• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.117-137
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• 2007

Objectives & Methods : The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of Gentianae macrophyllase Radix herbal-acupuncture solution(GR-HAS) at Joksamni(ST36) on Collagen-induced arthritis(CIA) in DBA/1J mice. The author performed several experimental items to analyze arthritis evaluation, change of weight, spleen size and adhesion rate, change of cytokine level, IgG, IgM and anti-collagen II , change of immunocyte count, histological change of CIA mouse joint related with RA. Results : 1. In the GR-HA group, the arthritis index, the incidence of arthritis and joint edema were significantly decreased. 2. In GR-HA group, there were no weight loss and similarly maintained as normal group. Spleen size, adhesion rate and the edema and transformation of knee joint were low and similarly maintained as normal group. 3. In the GR-HA, cytokine level, IgG, IgM and anti-collagen II were significantly decreased. 4. In the GR-HA, the change of immunocyte count were similarly maintained as normal group. 5. In the histological changes of the CIA mouse joint, the cartilage destruction and synovial cell proliferation were decreased in the GR-HA(Hematoxylin and eosin stain). The collagen fiber expressions in the GR-HA were similar with that of the normal group(Masson's Trichrome stain) Conclusions : These results suggest that GR-HA at ST36 has an effect to control immune reaction and suppress inflammation, synovial cell proliferation and cartilage destruction in rheumatoid arthritis.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 2021

Background and objective: Dermatitis is a chronic disease accompanied by such symptoms as itching and dry skin. The environment and diet can aggravate dermatitis, so attention to skin care is essential. Colocasia esculenta is used in various manners and for different purposes, including with regard to inflammation, aging, and the digestive system. The anti-inflammatory effect of Colocasia esculenta water extract was confirmed using RAW 264.7 macrophages with regard to male ICR mice. Methods: In the case of the ICR mice, 5% 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) was used to cause inflammation for 7 days, and 100 μL of Colocasia esculenta water extract and panthenol were administered orally for 10 days. In addition, RT-PCR, NO, ELISA was conducted. Results: As a result of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), it was found that Colocasia esculenta water extract reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines. As a result of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining using mouse ear tissue, Colocasia esculenta water extract reduced ear thickness and showed an effect of suppressing ear edema. In addition, compared to the TPA-treated group, the Colocasia esculenta extract-treated group had reduced nitric oxide (NO) production by 18.23 μM and IL-13 production decreased by 136.55 pg/ml. Conclusion: Colocasia esculenta water extract has been shown to be effective in lowering inflammatory cytokine production. These results suggest that Colocasia esculenta water extracts can be used as natural products to treat dermatitis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.537-544
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• 2017

In this study, the anti-inflammatory effect of Polyopes affinis ethanol extract (PAEE) was investigated using LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and a croton oil-induced ICR mice model. Treatment with PAEE significantly reduced production of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$, and $IL-1{\beta}$] in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. PAEE treatment also reduced expression of inducible NO synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$, and mitogen-activated protein kinases in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In the croton oil-induced ear edema test, application of PAEE (10~250 mg/kg body weight) reduced ear edema in a dose-dependent manner, and PAEE treatment at 50 mg/kg body weight showed similar inhibitory effects compared with prednisolone (10 mg/kg body weight). Histological analysis revealed reduced dermal thickness and lower number of infiltrated mast cells. These results suggest that PAEE might be used as a promising anti-inflammatory agent for inhibition of LPS-induced inflammation and ear edema formation.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.31-37
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• 2010

Objects : This study was performed in order to evaluate the effects of Agrimoniae herba (AH) ethanol extract on intrastriatal hemorrhage (ISH). Method : ISH was induced by the stereotaxic intrastriatal injection of bacterial collagenase type IV in Sprague-Dawley rats. AH was orally given once a day for 3 days after ISH. Hematoma volume and percentage edema were examined. Immunohistochemistry was processed for iNOS, c-Fos, MMP-9, and MMP-12 expressions in the brain sections and each immuno-labeling were calculated with image analysis. Results : results are as follows; 1. AH reduced the hematoma volume and percentage edema of the ISH-induced rat brain. 2. AH swollen apoptotic bodies and neurons in the peri-hematoma regions of the ISH-induced rat brain. 3. AH significantly reduced c-Fos, MMP-9 and MMP-12 positive cells in the peri-hematoma regions of the ISH-induced rat brain. 4. AH swollen iNOS expressions in the peri-hematoma regions of the ISH-induced rat brain. Conclusion : These results suggest that AH plays an anti-apoptotic neuroprotective effect through control of ISH, suppression of c-Fos, and down-regulation of MMP-9 and MMP-12 expressions in the brain tissues.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.12-17
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• 1985

