• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.1383-1392
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• 2021

It has been reported that emodin, a major pharmacologically active ingredient of herbal medicines such as Polygonum cuspidatum, Polygonum multiflorum, Rheum palmatum, and Aloe vera, is effective in antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and liver protection. In this study, to investigate the potential of emodin to be used as a skin disease and functional material, the activity related to the improvement of inflammation and skin barrier function was confirmed. To observe the anti-inflammatory effect on HaCaT cells, which are human keratinocytes, cytokine inhibition was confirmed by ELISA kit and protein expression by western blot. In HaCaT cells activated with TNF-α (10 ng/mL)/IFN-γ (10 ng/mL), emodin was treated with each concentration (5, 10, 20, 40) µM. As a result, It was confirmed that the production amount of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 decreased as the concentration of emodin increased. In the experimental results on the expression levels of inflammation-related proteins iNOS and COX-2, it was confirmed that 48% of iNOS and 29% of COX-2 were inhibited compared to control at a concentration of 20 µM of emodin. As an indicator of skin barrier function improvement, the mRNA expression level of filaggrin, involucrin, and loricirn and the production amount of filaggrin, involucrin, and loricirn were confirmed. and excellent results were obtained with an emodin concentration-dependent increase. In particular, filaggrin, which was produced twice as much as the control at a concentration of 20 µM, is a protein involved in the formation of NMF, a natural moisturizing factor, and is known to play an important role in moisturizing the stratum corneum. In conclusion, it was confirmed that emodin can be used as a material for improving inflammation and improving skin barrier function, which is part of the potential for use as a skin disease and functional material. It is believed that if additional research is performed in the future, the scope of its application can be further expanded.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.228-235
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• 2013

Radish (Raphanus sativus) is a common cruciferous vegetable, and its aerial parts, called Mu-chung in Korean, have plentiful nutritional components such as vitamins, minerals and dietary fibers. Mu-chung has been used as a kimchi, a traditional Korean fermented dish, and dried Mu-chung is an important component of soups commonly consumed during winter in Korea. Since the advent of the mass production of radish in Korea, with the segregation of farm areas and towns and changing diets, Mu-chung has mostly been discarded instead of utilized. In addition, studies concerning the efficient utilization and useful bioactivities of Mu-chung are still lacking worldwide. In this study, we prepared the ethanol extract of Mu-chung and its subsequent solvent fractions. Antimicrobial, antioxidation, and anticoagulation activities were then evaluated in the hopes of developing a functional biomaterial from Korean radishes' aerial parts. The ethanol extraction yield for hot-air dried Mu-chung was 5.6%, and the fraction yields of n-hexane (H), ethylacetate (EA), butanol (B) and water residue were 25.3, 3.6, 19.4, and 51.7%, respectively. Analysis of total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents showed that the EA fraction had the highest content (97.57 and 152.91 mg/g) amongst the fractions. In antimicrobial activity assays, the H and EA fractions were effective against gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus subtilis), but not effective against gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The B fraction also exhibited moderate antibacterial activity, suggesting that the extract of Mu-chung has various antibacterial components. In antioxidation activity assays, the EA fraction showed strong DPPH, ABTS and nitrite scavenging activities ($69-222{\mu}g/ml$ of $IC_{50}$), including reducing power. In anticoagulation activity assays, the EA fraction demonstrated strong inhibition activity against human thrombin and prothrombin. Prominent anticoagulation activity was found in aPTT assays; the aPTT of the EA fraction was extended 15-fold compared than that of the solvent control. Our results suggest that Mu-chung is an attractive nutritional food material possessing useful bioactivities, and the EA fraction of Mu-chung could be developed as a functional food ingredient.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.114-121
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• 2019

In this study, antioxidative, antibacterial and cytoprotective effects of the ethanol extract and ethylacetate fraction of Lycopus lucidus (L. lucidus) were compared and analyzed. Free radical scavenging activities ($FSC_{50}$) of the L. lucidus extract and fraction were found to be 65.1 and $64.9{\mu}g/mL$ respectively. In the $Fe^{3+}-EDTA/H_2O_2$ system, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities ($OSC_{50}$) for the extract and fraction were 6.6 and $6.3{\mu}g/mL$, respectively which showed excellent total antioxidant abilities. The extract showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus, while the fraction showed in all the bacteria except for A. niger. The cytoprotective effect of L. lucidus extract was compared to that of the fraction and the effect against $^1O_2$-induced cellular damage of human erythrocytes (${\tau}_{50}$) was 51.3 and 73.7 min at $50{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. For the cytoprotective effect of keratinocytes damaged by $H_2O_2$ and UVB, the extracts did not show any efficacy but showed efficacy at $1-2{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The fraction increased the cell viability up to 85.8 and 81.9%, respectively. As a result of intracellular ROS scavenging activity, the scavenging activity was observed at $1-2{\mu}g/mL$ of the fraction. From the results comparing the physiological activities of L. lucidus extract and the fraction, the ethylacetate fraction of L. lucidus has antioxidative effect similar to that of the extract whereas superior antimicrobial and cytoprotective effects than that of the extract. Overall, the ethylacetate fraction of L. lucidus protects cells from an external stress which can be used as a potential cosmetic material.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.685-699
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• 2019

