvial or marine soil deposits. From the SCPTU waveform data obtained from the testing sites, the first arrival times of shear waves were and the corresponding time differences with depth were determined using the cross-over method, and the shear wave velocity profiles (VS) were derived based on the refracted ray path method based on Snell's law and similar to the trend of cone tip resistance (qt) profiles. In Incheon area, the testing depths of SCPTU were deeper than those of conventional down-hole seismic tests. Moreover, for the application of the conventional CPTU to earthquake engineering practices, the correlations between VS and CPTU data were deduced based on the SCPTU results. For the empirical evaluation of VS for all soils together with clays and sands which are classified unambiguously in this study by the soil behavior type classification Index (IC), the authors suggested the VS-CPTU data correlations expressed as a function of four parameters, qt, fs, $\sigma$, v0 and Bq, determined by multiple statistical regression modeling. Despite the incompatible strain levels of the down-hole seismic test during SCPTU and the conventional CPTU, it is shown that the VS-CPTU data correlations for all soils clays and sands suggested in this study is applicable to the preliminary estimation of VS for the Korean deposits and is more reliable than the previous correlations proposed by other researchers.

• International Journal of Ocean System Engineering
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.185-194
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• 2012

A Macroscopic combination of two or more distinct materials is commonly referred to as a "Composite Material", having been designed mechanically and chemically superior in function and characteristic than its individual constituent materials. Composite materials are used not only for aerospace and military, but also heavily used in boat/ship building and general composite industries which we are seeing increasingly more. Regardless of the various applications for composite materials, the industry is still limited and requires better fabrication technology and methodology in order to expand and grow. An example of this is that the majority of fabrication facilities nearby still use an antiquated wet lay-up process where fabrication still requires manual hand labor in a 3D environment impeding productivity of composite product design advancement. As an expert in the advanced composites field, I have developed fabrication skills with the use of machinery based on my past composite experience. In autumn 2011, the Korea government confirmed to fund my project. It is the development of a composite sanding machine. I began development of this semi-robotic prototype beginning in 2009. It has possibilities of replacing or augmenting the exhaustive and difficult jobs performed by human hands, such as sanding, grinding, blasting, and polishing in most often, very awkward conditions, and is also will boost productivity, improve surface quality, cut abrasive costs, eliminate vibration injuries, and protect workers from exposure to dust and airborne contamination. Ease of control and operation of the equipment in or outside of the sanding room is a key benefit to end-users. It will prove to be much more economical than normal robotics and minimize errors that commonly occur in factories. The key components and their technologies are a 360 degree rotational shoulder and a wrist that is controlled under PLC controller and joystick manual mode. Development on both of the key modules is complete and are now operational. The Korean government fund boosted my development and I expect to complete full scale development no later than 3rd quarter 2012. Even with the advantages of composite materials, there is still the need to repair or to maintain composite products with a higher level of technology. I have learned many composite repair skills on composite airframe since many composite fabrication skills including repair, requires training for non aerospace applications. The wind energy market is now requiring much larger blades in order to generate more electrical energy for wind farms. One single blade is commonly 50 meters or longer now. When a wind blade becomes damaged from external forces, on-site repair is required on the columns even under strong wind and freezing temperature conditions. In order to correctly obtain polymerization, the repair must be performed on the damaged area within a very limited time. The use of pre-impregnated glass fabric and heating silicone pad and a hot bonder acting precise heating control are surely required.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.9-20
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• 2008

The government is planning to link a small park with the soon to be ready subway line 9 as a part of Seoul's policy, "The standard or plan for making a water-friendly space by water use" (2007). However, the specified concepts and instructions of the small parks need further work. Therefore, the policy is expected to expand to neighboring small parks near the subway station, but these are not supported by research or data which suggests the needs or actual user behavior and utilization of small parks. our country added the specified concept of small parks and theme parks to the classification of urban parks in the Urban Park Act Revision (2005.3.31), but the concept of small parks is not clearly settled in the law in the scopes of its function, scale, promotion nor particularly defined plans for small park projects. This study examines as small park near a subway station. The characteristics of there region and users vary from the characteristics of the station and region. In the "directions for concrete standards under the types of urban parks and green zones" (2007.2) the types of small parks are classified by "regional characteristics" and "user characteristics". Therefore, this study classifies the subject of neighboring small parks near subway stations as the neighborhood and small urban parks according to the Urban Park Act. The study was paralleled with observation and questionnaires on the analysis of the neighborhood and small urban parks. The actual conditions of park utilization and user behavioral characteristics were deducted by observation, while the questionnaire determined actual user utilization, importance and satisfaction level as well as the small park environment. This study largely focused on three aspects: park facility, design of this sentence isn't even complete. The second aspect isn't finished and the third isn't here.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.14-25
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• 2009

We live in an age which is exponentially growing as the knowledge paradigm is changing. New sites are subject to contemporary landscape architecture function as "fields" in which this hybrid aspect is both actively practiced and becoming a catalyst for change in the area of landscape architecture. With this as its background, this study attempts to deal with how the aspect of integration in environmental design is manifested. For this purpose, the tendencies for the discussion of integration in various fields of practice were examined: planning theories, urban theories, architecture, public environment, engineering, and landscape architecture. As yet, the discussions of interdisciplinary integration, which occur in practice in these respective fields, mainly tend to be oriented toward the effective implementation of the merits of other related fields. Seen from these examples of practice, integrated design approaches can be found in the following three aspects: design objects, respective professional areas, and methodologies of approaches and design. In terms of design objects, the positions of individual design subjects present themselves as most obvious, and integration or combination of the physical targets that come to exist through design can be easily seen. Most examples of integration turn out to be this, in almost every case of which the theme and the target of expression are integrated via a small number of certain methods. In terms of professional areas, what can be mainly evidenced is how the individual subject acts when the subject designs. The strong points of professionals from each field seem to create synergy, achieving through integration optimum results. In terms of methodologies of approaches and design, there are attempts to create integrated approaches as ways of effective decision-making, in which case the integration of all of the interest parties is of primary concern. As yet, few instances have been found in which integrated design has had enough strength to be seen as a concrete design methodology based on practical examples. However, it is encouraging that theoretical approaches and the necessity for integrated design have been identified from multiple perspectives, and that a practical movement such as landscape urbanism has come into active being. The authors of this study find this point in time to be ripe for discussions on integrated practices in terms of environmental design, on the basis of the synthetic approaches mentioned above.