• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.6-12
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• 1993

To evaluate KR-10876, a new fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent, its effects on the central nervous system(CNS) were investigated in mmice as part of phamacological study, and the results were compared with those for ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, two prototypes of quinolone antiabctrial agents. All the parameters indicative of CNS function and acute toxicity were measured by close observation of the animals at regular time intervals after oral treatment of test compounds. KR-10876 did not have any effect on the parameters measured at lower does (100, 300 mg/kg, p.o.), it caused ptosis, suppressed spontaneous locomotor activity, hypothemia, and prolonged hexobarbital-induced sleeping time. KR-10876 also had a slight effect on motor coordination only at high dose. Simialr to ciprofloxacin, KR-10876 did not protect mice from pentylenetetrazol-strychnine-, and electroshock-inducedl convulsions at doses tested. These findings demonstrate that KR-10876 affects CNS functions only at high doses. The rank order for effects is ofloxacin$\le$KR-10876>ciprofloxacin.

• Mycobiology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.93-98
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• 2008

Two Schiff base ligands $L_1\;and\;L_2$ were obtained by the condensation of glycylglycine respectively with imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde and indole-3-carboxaldehyde and their complexes with Zn(II) were prepared and characterized by microanalytical, conductivity measurement, IR, UV-Vis., XRD and SEM. The molar conductance measurement indicates that the Zn(II) complexes are 1:1 electrolytes. The IR data demonstrate the tetradentate binding of $L_1$ and tridentate binding of $L_2$. The XRD data show that Zn(II) complexes with $L_1\;and\;L_2$ have the crystallite sizes of 53 and 61 nm respectively. The surface morphology of the complexes was studied using SEM. The in vitro biological screening effects of the investigated compounds were tested against the bacterial species Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumaniae, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungal species Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizoctonia bataicola and Candida albicans by the disc diffusion method. A comparative study of inhibition values of the Schiff base ligands and their complexes indicates that the complexes exhibit higher antimicrobial activity than the free ligands. Zinc ions are proven to be essential for the growth-inhibitor effect. The extent of inhibition appeared to be strongly dependent on the initial cell density and on the growth medium.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.121-128
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• 2004

Objective : The aim of this work is to investigate the antibacterial activity of the essential oil obtained from Artemisia capillaris (A. capillaris), as the development of microbial resistance to antibiotics make it necessary to constantly look for new and active compounds effective against pathogenic bacteria. Methods : The crushed materials of A. capillaris (1 kg) were subjected to steam distillation for 3 h, using a modified Clevenger type apparatus in order to obtain essential oil. Diethyl ether was the extracting solvent kept at 25°.... The essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The essential oil and the composition were tested for antimicrobial activities against 15 different genera of oral bacteria. Results and Conclusion : The components of the essential oil identified were: β-pinene (9.36%), camphor (3.32%), 1,8­cineole (4.38%), artemisia alcohol (3.32%), β-caryophyllene (11.08%), γ-cadinene (4.23%), and capillene (32.74%). The essential oil of A. capillaris exhibited considerable inhibitory effects against all oral bacteria tested, while their major components demonstrated various degrees of growth inhibition.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.121-135
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• 1999

Effective synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole(BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene(BHT) have been widely used in the food industry, but they are suspected to be toxic and carcinogenic effects. Therefore, the development of safely available natural antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, ${\beta}$-carotene, flavonoids and selenium is essential. In particular, flavonoids, 2-phenyl-benzo-${\alpha}$-pyrones, are polyphenolic compounds that occur ubiquitously in food of plant origin. flavonoids occur in foods generally as O-glycosides with sugars bound usually at the C\ulcorner position. And variations in their heterocyclic ring gibes rise to flavones, flavonols, flavanones, flavanols, catechins, anthocyanidins, chalcone and isoflavones. Vegetables, fruits, and beverages are the main dietary sources of the flavonols, primarily as quercetin, kaempferol, and myricetin and the corresponding flavones, apigenin and luteolin. These flavonoids have biological activity such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antimutagenic, anticarcimogenic antiallergic and antimicrobial activity effects in vitro and in vivo. Flavonoids posses strong antioxidant activities acting as oxygen radicals scavenger, metal chelators and enzyme inhibitor. The antioxidant activity of flavonoids is determined by their molecular structure and more specially, by the position and degree of hydroxylation of the ring structure. All flavonoids with the 3`, 4`-dihydroxy(ortho-dihydroxy) posses marked antioxidant activity. And antioxidant activity increases with the number of hydroxyl groups substituted on the A-and B-rings. There is as yet no certainty about the effect of the presence of a double bond between C\ulcorner and C\ulcorner on the antioxidant activity of flavonoids.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.217-222
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• 2010

A phytochemical investigation of the ethanolic extract of Erythrina caffra flowers from an Egyptian origin yielded three C-flavonoidal glycosides; 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone-8-C-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (vitexin) (1), 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone-6-C-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 $\rightarrow$ 2)-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (isovitexin-2"-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside) (2), 5, 7, 4'-trihydroxyflavone-6, 8-di-C-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (vicenin-2) (3) and one O-flavonoidal glycoside; kaempferol-3-O-$\beta$-D.glucopyranosyl) (1 $\rightarrow$ 2)-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (4). The structures of the isolated compounds (1 - 4) were elucidated using different spectral techniques (UV, 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS). This is the first report for the isolation of flavonoidal glycosides from Erythrina caffra. The antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, and antileishmanial activities of the isolates were evaluated. In addition, the cytotoxic activity of the ethanolic extract and the main fractions were tested using brine shrimp bioassay.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.61-69
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• 1993