Antioxidant, antibacterial, and skin penetration tests were conducted to investigate the skin absorption of Pyrus serotina var leaf extracts using polymer micelles and their applicability to cosmetic ingredients. Total polyphenol content was found to be $118.83{\pm}9.39mg/g$ in Pyrus serotina var leaf ethanol extract and $106.89{\pm}4.45mg/g$ in Pyrus serotina var leaf hydrothermal extract. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was found to be the highest radical scavenging activity of $74.39{\pm}7.48%$ of the Pyrus serotina var leaf ethanol extract at the concentration of 500 mg/L. The SOD-like activity was $91.62{\pm}0.43%$, the highest value at the concentration of 1,000 mg/L in the hydrothermal extract. After the experiment, antioxidation, wrinkle improvement and whitening activity were confirmed, and the Pyrus serotina var leaf extract was highly likely to be realized as antioxidant and antibacterial material. In the skin penetration experiment with the Pyrus serotina var leaf ethanol extract, the permeation amount of total accumulated tannic acid was found to be Formulation 2 ($55.45{\mu}g/cm^2$), Formulation 1 ($46.43{\mu}g/cm^2$), Formulation 0 ($34.36{\mu}g/cm^2$). In the liposome's skin penetration experiment containing pear leaf hydrothemal extract, the total amount of accumulated tannic acid permeation was found to be Formulation 5 ($75.01{\mu}g/cm^2$), Formulation 4 ($64.01{\mu}g/cm^2$) and Formulation 3 ($36.60{\mu}g/cm^2$). Through this study, we confirmed the possibility of antioxidant and wrinkle effects of Pyrus serotina var leaf extract. In addition, as a result of skin penetration through the production of polymer micelles and liposome containing Pyrus serotina var leaf extract, It will be more usable in cosmetic industry.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.296-304
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to propose a method for the effective management of toothbrush contamination. Toothbrush microbial contamination was analyzed according to the duration of toothbrush use, frequency of toothbrush use per day, and toothbrush storage location. We also analyzed the microbial reduction effect of vinegar, antimicrobial mouth rinse, bamboo salt, and baking soda, which are sterilization materials that can be easily used every day. We collected 45 toothbrushes from university dormitories from May to June 2018. To determine the degree of microbiological contamination with general bacteria, coliform bacteria, and Staphylococcus aureus, bristle samples were cultured at $36^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours using 3M$^{TM}$ Petrifilm plates and then measured based on Petrifilm evaluation criteria. Toothbrush microorganisms were analyzed according to the duration of use, frequency of use per day, storage location, and effect of each sterilization material. General bacteria, coliforms, and S. aureus contamination increased with frequency and duration of use (p<0.05). In particular, S. aureus showed a statistically significant increase to 36.15 CFU/ml after 1 month, 504.23 CFU/ml after 2 months, and 2,386.67 CFU/ml after 3 months (p<0.05). We found that 1% vinegar was the most effective substance for reducing general bacteria, coliforms, and S. aureus. In addition, 1% antimicrobial mouth rinse solution applied for 5 minutes was the most effective in reducing S. aureus. It is crucial to recognize the importance of toothbrush care and store toothbrushes in a dry place and replace them periodically. We recommend use of vinegar and antimicrobial mouth rinse solution to disinfect toothbrushes. These should be applied as a 1% solution for at least 1 minute. Proper care of toothbrushes is important in maintaining oral health as well as overall health. Instructions on toothbrush care should be given when teaching children or adults how to brush teeth.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.215-225
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• 2016

Purpose: The aim of this study was to figure out how the characteristics of soft contact lens materials and pigmentation affect the adherence of C. albicans on soft contact lenses pre-deposited with tear constituents. Methods: The adherent number of C. albicans on clear soft contact lenses (hereinafter clear lenses) and circle soft contact lenses (hereinafter circle lenses) made of etafilcon A, hilaiflcon B and nelfilcon A, respectively, was measured before and after the deposition of artificial tear. Also, bacteria adherence on lenses were observed by a scanning electron microscope. Results: Adherence of C. albicans was significantly different according to lens materials. The amount of adsorption was not different between clear lenses and circle lenses made of etafilcon A however, the number of bacteria absorption was bigger in hilafilcon B and nelfilcon A lenses. More absorption of C. albicans was found in the non-pigmented central area compared the pigmented area, and non-pigmented peripheral area has more bacterial absorption than non-pigmented central area. The number of C. albicans decreased in the case that tear protein was pre-deposited. The maintenance of antibacterial activity against C. albicans was different according to lens materials thus, etafilcon A has the longest period of its maintenance. Conclusions: It was revealed that the number of C. albicans was different according to the characteristics of lens materials, pigmentation or non-pigmentation, the pigmented area of soft contact lenses. Thus, it is suggested that the management method should be different according to the adsorption characteristics of C. albicans.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.731-739
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• 2015

