• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.85-95
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• 2010

There is increasing consensus that global warming is seriously affecting the Arctic region. Sea Ice decreases and sea level rise have led to environmental change in Arctic Ecosystems, while also making the Arctic sea route more accessible to humans. There are complicated international governance dynamics in play, in addition to commercial and scientific interests in the Arctic region. This provides a unique opportunity for Korea to lead the future direction of Arctic policy in response to the global issues such as climate change and economic or scientific interests. Korea acquired Ad-hoc Observer status of the Arctic Council(AC) in 2008, which is the only pan-Arctic intergovernmental organization. It consists of six working groups: ACAP, AMAP, CAFF, PAME, EPPR, SDWG that implement research, survey, and monitoring. AC's Observer country has the opportunity to participate in a diverse range of activities such technical and expertise support, research and monitoring, financial support and conference organization. In order for Korea to expand its activities in the Arctic region, we suggest the following approach: First, Korea should become more actively engaged with the Arctic Council and its activities; Second, Korea should construct organized collaborative networks of national experts to respond to Arctic issues; Third, Korea should develop collaborations with Arctic states; Finally, Korea should intensify its research on international relations and international laws related to the Arctic region.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2015.10a
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• pp.109-111
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• 2015

The Arctic transportation offers big opportunities as shorter transport distances, less fuel consumption, less carbon emissions, faster deliveries of goods, and more profits. The present study is aimed to investigate a future flow to deal with policy in arctic transportation using Big data analysis.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.787-813
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• 2009

Because of global warming, the thawing of the Arctic ice cap is slowly accelerating. That is the hot issue nowadays. According to the each country's climate change policy, it is boom in the world to lessen the consuming of the fossil fuel those are oil, coal and natural gas. But on the contrary the thawing of the Arctic ice cap is the chance to make the natural gas producing unit cost lower. The purpose of this paper is to search the Arctic policy of each country under the contradictory relationship between promoting the climate change policy and exploiting the natural gas on the Arctic. Specially, there are huge natural gas reserves in Russia on the Arctic region, Russia's exploiting the natural gas on the Arctic will affect on the natural gas supply-demand balance of world natural gas market strongly in the future. Therefore it needs to prepare the future energy alternative policy for Korea's energy security. Russia has Yamal Peninsular where is abundant on natural gas reserver, and she can supply natural gas by LNG ship all over the world via the Arctic route. This means that the structure of world natural gas market be changed gradually. It will be possible in 2030~2040. And such a change is very important because new natural gas trading type can do it through not only overcoming the geological restriction but also shifting the main trading type from PNG(Pipeline Natural Gas) to LNG(Liquified Natural Gas). Therefore it is necessary that we should let this be a good lesson to ourselves through the government action of other countries (China, Japan) those also have no sovereignty over the Arctic as Korea.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.253-263
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• 2020

In the case of government policies related to the Arctic Ocean, there is a "Northern Sea activity promotion basic plan" presented by the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, but it is difficult to adjust the timing of the policy enforcement and consider the importance of policies because no concrete order of enforcement of policies or weight has been presented by the government. In view of this, the purpose of this study was to estimate the priorities of the government's Arctic policies. Additionally, this study also presents priorities for "support measures" and "foreign cooperation measures" for the smooth implementation of Arctic policies. As for the methodology of this study, the CFPR (Consistent Fuzzy P reference Relations) method, which can comprehensively estimate expert opinions, was applied. According to the results of the analysis, the most important Arctic policy of the government was shown to be "Cooperation for Shipping and Logistics, such as Pioneering Northern Sea Routes" (0.087), followed by "Fostering Professional Manpower" (0.086), and "P reparing Institutional Foundation and Blueprint" (0.085). The results of this study have implications for the establishment of Arctic Ocean-related policies by policymakers as well as authorities.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.390-397
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• 2022

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) is the biodiversity working group of the Arctic Council. CAFF conducts Monitoring, Assessment, Policy, and expert group activities to preserve Arctic biodiversity and ensure the sustainability of biological resources and communicates the results to governments and indigenous peoples. The main tasks of CAFF consist of monitoring (Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program), assessment (Arctic Biodiversity Assessment) and strategic projects(Arctic Migratory Bird Initiative, AMBI). Korea has been directly participating in the AMBI since 2015 after acquiring observer status of the Arctic Council in 2013. The AMBI aims to preserve habitats on migration routes used by breeding birds in the Arctic and prevent illegal hunting. Thus, observer countries on migratory routes are directly participating in the project. When selecting priorities for participation in Arctic cooperation projects by 2030, Korea should consider continuing participation in AMBI and participating in the "CAFF Youth Program" in connection with the Arctic Academy program operated by Korea's public institutes.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.1-16
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to Analyze the problems that container shipping companies exist through the commercialization of container shipping for Non-Arctic countries and the opportunity factors for the transport of the Arctic shipping to improve cooperation cross-border relation Arctic policy and the use of transport. In order to design a hierarchy analysis method study model, four high and 17 low factors were extracted by designing a hierarchy analysis method study model based on results by prior study and in-depth interview. The first of the higher factors is the internal strength of assessing the value of the Arctic, the will and capabilities of the shipping companies in creating new markets with the vision and goals of the shipping companies. Second, the internal constraints associated with the shipping companies advance to the NSR mean the negative factors for the entry into the NSR and the internal weaknesses that cause the shipping companies capacity limitations. Third, the economic benefits from the use of NSR are external factor for shipping companies in cooperation with the future economic value of the Arctic and with respect to Arctic sea and Arctic advance and development from Arctic coastal countries. Finally, external pre-emptive tasks means to respond to use NSR by external restrictions on transport to prepare the possibility of severe weather conditions, the customs policy change of coastal countries.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.49-54
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• 2018

