• 한국균학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.106-111
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• 1993

사과 겹무늬썩음병균 Botryosphaeria dothidea에 의해 부패된 사과과실에서 pectin질 분해효소를 추출하여 그들의 활성과 pectin 성분의 변화를 조사하였다. 본 병원균은 exo-polygalacturonase(exo-PG), exo-polymethylgalacturonase(exo-PMG), polygalacturonate-trans -e1iminase(PGTE)와 pectinmethyl-trans-eliminase(PMTE)를 생산하였다. 부패된 사과 과육에서 exo-PG와 exo-PMG는 접종 후 7일째 specific activity가 각각 21.15 및 24.65 units/mg protein으로 높게 나타났다. PGTE와 PMTE의 활성은 7일째 각각 5.60과 7.90 uints/mg protein으로 나타났으나 exo-type의 효소보다는 그 활성이 낮았다. 수용성 pectin은 부패가 진행됨에 따라 14일째에 11.50 mg/100 mg-AIS이었고, versene-soluble pectin 역시 7.31 mg/100 mg-AIS로 나타나 건전과와 비교하여 각각 4.23 및 2.16 mg/100 mg-AIS 증가하였다. 부패과의 총 가용성 펙틴 함량은 총 pectin의 72.4%로서 건전과와 비교하여 24.8% 더 높았다. 불용성 pectin 함량은 부패가 진행됨에 따라 15.32 mg/100 mg-AIS에서 7.16 mg/100 mg-AIS로 현저하게 감소하였으며, 총 pectin 함량은 큰 변화가 없었다.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2014년도 추계학술대회 및 정기총회
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• pp.34-34
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• 2014

Filamentous fungi of the genus Colletotrichum (teleomorph, Glomerella) are considered major plant pathogens worldwide. Cereals, legumes, vegetables, and fruit trees may be seriously affected by this pathogen (1). Colletotrichum species cause typical disease symptoms known as anthracnoses, characterized by sunken necrotic tissue, where orange conidial masses are produced. Anthracnose appears in both developing and mature plant tissues (2). We investigated disease occurrence in apple orchards from 2013 to 2014 in northern Gyeongbuk province, Korea. Typical anthracnose with advanced symptoms was observed in all apple orchards studied. Of late, static fruit spot symptoms are being observed in apple orchards. A small lesion, which does not expand further and remains static until the harvesting season, is observed at the beginning of fruit growth period. In our study, static symptoms, together with the typical symptoms, were observed on apples. The isolated fungus was tested for pathogenicity on cv. 'Fuji apple' (fully ripe fruits, unripe fruits, and cross-section of fruits) by inoculating the fruits with a conidial suspension ($10^5$ conidia/ml). In apple inoculated with typical anthracnose fungus, the anthracnose symptoms progressed, and dark lesions with salmon-colored masses of conidia were observed on fruit, which were also soft and sunken. However, in apple inoculated with fungi causing static symptoms, the size of the spots did not increase. Interestingly, the shape and size of the conidia and the shape of the appressoria of both types of fungi were found to be similar. The conidia of the two types of fungi were straight and cylindrical, with an obtuse apex. The culture and morphological characteristics of the conidia were similar to those of C. gloeosporioides (5). The conidia of C. gloeosporioides germinate and form appressoria in response to chemical signals such as host surface wax and the fruitripening hormone ethylene (3). In this study, the spores started to germinate 4 h after incubation with an ethephon suspension. Then, the germ tubes began to swell, and subsequently, differentiation into appressoria with dark thick walls was completed by 8 h. In advanced symptoms, fungal spores of virtually all the appressoria formed primary hyphae within 16 h. However, in the static-symptom fungus spores, no primary hyphae formed by 16 h. The two types of isolates exhibited different growth rates on medium containing apple pectin, Na polypectate, or glucose as the sole carbon. Static-symptom fungi had a >10% reduction in growth (apple pectin, 14.9%; Na polypectate, 27.7%; glucose, 10.4%). The fungal isolates were also genetically characterized by sequencing. ITS regions of rDNA, chitin synthase 1 (CHS1), actin (ACT), and ${\beta}$-tubulin (${\beta}t$) were amplified from isolates using primer pairs ITS 1 and ITS 4 (4), CHS-79F and CHS-354R, ACT-512F and ACT-783R, and T1 and ${\beta}t2$ (5), respectively. The resulting sequences showed 100% identity with sequences of C. gloeosporioides at KC493156, and the sequence of the ${\beta}$t gene showed 100% identity with C. gloeosporioides at JX009557.1. Therefore, sequence data from the four loci studied proves that the isolated pathogen is C. gloeosporioides. We also performed random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR, which showed clearly differentiated subgroups of C. gloeosporioides genotypes. The clustering of these groups was highly related to the symptom types of the individual strains.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2018년도 춘계학술대회 및 임시총회
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• pp.13-13
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• 2018

