• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.202-205
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• 2010

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of mechanical irrigation in combination with mouthwash of antimicrobial agents on salivary bacterial counts. Materials and Methods: This study was performed with a randomized study employing a panel of 40 healthy volunteers (20 males and 20 females) between the age of 26 and 32 years. Volunteers were randomly put in one of four treatment groups. In the first group, 0.2 mL of non-stimulatory saliva was collected from every subjective person. Then, saliva was collected after rinsing with chlorhexidine (CHX) for 1 minute. In the second group, non-stimulatory saliva was collected, and then saliva was collected after rinsing with CHX and irrigation with saline. In the third and fourth groups, the same procedures as the first and second groups were performed with povidone iodine (PVI) instead of CHX. All of these samples were cultured for 48 hours aerobically. The reduction rates of colony-forming units (CFU) were calculated for each group. The reduction rate between each group was tested statistically using student t-test. Results: Using CHX in combination with saline irrigation showed a significant decrease of the salivary bacterial CFU when compared with only using CHX.(P<0.01) And using PVI with saline irrigation showed a little decrease of the CFU when compared with only using PVI, but there was no statistical significance.(P>0.01) Conclusion: It was concluded that the CHX or PVI used with saline irrigation made the salivary bacterial counts reduced more than when CHX or PVI was used alone as an oral antiseptic agent.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.32
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• pp.123-136
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• 2011

There are more than 2,800 different species of termites in the world, but just there is one species (Reticulitermes speratus kyushuensis Morimoto) in Korea. Once wooden structures are damaged by termites, we are applying chemical control methods such as fumigation, treatment of insecticidal and antiseptic chemicals, soil termiticide treatment, and termite colony elimination system to pest control. But in Korea, the termite infestation is gradually increasing, so it is essential to study on the present situation of termite control in US or Japan. Accordingly, in this part we have studied focusing on the case of US. In the US, there are three groups of termites : Subterranean, Drywood, Dampwood termites, and they caused more severe infestation compared with Korea. When a structure has become infested with termites, it is important that appropriate action must be taken: the chemical pest control (soil treatment, termite baiting, termite colony elimination), the modification and maintenance of buildings and the regular inspection for follow-up. And with consideration for different characteristics of termites, the process of pest control is made according to each species of termites. Most of the subterranean termite control is done by applying either termiticide to the soil or termite monitoring and baiting system around the structure. On the other hand, drywood termite control methods can be categorized as either the treatment for the whole structure or the treatment for localized area. Applications to the whole structure are done by fumigants or heat and the localized treatments are carried out with chemicals as well as heat, freezing, microwave and electricity.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.394-401
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• 2022

The synthesis of 1,2-alkylaminopropanediols (1,2-AAPs) was designed to improve the hydrophilicity of linear 1,2-alkanediols having 10, 12, 14, and 16 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain. 1,2-AAPs were synthesized by reacting 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) with linear alkylamines having 10, 12, 14 or 16 carbon atoms in an ethanol solvent at 40℃ for 2 h. The yield and purity of four types of 1,2-AAPs synthesized were found to be in the range of 51-58% and 85-99%, respectively. The amine salts of four types of 1,2-AAPs were prepared from a purified paste or solid compound by adding an acidic solution (HCl) to pH 7, and then their solubilities and antibacterial effects were tested. 1,2-decylaminopropanediol, 1,2-dodecylaminopropanediol, and 1,2-tetradecylaminopropanediol were all dissolved in water at concentrations of 100%, 50%, and 0.1%, respectively, however 1,2-hexadecylaminopropanediol was not. The antibacterial effect was improved as the length of the alkyl chain increased. As a result of confirming the preservative effect of the lotion (cosmetic formulation) applied with 1,2-AAP for application, it showed very strong antibacterial activity at low concentrations ranging from 0.005% to 0.2%.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.179-187
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• 2022

In this study, the synthesis of 1,2-dodecylaminopropanediol (1,2-DDAP) having a 12 carbon chain length and an amine group was designed to improve the preservation and hydrophilicity of 1,2-alkanediol-based compounds. 1,2-DDAP was prepared by reacting dodecylamine (DDA) with 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) in an ethanol solvent at 40 ℃, and its yield and purity were about 56% and 98%, respectively, under a reaction condition of 2 h and a DDA:3-MCPD molar ratio of 1:0.8. The antimicrobial effect of 1,2-DDAP showed the values of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against microorganisms at concentrations of 10 to 100 times lower than those of 1,2-octanediol(1,2-ODIOL) or 1,2-decanediol (1,2-DDIOL). Based on the hydrophilic properties of 1,2-DDAP, mixed preservatives were prepared by adding small amounts of 1,2-ODIOL or 1,2-DDIOL, which are poorly soluble in water, with 1,2-DDAP. Mixed preservatives exhibited an effect of inhibiting microorganisms equal to or greater than that of 1,2-DDAP alone in antimicrobial activity tests. As a result of confirming the preservation effect in lotion (cosmetic formulation) for application, 1,2-DDAP showed similar antimicrobial activity at concentrations of 0.3 to 0.6 times lower than that of 1,2-ODIOL or 1,2-DDIOL. Therefore, it is considered that the use of 1,2-DDAP alone and the mixed use with small amounts of 1,2-ODIOL or 1,2-DDIOL can be a good alternative to preservatives in the product.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.285-300
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• 1998