The extract of Mawhang-tang showed considerable inhibition of 70.7 and 57.2% at oral doses of 200 and 400mg/kg, respectively, on carrageenin edema in rat paw. In case of combined oral administration of the extract at each dose of 100, 200 and 400mg/kg with 100mg/kg of aspirin, the inhibition percentages were 78.2, 87.2 and 72.5%, respectively. The combined oral administration of 200mg/kg of the extract with 200mg/kg of aspirin exhibited 87.6% inhibition of the edema. On the writhing syndrome induced by 0.7% acetic acid solution, the oral administration of 200mg/kg of the extract with 200mg/kg of aspirin showed remarkable inhibition of 90.3%. In the inhibitory effect of the leakage of dye into peritoneal cavity were shown to be 51.9, 56.6 and 58.1% at the combined administration of the extract at the doses of 100, 200 and 400mg/kg with 100mg/kg of aspirin, respectively.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.97-101
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• 2003

This study was undertaken to evaluate the antinociceptive and antiinflammatory effects of the heartwood extract of Rhus verniciflua (Anacardiaceae) and the two major components, sulfuretin and fustin. The MeOH extract, its EtOAc-soluble portion and sulfuretin showed significant antinociceptive activity in writhing and hot plate test assays and antiinflammaory effects in carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in rats. In particular, treatment of sulfuretin with 10 mg/kg dose (i.p.) reduced writhing frequency by 48.0% (p<0.01) compared to that of a control group. Further, the treatment of sulfuretin (5, 10 mg/kg, i.p.) for 7 days prevented the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema significantly (p<0.01). The antiinflammatory effect of sulfuretin was also confirmed by microscopic observation of mast cell numbers in muscle. In addition, sulfuretin suppressed the cyclooxygenase- 2 (COX-2) activity $(IC_{50}\;=\;28.7\;{\mu}M)$ in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophage cells. This result indicates that the inhibitory effect of sulfuretin on COX-2 may be one of the antinociceptive/antiinflammatory mechanism.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.443-450
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• 2022

Background: This double-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted to evaluate the pre-emptive analgesia and anti-inflammatory efficacy of piroxicam compared with tramadol in patients undergoing oral surgery. Methods: Seventy-eight patients who required extraction of impacted mandibular third molars were randomized into three treatment groups of 26 patients each: group I received 100 mg of tramadol, group II received 20 mg of piroxicam, and group III received a placebo. Drugs were administered intramuscularly 30 min prior to the extraction procedure. Results: Pain intensity, time to first analgesic administration, total analgesic consumption, facial edema, and trismus were the outcomes of interest. The group receiving 20 mg of piroxicam showed significantly lower pain intensity, increased time to first analgesic, and reduced edema from preoperative to postoperative day seven than those in the tramadol and placebo groups. Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that piroxicam had significant pain relief efficacy after third molar surgery compared with that in tramadol.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.893-898
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• 2002

Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium extract(CRVP) have been used in oriental medicine for many centuries as a therapeutic agent for smoothing the liver and regulating the circulation of qi, and promoting digestion and removing stagnated food. The effects of CRVP on the inhibition of brain damage in cerebral ischemia is not known. Therefore, this Study was designed to investigate the cerebral protective effects of CRVP on the transient cerebral ischemia using modern techniques, and further to provide the possibility of scientification of oriental medicine. The size of cerebral infarct size was measured by morphometry, and brain edema was measured by morphometry and brain water content determination. The results were a$ follows ; 1. Water fraction of CRVP was reduced infect area of rats brain slices which were subjected to a transient cerebral ischemia in a dose-dependent manner. 2. Methylene chloride fraction and hexane fraction of CRVP was significantly reduced infarct area of rats brain slices which were subjected to a transient cerebral ischemia in a dose-dependent manner. 3. Methylene chloride fraction and hexane fraction of CRVP was significantly reduced infarct volume of rats brain which was subjected to a transient cerebral ischemia in a dose-dependent manner. 4. Methylene Chloride fraction and hexane fraction of CRVP was significantly decreased brain edema induced by a transient cerebral ischemia in a dose-dependent manner. 5. Methylene chloride fraction and hexane fraction of CRVP was significantly decreased brain water content of rats which were subjected to a transient cerebral ischemia. It is suggested that CRVP has an anti-ischemic effect through the inhibition of brain damage in a transient cerebral ischemia, and that in future further development of main effective constituent in CRVP can provide a novel therapeutic strategy for cerebral ischemia.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.178-183
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• 1986

It was our working hypothesis that introduction of 11-keto groups to 12-oleanene/ursene series of triterpenoids should endow them with corticoid-like activities, since pharmacological actions of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) are known to be caused by inhibition on $corticoid-{\delta}^4-reductase$. 11-Keto-triterpenoids derived artificially in these studies, such as 11, 19-diketo-18, 19-secoursolic acid methyl ester(I), $11-keto-{\beta}-boswellic$ acid derivatives (IIa-IIc), 11-Keto-presenegenin dimethyl ester (III), II-keto-oleanolic acid derivatives (IVa-IVd) and 11-keto-hederagenin (V) possess the fundamental functions of ${\alpha},\;{\beta}-unsaturated$ ketone on C-11 and hydroxyl group on C-3, as like GA (VI). Additionally, they involve the carboxyl groups on rings A (II, III), D (I, III, IV, V) and E (VI), and the hydroxyl groups on rings A (III, V) and C (III). All the compounds competitively inhibited $corticoid-5{\beta}-reductase$, and the highest inhibitory potency appeared in I. All of them except $3,\;11-diketo-{\beta}-boswellic$ acid methyl ester (IIc) were more effective about five times to twice than GA. On carrageenin-induced edema test, compounds I and IVa-IVd showed anti-inflammatory activities, but III enhanced rather edema. Structure-activity relations were found in the aspects of hydrophilicity of ring A and hydrophobicity of rings C/D. The more they were hydrophilic in ring A and hydrophobic in rings C/D, the more they inhibited the enzyme. And the more they were hydrophobic in rings C/D, the more they exhibited antiiflammatory activities. However, the increased hydrophilicity in ring A resulted in increasing edema, probably due to a nonspecific inhibition on $aldosterone-5{\beta}-reductase$.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.13-27
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• 2009

This study aimed to validate neuroprotective effect of Chungpaesagan-tang on the early stage of cerebral ischemic damage. Cerebral ischemic damage was induced by the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 hours in the Sprague-Dawley rats. Water extract of Chungpaesagan-tang(8.7g/kg) was administered orally twice at 1 and 4 hours after the MCAO. Neurological score was tested at 3 and 24 hours after the MCAO and Chungpaesagan-tang administration. At 24 hours after the MCAO, infarct volume and edema ratio was evaluated with the TTC staining. Apoptotic cell death in cerebral cortex and caudate putamen was observed with cresyl violet staining and TUNEL labeling. Bax expression in the MCAO rat brain was stained with immunohistochemistry. Chungpaesagan-tang improved neurological and behavioral impairment of the MCAO rats and reduced infarct area, infarct volume and brain edema formation. Chungpaesagan-tang attenuated cell death percentage in cortex penumbra and reduced TUNEL positive cells in cortex penumbra and in caudate putamen of the MCAO rats. Chungpaesagan-tang reduced Bax positive neurons in caudate putamen and reduced c-Fos positive neurons in cortex penumbra of the MCAO rats. Chungpaesagan-tang intensified neuronal HSP72 expression in cortex penumbra of the MCAO rats. In results, Chunpaesagan-tang reduces infarct volume and edema formation through anti-apoptotic effect. This result suggests that Chunapaesagan-tang has an adequate neuroprotective effect on the early stage of cerebral ischemic damage.