We conducted this study to investigate possibilities of applying cosmetic material about extrats from Sparassis crispa. The extracts of Sparassis crispa conducted a antibacterial activity against Straphylococcus epidermidis, Straphylococcus aureus, Escheri chia coli, Candida albicans by the paper disc method and antioxidative effect and Nitric oxide production inhibitory activity were performed in Raw 264.7 cells. Also, we evaluated of pH, viscosity, particle observation stability of emulsion that are applied of extracts from Sparassis crispa. The antimicrobial activity showed by the paper disc method against Straphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans. The physical stability were stable of pH, viscosity in emulsion included extracts from Sparassis crispa. Emulsion containing Sparassis crispa extracts did not change particles into optical microscope. These results suggest that extracts from Sparassis crispa may have value as the potential cosmetic formulations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.712-718
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• 2000

The alkali extraction of anticoagulant from a clove revealed 3-to 6-fold more effective than hot-water extraction. The highest anticoagulant activity was found with 0.1 N NaOH at 7$0^{\circ}C$. The anticoagulant fractions from a clove, EC-2B and EC-2C were separated by alkali extraction, ethanol precipitation, cetavlon treatment, and ultrafiltration. The anticoagulant activities of these two fractions were, respectively, 6.57 and 8.63 times higher than those extracted with hot-water. As of the sensory evaluation, boiled pork added with EC-2B fraction revealed similar sensory acceptability to raw clove material, while EC-2C fraction had low sensory acceptability due to a mild chemical odor. Antibacterial characteristics against pathogenic microorganism of both fractions were confirmed in the control strain. The inhibitory effect of growth by EC-2B was noticed above 0.016% in S. aureus. Also, EC-2C showed the inhibitory effect at 0.004% in both E. cole and S. aureus control strains.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2014

Red pine (Pinus densiflora) is widely used traditional medicine, pharmacological and nutritional values from which the phytochemical compounds are derived. The present study was aimed to examine the antibacterial effects in the absence and presence of a immature red pine cone extract against 13 microorganisms. The components in the aqueous extract from immature red pine cone were identified by GC-MS. About 1.4% of total polyphenolic compound was measured in aqueous extract collected from immature red pine cone. Also, the high concentration of ${\beta}$-phellenandrene, ${\alpha}$-pinene, limonene, bornyl acetate and aldehyde was detected in total ion chromatograms. Of total 13 microorganisms, 4 microorganisms including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholera, Listeria monocytogenes, Klebsiella pneumonia were effectively killed by aqueous extract of immature red pine cone. The highest anti-bacterial effect was detected in P. aeruginosa, followed by V. cholera, L. monocytogenes and K. pneumonia. In case of P. aeruginosa, the largest diameter of inhibition zone was maintained to 1/2 solution treated cells and slightly decreased at 1/4 and 1/8 solution treated cells. Also, in test used V. cholera and L. monocytogenes, the inhibition zone was strongly formed in only 1 and 1/2 solution treated cells, while K. pneumonia showed the very small diameter of inhibition zone in all concentrations. Therefore, these results suggested that the aqueous extracts of immature red pine cone should be considered as a new and potentially important anti-bacterial substrate to effectively prevent the microbial infection and penetration.

• Clean Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.241-247
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• 2015

Oyster shells are a waste product from mariculture that creates a major disposal problem in coastal regions of southeast Korea. To make practical use of unused oyster shells, calcined oyster shell (COS) collected from a local company was allowed to adsorb AITC (allyl isothiocyanate), and then tested the powder's ability to inhibit the growth of some potential food borne disease-causing bacteria. COS powder showed bacteriostatic effect that inhibited cell growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium from 3 to 5 log10 CFU/mL at concentrations around 1%. The MIC of pure AITC was found as 1 mg/mL, 0.8 mg/mL and 0.7 mg/mL for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium, respectively. The calcined powder adsorbed about 225 mg of AITC per gram of shell, indicating porous material was created by calcination. FTIR data confirmed the adsorption of AITC by COS. Characterization of particle data showed very fine particle size and highly convoluted surface. AITC adsorbed calcined oyster shell (ACOS) completely inhibited bacterial cell at 1% concentration. ACOS showed better antibacterial effect than COS, indicating synergistic effect of AITC and calcined oyster shell powder on bacteria.