Alternaria is a ubiquitous fungal genus, widely distributed in the environment and a range of different habitats. It includes both plant pathogenic and saprophytic species, which can affect crops in the field or cause post-harvest spoilage of plant fruits and kernels. Numerous Alternaria species cause damage to agricultural products including cereal grains, fruits and vegetables, and are responsible for severe economic losses worldwide. Most Alternaria species have the ability to produce a variety of secondary metabolites, which may play important roles in plant pathology as well as food quality and safety. Alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tenuazonic acid (TeA), tentoxin (TEN) and altenuene (ALT) are considered the main Alternaria compounds thought to pose a risk to human health. However, food-borne Alternaria species are able to produce many additional metabolites, whose toxicity has been tested incompletely or not tested at all. Both alternariols are mutagenic and their presence in cereal grain has been associated with high levels of human esophageal cancer in China. TeA exerts cytotoxic and phytotoxic properties, and is acutely toxic in different animal species, causing hemorrhages in several organs. The possible involvement of TA in the etiology of onyalai, a human hematological disorder occurring in Africa, has been suggested. Altertoxins (ALXs) have been found to be more potent mutagens and acutely toxic to mice than AOH and AME. Other metabolites, such as TEN, are reported to be phytotoxins, and their toxicity on animals has not been demonstrated up to now. Vegetable foods infected by Alternaria rot are obviously not suitable for consumption. Thus, whole fresh fruits are not believed to contribute significantly with Alternaria toxins to human exposure. However, processed vegetable products may introduce considerable amounts of these toxins to the human diet if decayed or moldy fruit is not removed before processing. The taxonomy of the genus is not well defined yet, which makes it difficult to establish an accurate relationship between the contaminant species and their associated mycotoxins. Great efforts have been made to organize taxa into subgeneric taxonomic levels, especially for the small-spored, food associated species, which are closely related and constitute the most relevant food pathogens from this genus. Several crops of agricultural value are susceptible to infection by different Alternaria species and can contribute to the entry of Alternaria mycotoxins in the food chain. The distribution of Alternaria species was studied in different commodities grown in Argentina. These food populations were characterized through a polyphasic approach, with special interest in their secondary metabolite profiles, to understand their full chemical potential. Alternaria species associated with tomato, bell pepper, blueberry, apples and wheat cultivated in Argentina showed a surprisingly high metabolomic and mycotoxigenic potential. The natural occurrence of Alternaria toxins in these foods was also investigated. The results here presented will provide background for discussion on regulations for Alternaria toxins in foods.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.1095-1103
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• 1996

