• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.209-216
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• 2001

Dustfall particles were collected by the modified American dust jar (wide inlet bottle type) at 6 sampling sites in Pusan area from March, 1999 to February, 2000. Thirteen chemical species (Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Si, and Zn) were analyzed by AAS and ICP. The purposes of this study were to estimate qualitatively various bulk deposition flux of dustfall and insoluble components by applying regional and seasonal distribution. Dustfall amount of regional variations were found in order of coastal zone, industrial zone, commercial zone, agricultural zone and residential zone, and seasonal total dustfall had higher concentrations during spring for 6.741 ton/${km}^2$/season, lower concentrations during summer for 1.989 ton/${km}^2$/season, and annual total concentration was 17.742 ton/${km}^2$/year. The regional distributions of enrichment factor show well-defined anthropogenic metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) at industrial and agricultural zone, and contribution rate of soil particles were found in order of summer, fall, winter and spring. Factor loading effects of chemical composition of dustfall were found in order of road traffic emission source and combustion processed source, industrial activity source, soil source and marine source.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.503-510
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• 2005

An instrumental neutron activation analysis was used to measure the concentrations of about 24 elements associated with airborne particulates (PM10) that were collected in the most polluted urban region of Daejeon city, Korea from 2000 to 2002. Using the measurement data for various elements, both the extent of elemental pollution in the study area and the seasonality in their distribution characteristics were examined. Examinations of their distribution patterns indicated that most elements with crustal origin tend to exhibit seasonal peaks during spring, while most elements with anthropogenic origin tend to exhibit seasonal peaks during fall or winter. In order to explain the factors regulating their mobilization properties, the data were processed by a factor analysis. Results of the factor analysis suggested competing roles of both industrial and natural source processes, despite that the study site is located at a downwind position of the industrial complex. Based on the overall results of this study, it is concluded that the site may be strongly impacted by man-made sources but the general patterns of elemental distributions in the study area inspected over a seasonal scale are quite consistent with those typically observed from natural environment.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.743-753
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• 2014

The number concentrations and the water soluble ionic concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ have measured at Gosan site in Jeju, Korea, from March 2010 to December 2010, to clarify their characteristics. $PM_{2.5}$ number concentrations vary from 22.57 to $975.65particles/cm^3$ with an average value of $240.41particles/cm^3$, which have been recorded evidently high in spring season as compared with those in other season. And the concentrations in small size ranges are greatly higher than those in large size ranges, so the number concentration in the size range $0.25{\sim}0.45{\mu}m$ has more than 94% of the total number concentration of $PM_{2.5}$. The major ionic components in $PM_{2.5}$ are $SO{_4}^{2-}$, $NH_4{^+}$ and $NO_3{^-}$, which are mainly originated from anthropogenic sources, on the other hand, the concentrations of $Cl^-$, $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ are recorded relatively lower levels. The concentrations of the major ionic components are very high in spring season, but the concentration levels of the other components are recorded significantly high in winter season. On the other hand, in summer season, the lowest concentration levels are observed for overall components as well as the sum of them. The concentration ratios of nss-$SO{_4}^{2-}/SO{_4}^{2-}$ and nss-$Ca^{2+}/Ca^{2+}$ are 98.1% and 88.9%. And the concentration ratio of $SO{_4}^{2-}/NO_3{^-}$(3.64) is greatly higher than the value in urban area due to no large $NO_x$ emission sources in the measurement. In addition, the correlation and the factor analysis for the number and the ionic concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ are performed to identify their sources. From the Pearson correlation analysis and the factor analysis, it can be suggested that the smaller parts(< $0.5{\mu}m$) of $PM_{2.5}$ is contributed by anthropogenic sources, but the sources of the remaining larger parts of $PM_{2.5}$ are not able to be specified sources in this study.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2001.09a
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• pp.35-37
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• 2001