1. The number of average milking cows, clinical forms of mastitis, mastitis-developing cows, and cows killed by mastitis a year were 25.7, 1.8(7%), 6.3(26%), and 2.7(10.1%)heads, respectively. The annual grade changes of standard plate counts(SPC) and somatic cell counts(SCC) showed the grade 1A of SPC diminished sharply from April to August, we think it was due to the lack of proper management in farming season and the grade 3 of SCC indirectly influenced increased in huge during August. 2. The average number of parturitions of farms was 2.3, but 50% of below 1 parturition were 22 farms(31%), 50% of above 3 parturitions were 16(23%) out of 71 farms. According to grades of the number of parturitions of milking cows per each farm, the farms' grades recording 3 parturitions and 50% were little bit excellent. 3. The actual situation research of foremilking CMT revealed 35 out of 74 farmer didn't do CMT Among them(35 out of 74 farmers), 80% did not test thanks to the troublesome process of the CMT. SCC grade 3, among farms who did foremilking CMT once or twice a month and who did not were 29% and 40% respectively and SPC grade 1A were 55% and 9%, respectively. 4. The research of actual situation on milking management let us know 29 farms(39%) did not do lastmilking, 37 farms(49%) usually did overmilking, and 34 farms(46%) did milking for 4 or 5 minutes. Grades according to average requiring times of milking showed SCC grade 1 of farms milking within 7 minutes was 11% and SPC grade 1A was 34%, on the other side, farms milking more than 7 minutes were 0% in SCC grade 1 and 13% in SPC grade 1A. Grades according to the starting time of milking after rubbing teats showed SPC grade 1A of farms starting milking at about 1 minute and over 2 minutes were 50% and 20%, respectively. 5. The research of actual situation on hygienic milking management uncovered 65 farms(88%) were using one towel which was used in washing teats and udders to wash more than 3 to 4 cows, and 53 farms(72%) were using one dried towel to dry udders not for each cow but for more than 3 to 4 cows after washing. Also, on milking turns disclosed 30 farms(40%) were milking cows in the order of incoming without isolation of a dominant group. According to grades of towels used in washing teats and udders, farms using a towel for each cow were 56% and a towel for over 3 cows were 31% in SPC grade 1A. According to using-or-not grades of dried towels after washing udders, farms using a towel for each cow were 79% and a towel for over 3 cows were 21% in SPC grade 1A. 6. Farms doing teat-dipping before milking were 7(10%), not doing teat-dipping after milking, or doing sometimes were 9(12%), and doing right after milking were 57(77%). And farms doing teat-dipping after dry cows and before delivery were 21(28a ). Farms using bethadine as an antiseptic solution were 70(95%), 40 farms(59%) diluted it with water as weak as 5 to 10 times, and on drying cows 64 farms(87%) slowly did it more than 2 days. Grade 1A of SPC of farms doing teat-dipping at every milking was 38%, farms doing occasionally or not was 33%, and farms doing it right after milking was 37% and doing after milking more than 5 cows was 20%. Grade 1A of SPC among farms diluting bethadine 5 times and diluting 5 to 10 times with water were 36% and 33%, respectively, and Grade 3 of SCC were 35% and 32%, respectively. 7. Studies on nonlactating period medical treatment, as the cows were on dry, 54 farms treated with their own hands.73 farms(98%) had bovine mastitis treated for themselves. And on applying medicines against mastitis, 55 farmers chose them on the basis of their own experience, 42 farms(57%) were treated more than 3 days. 41 farms(55%) dumped away the mastitis infected milk separately, 24 farms(32%) were feeding and milking at the same time. 8. Fifty-six farms(76%) always washed and disinfected milking machines after milking. Farms using the milking machines at low, or variable vacuum pressures, or at the vacuum pressure, set at the moment of its installation were 31(42%), and farms that did not know pulsation ratio were 27(37%). Farms changing liners when they were torn 8(11%), 58 farms(78%) said they checked milking system when there were wrong with them, 31 farms(42%) changed milking hoses when they found out problems, and 42 farms(57%) cleaned vacuum and milking systems when they felt dirty. The SPC grade 1A of farms washing and sterilizing milking machines was 38% and farms only washing was 28%.