사과의 건조시 발생하게 되는 품질저하 현상을 개선하고자 sucrose를 삼투용매로 하여 침지온도와 농도 그리고 시간을 변수로 삼투건조하여 유리당, 유기산, ascorbic acid 함량변화에 대해 분석하였다. 유리당은 sucrose, glucose, fructose, sorbitol 등이 분석되었으며 농도가 증가함에 따라, 침지시간이 길어질수록 총당량이 증가하였으며 온도보다는 농도의 영향이 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. sucrose함량이 가장 많이 증가하였으며, fructose는 거의 없었고 glucose는 약간 증가하는 경향으로 각각의 유리당의 함량은 온도, 농도, 침지시간이 증가할수록 양이 증가하였다. 유기산은 malic acid와 fumaric acid가 주로 분석되었으며, 그외 oxalic acid, citric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid가 소량 분석되었다. 낮은 온도에서의 처리가 높은 함량을 보였으며 농도가 증가할수록 유기산의 함량이 많았고 침지시간이 길어질수록 유기산 함량이 줄어 들었다. Ascorbic acid도 저온$(20^{\circ}C)$과 농도$(60^{\circ}brix)$에서의 처리가 손실이 적었으며 온도가 낮을수록, 농도가 높을수록 더 큰 값을 보였으며 시간의 변화에는 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 품질변화 kinetics를 model화하기 위하여 반응속도론에 상사시켜 본 결과 유리당의 변화는 1차반응 속도식이, 유기산의 변화와 ascorbic acid의 변화는 2차반응 속도식이 가장 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 품질변화 속도상수에 대한 온도의 영향은 Arrhenius 식에 비교적 따른다고 볼 수 있다. 삼투건조 동안 유리당과 유기산, ascorbic acid 함량의 변화를 예측하고자 수립한 예측모델은 비교적 높은 $r^2$를 보여 각 조건에 따른 함량변화를 예측할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.922-927
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• 2005

한국산 사과의 유기산 분포를 조사하기 위하여 경기도 수원, 강원도 원주, 충남 예산, 경북대구 그리고 전북 정주에서 1997년 가을에 수확한 쓰가루, 후지, 홍옥, 신흥 품종의 완숙과일을 재료로 하여 적정산도, HPLC에 의한 유기산총량과 개별 유기산 그리고 효소법에 따라 L-malic acid를 분석, 고찰하였다. 사과의 적정산도는 172-527mg%으로, HPLC에 의한 유기산 총량 260-739mg%보다 낮았지만 두 값 사이에는 분명한 상관관계가 인정되었다. 품종별 유기산총량은 홍옥 630.80mg%, 신흥의 471.04mg%, 후지 403.80mg% 그리고 쓰가루 364.23mg%의 순으로 품종에 따라 뚜렷한 함량차이를 보였으며 같은 품종이라도 재배지역에 따른 함량차이가 있었다. 유기산 분포는 malic acid 251.01-666.56mg%, quinic acid 7.2-21.49mg%, succinic acid 0-35.37mg%, citric acid 1.81-15.73mg% 그리고 fumaric acid 0.008-0.076mg%이었고 maleic acid는 검출되지 않았다. 구성비율로 보면 malic acid가 94.768%로 가장 많았고, 다음은 quinic acid 2.256%, succinic acid 1.785%, citric acid 1.186%, fumaric acid 0.006% 순이었다. HPLC로 측정한 DL-malic acid 함량에 대한 효소법에 의한 L-malic acid 함량 비율은 평균 1.00(0.98-1.02)으로 그 차이는 무시할 정도로서 품종이나 산지에 따른 차이는 없었다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.529-541
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• 2004