Russia has access to unique port locations and routes, one of them is North Sea route, which have been a major debate topic for last several decades. In order to handle any shipments along the route, an adequate and capable port system must be present. This study aims to identify development and competition patterns from 2007 to 2016 of Russian ports in the Arctic basin, concentration trends in particular. The objectives achieved through utilizing the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), concentration ratio (CR), the Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve, and shift-share analysis. Results demonstrate concentration trend, positive overall growth and lack of real competition. Originality of this study lies in the fact that certain analysis had not been done in previous studies, but importance of it may be found in several papers. Findings of this paper may assist policy-makers, port authorities and other researchers in understanding and further study on the region.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.103-115
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• 2018

The potential competitiveness for new routes and resources has been theoretically discussed with regards to the Arctic route but is gradually becoming a reality as global warming increases. In June of 2017, China officially included the Northern Sea Route (NSR) as part of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and major countries' interests in the NSR are greatly expanding. This paper presents the general characteristics of the NSR, NSR development in China, the expected relationship between the NSR and the BRI, and this relationship's implications for Korea. The NSR has poor facilities and information infrastructure and is not economically viable for commercial navigation due to its high-cost conditions compared to competitive routes. In order to explore the Arctic and develop the NSR, large-scale projects must be funded over a long period of time; this has caused major difficulties in development. However, as the NSR is included in the BRI, there could be an opportunity to utilize BRI funds, such as Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). Further, China's NSR development and the NSR development of partner countries, such as Korea, should be further stimulated. As Korea has strengths in terms of its shipbuilding technology and geographical location, which is located at the core of the NSR, Korea would have chances to expand the economic cooperation and business opportunities with China and Russia.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.175-194
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• 2014

Because the thawing of the Arctic ocean is slowly accelerating due to global warming, recently exploring resources in Arctic ocean and transporting resources by using the North Pole route have been getting spotlight. Since the original route transported by the Suez Canal from Korea to Europe could be shorten about 8,000km in distance(decreased about 38% compared to the original route), which means shortening about 10 voyage dates, it is expected to bring huge logistics cost reduction. Once the North Pole route is commercialized successfully, it would be one of the most important variables that affects future of Busan port and guides for economic development of Busan. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze Busan port and the economic growth of Busan area by researching promising industry, based on the effect of freight transporting by the Northern sea route on the economy of Busan. For this study, questionnaire surveys and interviews were conducted for 64 people of experts in the shipping and port industry, relevant government, and academics. The survey finding shows that port logistics industry is a promising business in Busan in terms of its growth and competitiveness. It is necessary to develop feeder network facilities that prepare for commercialization of the Northern sea route as a short and medium term plan and provide professional manpower training in polar regions. Ship supply business would also play an important role. It is identified that revitalization of shipbuilding and ocean plant industry should be done in terms of Arctic business. With regard to the fishery industry it is found that modernization of fishery ship and development of fishery equipment used in polar areas should be carried out.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.143-164
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• 2008

Concern about perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) is growing nationally as well as globally. PFCs could be considered emerging POPs due to their environmentally persistent, bioaccumulative, and potentially harmful properties. Moreover. perfluoroalkylates (PFAs) such as PFOS and PFOA are reported to experience long-range transport (LRT) to the Arctic in spite of their low volatility and strong solubility. The possible pathways contributing to LRT have been proposed but are still in debate in combination with unclear source definition and uncertain physico-chemical properties. The environmental fate of PFCs is more complicated because of the presence of precursors that are degraded to PFAs and are extremely different from their daughters, PFAs. in physico-chemical properties. To what extent and through what pathways are human and wildlife exposed is determined by the environmental fate and distribution of PFCs. To define uncertainties in fate and distribution thus is critical to prevent erroneous policy and/or determination related with exposure and risk reduction. This article aimed to review controversy and/or uncertain issues for the environmental fate and distribution of PFCs and to prospect research topics necessary to dissolve uncertainties.