This study has investigated the chemical characteristics and the contamination of groundwater in relation to land use in Daejeon Metropolitan City. An attempt was made to distinguish anthrophogenic inputs from the influence of natural chemical weathering on the chemical composition of groundwater at Taejon. Groundwater samples collected at 170 locations in the Taejon area show very variable chemical composition of groundwater, e.9. electrical conductance ranges from 65 to 1,290 S/cm. Most groundwater is weakly acidic and the groundwater chemistry is more influenced by land use and urbanization than by aquifer rock type. Most of groundwater from green areas and new town residential districts has low electrical conductance, and is of Ca-HC $O_3$ type, whereas the chemical composition of groundwater from the old downtown and industrial district is shifted towards a Ca-Cl (N $O_3$+S $O_4$) type with high electrical conductance. A number of groundwater samples in the urbanized area are contaminated by high nitrate and chlorine, and exhibit high hardness. The Ep$CO_2$, that is the $CO_2$ content of a water sample relative to pure water, was computed to obtain more insight into the origin of $CO_2$ and bicarbonate in the groundwater. Factor analysis of the chemical data shows that the HC $O_3$ and N $O_3$ concentrations have the highest factor loadings on factor 1 and factor 2, respectively. Factors 1 and 2 represent major contributions from natural processes and human activities, respectively. The results of the factor analysis indicate that the levels of $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, N $a^{+}$, Cl and SO4$^2$ derive from both pollution sources and natural weathering reactions.ons.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.185-194
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• 2020

Pomacea canaliculate (channeled apple snail; CAS), which is one of the world's worst alien invasive species, is widely distributed in Korea, and raised ecological and economic problems. In this study, we surveyed the distribution and dispersal characteristics of CAS in Korea, and analyzed the effects of environmental and anthropogenic (or social) factors on their distribution and dispersal. We considered various events related to CAS such as changes of policy including promotion of agriculture using CAS and enactment of biological diversity conservation law. Our results showed that human activities strongly influenced to the distribution and dispersal of CAS in Korea. Distribution of CAS seemed to relate with environment-friendly agriculture considering environmental conditions of CAS habitats. And dispersal characteristics of CAS were significantly correlated with social factors such as cultivation area and rate of organic products, production CAS on inland fishery.

• Advances in environmental research
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.81-98
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• 2013

Mercury (Hg) dynamics in the boreal environment have been a subject of concern in recent decades, due to the exposure of local populations to the contaminant. Land use, because of its impact on mercury inputs, has been highlighted as a key player in the sources and eventual concentrations of the heavy metal. In order to evaluate the impact of watershed disturbances on Hg dynamics in frequently fished, large boreal lakes, we studied sediment cores retrieved at the focal point of eight large lakes of Qu$\acute{e}$bec (Canada), six with watersheds affected by land uses such as logging and/or mining, and two with pristine watersheds, considered as reference lakes. Using a Geographical Information System (GIS), we correlated the recent evolution of land uses (e.g., logging and mining activities) and morphological characteristics of the watershed (e.g., mean slope of the drainage area, vegetation cover) to total Hg concentrations (THg) in sedimentary records. In each core, THg gradually increased over recent years with maximum values between 70 and 370 ng/g, the lowest mercury concentrations corresponding to the pristine lake cores. The Hg Anthropogenic Sedimentary Enrichment Factor (ASEF) values range from 2 to 15. Surprisingly, we noticed that the presence of intense land uses in the watershed does not necessarily correspond to noticeable increases of THg in lake sediments, beyond the normal increment that can be attributed to Hg atmospheric deposition since the beginning of the industrial era. Rather, the terrestrial Hg inputs of boreal lakes appear to be influenced by watershed characteristics such as mean slopes and vegetation cover.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.756-766
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• 2011

In order to investigate the degree of apartment parking lot dust contamination, total 72 samples of parking lot dust (36 from ground parking lots and 36 from the underground parking lots) were collected in Daegu city from the end of March to the early June 2010. The dust samples were sieved below $100{\mu}m$, and analysed by ICP for 14 elements after an acid extraction. Results obtained from the source assessment of trace element using enrichment factor showed that Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na and V were influenced by natural sources, while Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were influenced by anthropogenic sources in both the ground parking lot and the underground parking lot. And results showed that Ca were influenced by natural sources in the ground parking lot, but influenced by anthropogenic sources in the underground parking lot. The measured values were remarkably higher in components from natural sources than in components from anthropogenic sources. Underground parking lot dust was more affected by anthropogenic sources and contaminated compared with the ground parking lot dust. Pollution index of heavy metals revealed that underground parking lot dust was 5.5 times more contaminated with heavy metal components than the ground parking lot dust. The results of correlation analysis among trace elements indicated that components in the ground parking lot were more correlated than those in the underground parking lot, and especially more correlated with natural sources-natural sources. Analysis for correlations between components and influencing factors in the underground parking lot showed that concentrations of heavy metals were higher with smaller number of parking spaces and no ventilation system, and older apartments in last paint and cleaning had relatively higher contents of heavy metals than those of recently painted and cleaned.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 2010