This study was carried out to survey the eating behaviors and the food preferences of the tourism transportation business managers in Daegu areas by age. The survey was performed from 17 to August 25, 2003 by questionnaires and the subjects were 365 males. As a general factor, the subjects of survey were male drivers in their thirties to sixties. Their education level was middle school(44.9%) and high school(45.8%) diploma. This study showed that the managers eat three meals per day with high percentage(75.9%) and a large number of managers(24.1%) eat two meals only. 77.8% of the subjects responded that their diet life were irregular due to the property of their job. Frequency of eating-out turned out to be much higher in managers aged 60 over(p<0.001). They considered taste of the food firstly, and the prices of the food secondly, but the nutritional value of the food was considered with a low percentage(22.7%). We found that their BMI were overweight from 23.5 to 26.01, their calorie and some nutrient intakes were below their RDA. The most insufficiently consumed nutrient(less than 75% of RDA) was vitamin B₂ followed by calcium. The food preferences of subjects showed that the managers preferred boiled rice to any other rice as a staple foods. Their favorite menu of one-course Korean style meal turned out to be the bibimbob(boiled rice mixed with assorted vegetable and meat). As for subsidiary foods, out of all various meat soups, beef soups and beef-rib soups were most preferred. The most preferred stew were soybean paste stew and kimchi stew, and the most preferred cooked vegetables were cooked spinach, seasoned cucumber. Baechu kimchi(white cabbage kimchi) were the most preferred kind of kimchi. For desserts there was a very high preference for the watermelons, apples, and pears. For beverages the most preferred were ginseng tea, fruit juices and dietary fiber drinks. From the results listed above, the nutritional education needed to be done to the tourism transportation business managers to set the proper menu considering the characteristics of the preference each age group of managers.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.341-354
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate the food behaviors and food preferences of teenagers by regional groups. The subjects were composed of 365 third grade students in middle schools from urban, rural and fishing areas in Kyungpook province. The data was collected by using a survey questionnaire. The results of the study are summarized as follows: Eating habits of 21-47% of the subjects, according to the regions, were poor and female students in large city showed the best eating habits while female students in fishing village showed the poorest eating habits. Out of the three regional groups studied, the subjects from the fishing villages had the highest rates of skipping meals and eating between meals. Out of all the people investigated, thirty to forty percent had unbalanced diets, the highest percentage coming from the urban areas and the lowest from the fishing villages. All together an allergic reaction to food was the highest in the fishing villages' subjects and female students were more sensitive compared to the male students. Students from the urban area had higher frequency of symptoms of lactose intolerance. Upon the investigation of the subjects 'food preferences, they preferred boiled rice to any other rice as a staple food. Cha jang myun was the most preferred out of all noodles and breads. It was found that teenagers preferred one course meal such as fried rice to a rice-centered regular meal. Out of all various meat soups, beef soup and beef-rib soup were preferred the most. As for subsidiary foods the most preferred were soybean paste stew and cuttlefish stew which they ate daily. There was a very high preference for fried foods, the most favored being pork cutlet followed by fried vegetables, sweet potatoes, and minced meat. The most preferred cooked vegetables were bean sprouts and seasoned cucumber. Seasoned cubed radish roots were the most preferred kind of kimchi. For desserts there was a very high preference for the following fruits: apples, plums, strawberries, and oranges. For beverages the most popular choice were chocolate drinks followed by orange juice, apple juice, milk and tomato juice. According to these investigations, most teenagers liked daily foods which they are used to. The study showed that on the whole the teenagers had poor eating habits. A problem that needs immediate attention is that female students and students from the fishing villages have a high rate of skipping meals. It is expected that the results of this food preference test of teenagers could be useful in the meal planning of middle school lunch programs in the future.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.824-830
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• 1996

삼투건조의 여러 가지 가공변수 중 설탕용액의 농도를 달리하고 침지시간, 침지온도를 달리하여 삼투건조를 행하여 물질이동을 나타내는 Solid Gain(SG), Weight Reduction(WR), Moisture Loss(ML) 등을 조사하여 물질이동특성을 알아 보고자 하였다. 온도와 농도 시간에 따른 수분의 이동과 용질의 이동을 확산식으로 평가하였다. 색차의 변화((equation omitted)E)는 $60^{\circ}C에서만$ 높은 값을 보여 갈변이 심해짐을 확인할 수 있었으며, 높은 온도에서는 낮은 농도에서 처리가 더 큰 (equation omitted)E값을 나타내었고, 낮은 온도에서는 농도에 따라서 큰차이를 나타내지 않았다. SG은 농도가 증가할수록 설탕의 흡수가 많아져 증가하였으며, WR 또한 고농도에서 무게감소가 많이 이루어지고 저농도에서는 낮은 값을 보여 설탕농도가 높아질수록 많은 양의 무게감소가 이루어짐을 알 수 있었다. ML는 저농도 보다는 고농도에서 빠른 증가가 일어나 건조가 빠르게 진행됨을 알 수 있었으며 수분 함량은 삼투농도가 높을수록 수분 함량이 점차 낮아져 삼투처리로 건조가 이루어짐을 화인할 수 있었다. 수분의 이동에 따른 확산계수는 같은 온도, 같은 농도에서 각각 농도나 온도의 증가시 높은 값을 가져 확산이 빠르게 일어남을 알 수 있었다. 용질의 이동에 따른 확산계수는 온도의 증가에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 농도의 영향에 있어서는 $20^{\circ}C에서는$ 농도의 증가에 따라 증가함을 보였으나 $40^{\circ}C와$ $60^{\circ}C에서는$ 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 확산계수에 대한 온도의 영향을 Arrhenius 식에 적합시켜 본 결과, 5% 유의 수준에서 수분의 이동은 60 。Brix, 용질의 경우는 40。Brix의 농도에서만 적합하다고 할 수 있었다. 수분과 용질의 확산에 있어서 낮은 농도인 20。Brix에서는 높은 활성화 에너지를 보였으며 상대적으로 고농도인 40 Brix와 60 。Brix에서는 낮은 활성화 에너지를 보여 확산이 쉽게 일어남을 알 수 있었다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.168-172
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• 2016