In order to search for new antibiotics from anaerobic bacteria, a large number of samples from domestic soil were collected and processed by apropriate methods. A potential strain, Streptococcus sp. An-21-1, was found to produce antimicrobial compounds. The Results were as follows; 1. During fermentation, the bacteria grew rapidly up to 20hr, thereafter entered the death phase. The optimal temperature and pH for the bacterial growth were $37^{\circ}C$ and pH 7.0, respectively. 2. Antibiotics were purified from culture broth by solvent extraction, silica gel column chromatography and Sepadex L.H 20 column. 3. Physicochemical properties of Ap-1 and Ap-2 were similar ; Their melting points were between $234-237^{\circ}C$. Color reactions of ninhydrin, 2,7-dichlorofluorescein, 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, Dragendroffs reagent and 20% $H_2SO_4$, were positive. Therefore, we assumed that these antibiotics have amine group, immine group, alkaloid, and lipid components. These were stable to heat. UV spectrophotometry showed two peaks at 210 nm and 260 nm. From above results, we assumed these antibiotics are belong to the peptide antibiotic family.

• Mycobiology
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.58-69
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• 2020

Meghalaya, (in India), in the region of the mega-biodiversity hotspots, is home to a plethora of wild mushrooms. The present study concerns the exploration of the order Agaricales, which includes rare gilled mushrooms considered endangered under IUCN A4c criteria, due to the declining habitat. Electron microscopy of the gill sections revealed an abundance of clamp connections, hyphal cell walls, cystidia, and basidia. This rare species which belongs to the family Cyphellaceae, exhibits morphological and molecular differences from the Cyphella spp. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that it formed a clade under the genus Campanophyllum of the order Agaricales, confirmed by both Neighbor Joining (NJ) and Bayesian phylogenetic analysis. Being nutritionally potent along with its efficient antioxidant value, the fungal extract shows significant rise of two-fold in the antimicrobial activity along with the commercial antibiotics. The compound, Phenol, 2, 4-bis (1, 1-Dimethylethyl) (2, 4-DTBP) showed in ample range in the fungal extract along with aliphatic hydrocarbons, terpene, alcohol and volatile organic compounds on further characterization in GCMS. The present study indicates the endangered Campanophyllum proboscideum could be a rich source of natural antioxidants and an effective pharmaceutical agent.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.130-133
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• 2009

The crude extract of the mycelium of Cladosporium was found to exhibit antimicrobial activity against the Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and multidrug-resistant S. aureus. Bioassayguided fractionation of an organic extract led to the isolation of an acetophenone derivative, clavatol (2',4'-dihydroxy-3',5'-dimethylacetophenone) (1), and a benzodiazepine alkaloid, circumdatin A (2). Compound 1 showed moderate antibacterial activity against S. aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and multidrug-resistant S. aureus with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 62.5, 62.5, 31.0 $\mu$g/mL, respectively, but compound 2 was inactive. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited UV-A protection activity with ED$_{50}$ values of 227.0 and 82.0 $\mu$M, respectively, indicating that they were more potent than the positive control, oxybenzone (ED$_{50}$ 350 $\mu$M), a common sunscreen agent.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1579-1585
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• 2016

Sugar esters are valuable compounds composed of various sugars and fatty acids that can be used as antibacterial agents and emulsifiers in toothpaste and canned foods. For example, fructose fatty acid esters suppress growth of Streptococcus mutans, a typical pathogenic bacterium causing dental caries. In this study, fructose laurate ester was chosen as a target material and was synthesized by a transesterification reaction using Candida antarctica lipase B. We performed a solvent screening experiment and found that a t-butanol/dimethyl sulfoxide mixture was the best solvent to dissolve fructose and methyl laurate. Fructose laurate was synthesized by transesterification of fructose (100 mM) with methyl laurate (30 mM) in t-butanol containing 20% dimethyl sulfoxide. The conversion yield was about 90%, which was calculated based on the quantity of methyl laurate using high-performance liquid chromatography. Fructose monolaurate (M_r 361) was detected in the reaction mixture by high-resolution mass spectrometry. The inhibitory effect of fructose laurate on growth of oral or food spoilage microorganisms, including S. mutans, Bacillus coagulans, and Geobacillus stearothermophilus, was evaluated.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.39-49
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• 2017

Coffee is one of the most popular and consumed beverages in the world, which leads to a high contents of solid residue known as spent coffee grounds (SCG). As is known, coffee beans contain several classes of health related chemicals, including phenolic compounds, melanoidins, diterpenes, xanthines and carotenoids. The waste water coming out of coffee industries has high concentration of organic pollutants and is very harmful for surrounding water bodies, human health and aquatic life if discharged directly into the surface waters. Hence it is essential to treat and manage the coffee waste. Oyster shells are a waste product from mariculture that creates a major disposal problem in coastal regions of southeast Korea. In the study, the oyster shell waste was used to treat the coffee waste and its effluents. Oyster shells are calcined at $1000^{\circ}C$ for 2 h, and allowed to test the calcined CaO powder ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria in different aging coffee wastes. Calcined oyster shell powder showed anti-bacterial effect that inhibited cell growth of Escherichia coli and other bacterial forms. The antimicrobial activity of calcium oxide from oyster shell waste for biological treatment and utilization as a fertilizers with economic ecofriendly in nature.