In order to investigate the degree of household dust contamination, 48 samples of household dust (24 from urban area and 24 from rural area) in Daegu city were collected in vacuum cleaner during January to February 2009. Samples were sieved below 100 ${\mu}m$, and 14 elements (Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, V, Zn) were analyzed using ICP after acid extraction. Results obtained from the source assessment of trace elements using enrichment factor showed that Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, and V were influenced by natural sources such as weathered rock and resuspended soil, while Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were influenced by anthropogenic sources such as fuel combustion and waste incineration. Concentrations were remarkably higher in components from natural sources than in components from urban anthropogenic sources. Household dust in urban area was more affected by anthropogenic sources compared with that of rural area. Pollution index of heavy metals revealed that urban area was 1.8 times more contaminated with heavy metal components than rural area. The correlation analysis among trace elements indicated that components were correlated with natural sources-natural sources (Al-Mg, Al-Mn, Fe-Mn) and natural sources-anthropogenic sources (Al-V, Fe-Cr, V-Mn) in both urban area and rural area. Trace element components of rural area were more correlated than those of urban area. Houses that use oil for heating fuel had relatively higher contents of heavy metals rather than those using gas or electricity for heating fuel. Houses with children also had higher contents of heavy metals. In addition, the age of houses was found to influence the heavy metal levels in household dusts, with older houses (>10years) having higher concentrations than newer houses (<10years) and houses located near the major road (<10 m) were found to have relatively higher heavy metal levels in household dust.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.63-75
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• 2001

Species composition and community structure of the fouling found on the hulls of 28 ships traveling through 6 main shipping routes (SR)in the Far East Sea Basin were analyzed using statistical methods. Samples obtained during 1976-1990 expeditions of the Institute of Marine Biology were used for the analyses. These samples were taken from the ships anchored in the harbor by SCUBA diving and in dry-docks of the Vladivostok ship-repairing yard. Similar composition of the fouling communities occurred on the ships travelling the same SR. In five cases, fouling was dominated by different Cirripedia communities. And, in one case, a community of the mussel Mytilus trossulus was found. In most cases the results of the factor analyses showed extremely low level of the relationships among different animals and algal species in fouling communities. Each ocean-going ship had an original structure of the fouling. Spatially disconnected animal associations of tropical and boreal origin may simultaneously coexist at the same ship. This paper testified to the originality of the zone of anthropogenic substrata as a benthos concentrator in the pelagic regions of the world ocean. The fouling from different zones showed that each zone possesses peculiar features and regularities of the composition and relationships between organisms dwelling here.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.799-806
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• 2010

In an effort to characterize temporal and spatial variability of $PM_{10}$ and to quantitatively estimate contribution of sea salt aerosol to $PM_{10}$ mass in Busan area, twenty four-hour averaged concentration of $PM_{10}$ were measured in two distinct areas, Gwaebeopdong(inland) and Dongsamdong(seashore), Busan for summer and fall, 2007. It was found that sea salt accounted for 2.9% and 9.5% of $PM_{10}$ mass in Gwaebeopdong and Dongsamdong, respectively for the study period, indicating that contribution of sea salt to $PM_{10}$ mass and total ion concentration in seashore area were consistently higher by a factor of three compared to inland area. Temporal analysis suggested that sea salt contributions to $PM_{10}$ in Dongsamdong were higher in summer due to the southerly sea breeze while there was no significant fluctuation of sea salt contribution for the summer and fall months in Gwaebeopdong. Sea salt enrichment factors($EF_{sea}$) of $K^+$ $Ca^{2+}$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$ (>10) indicated major contributions from anthropogenic sources and EFs of $Mg^{2+}$ and $Cl^-$ exhibited strong association with oceanic origins for both areas.