사과나무의 수세는 품종 고유의 유전적 특성에 따라 결정되지만 환경 조건, 재배 관리, 대목 종류 및 노출 길이에 따라 달라질 수 있다. 따라서 품종 고유의 특성에 따라 적합한 대목 종류 및 적정 노출 길이를 선택하는 것이 나무의 생육, 생산성 및 수명에 바람직한 영향을 줄 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구는 국내에서 육성 된 '서홍', '썸머드림', '홍금'에 적합한 대목 노출길이에 대한 정보를 제공하기 위하여 M.9 자근대목에 각각 접목한 후 접목부가 지면에서 10, 20, 30 cm로 노출되게 재식하여 수체생장과 생산성을 조사하였다. 재식 6년차까지 '서홍', '썸머드림', '홍금'은 대목 노출이 짧을수록 TCA 증가가 컸다. 재식 6년차의 TCA는 10cm 처리구를 100으로 했을 때 20, 30cm 처리구는 각각 '서홍' 70, 60, '썸머드림' 88, 66, '홍금' 55, 41으로 현저히 낮아졌다. 또한 '서홍', '썸머드림', '홍금'의 대목 노출 길이가 짧을수록 수고, 수폭, 신초장, 정단신초장의 영양생장량이 더 우수하였다. 재식 6년차까지의 누적수량 역시 대목 노출 길이가 짧을 수록 많아지는 경향을 보였다. 재식 6년차 누적수량의 10cm 처리구를 100으로 했을 때 20, 30cm 처리구는 '서홍' 77, 63, '썸머드림' 85, 76, '홍금' 73, 58으로 조사되었다. 과실 특성에 있어서 대목 노출 길이에 따른 차이는 없었다. 따라서, 재식 6년차까지 '서홍', '썸머드림', '홍금'의 영양생장과 생산성을 고려했을 때 M.9 대목의 노출 길이는 10cm로 하는 것이 적당할 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한화장품학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한화장품학회 2003년도 IFSCC Conference Proceeding Book II
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• pp.519-523
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• 2003

Alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) includes a group of organic acids found in natural foods such as sugarcane (glycolic acid), milk (lactic acid), apples (malic acid) and oranges (citric acid). Earlier studies demonstrated the effect of AHAs on the skin by diminishing the adhesiveness of the corneal layer and increasing the viable epidermal thickness. Recent data suggest that AHAs have some effects on the dermal component of skin and even affect the aging process of the skin. A previous study revealed increased collagen production by treatment with glycolic acid among AHAs in vitro. However, the mechanism of the regulation of collagen production by glycolic acid was unclear. In present study, we tried to demonstrate the effect of glycolic acid on human dermal fibroblasts and to unveil the mechanism of regulation of collagen production by glycolic acid in human dermal fibroblasts: proliferation of fibroblasts and collagen synthesis and degradation by collagenases in fibroblasts. Our results suggested that glycolic acid had no effect on proliferation and cytotoxicity of adult human dermal fibroblasts. However, glycolic acid not only induced the increase of the collagen synthesis in human dermal fibroblasts at lower concentration than 0.1 % but also inhibited MMP-2 activity of human dermal fibroblast in the range between 0.01 and 0.4% and MMP-9 activity of human dermal fibroblast in the range between 0.06 and 0.09%. In summary, our results suggest that glycolic acid may increase wrinkle reduction partially by both increase in collagen synthesis and decrease in collagen degradation.