• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.71-77
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• 2015

Much attention has been focused on the activity of the natural antioxidants present in fruits and vegetables, because potentially these components may reduce the level of oxidative stress. Especially, mulberry leaves containing many natural components are considerable resource for natural antioxidants. The antioxidant capacity of mulberry leaves was investigated with minilum L-100 device and ARAW-KIT (anti-radical ability of water-soluble substance), in comparison to the ascorbic acid. The antioxidant capacity of 16 varieties was 3303.4 nmol at opening stage of five leaves in spring. The highest stage of antioxidant capacity (3708.0 nmol) and yield rate was just before the coloration stage with anthocyanin in fruits, whereas the lowest stage was middle of June (2231.6 nmol) and about two months growing stage after summer pruning (2064.6 nmol). But after summer pruning, the antioxidant capacity of mulberry leaves increased gradually until just before fallen leaves stage. Even if samples were same variety, antioxidant effect of those showed different results according to collected regions. Also, antioxidant effect of mulberry leaves were higher than that of branches. The antioxidant capacity of yield-type mulberry leaves and fruits (Morus alba L., M. bombycis Koidz, and M. Lhou (Ser.) Koidz) collected from In-je, Won-ju and Yang-yang regions, Kang-won province, Korea, was investigated. The results indicated that total antioxidant capacity of yield-type mulberry leaves was 2711.2 nmol. In the antioxidant capacity analysis of Jeollabuk-Do genetic resources, autumn's mulberry leaves showed higher antioxidant capacity than that of spring's it. To investigate the effect of tea on antioxidative capacity, five kinds of tea(coffee mix, green tea added brown rice, mulberry leaf tea, Polygonatum odoratum tea and black tea added lemon) were selected and analyzed. Their's anti-oxidative capacity were 2,531.01 nmol, 1,867.42 nmol, 1,053.72 nmol, 292.71 nmol and 188.91 nmol, respectively. The antioxidative capacity of drinking water soaked with mulberry leaf showed 891.96 nmol.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.92-92
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• 2019

Excessive or chronic inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases such as sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ulcerative colitis. Hibiscus syriacus L. has been used as a medicinal plant in many Asian countries, even though its anti-inflammatory activity has been unclear. Therefore, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of anthocyanin fractions from the H. syriacus L. varieties Pulsae (PS) on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of proinflammatory mediators and cytokines in RAW264.7 macrophages. PS suppressed LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) secretion concomitant with downregulation of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. Furthermore, PS inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha ($TNF-{\alpha}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-12 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Further study showed that PS significantly decreased LPS-induced nuclear translocation of the nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$ ($NF-{\kappa}B$) subunits, p65 and p50. Molecular docking data showed that many anthocyanins from PS fit into the hydrophobic pocket of MD2 and bound to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), indicating that PS inhibits the TLR4-MD2-mediated inflammatory signaling pathway. Especially, apigenin-7-O-glucoside most powerfully bound to MD2 and TLR4 through LYS122, LYS122, and SER127 at a distance of $2.205{\AA}$, $3.098{\AA}$, and $2.844{\AA}$ and SER441 at a distance of $2.873{\AA}$ (docking score: -8.4) through hydrogen bonding, respectively. Additionally, PS inhibited LPS-induced TLR4 dimerization/expression on the cell surface, which consequently decreased MyD88 recruitment and IRAK4 phosphorylation. PS completely blocked LPS-mediated mortality in zebrafish larvae by diminishing the recruitment of neutrophil and macrophages accompanied by low levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Taken together, our results indicate that PS attenuates LPS-mediated inflammation in both in vitro and in vivo by blocking the TLR4/MD2-MyD88/IRAK4-$NF-{\kappa}B$ axis. Therefore, PS might be used as a novel modulatory candidate for effective treatment of LPS-mediated inflammatory diseases.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.104-110
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• 2021

In this study, vinegar was prepared using black raspberry pomace to increase its utilization capacity. As a result of alcohol fermentation, the final alcohol content was 8.90% and the sugar content was 7.03°Brix. The total acid content after acetic acid fermentation was 4.44%, which was 0.38% higher than that of the juice. Among the organic acid content, the acetic acid content was higher in the pomace than in the juice. The total polyphenol (51.58 TAE mg/mL), total flavonoid (9.55 RUE mg/mL), and total anthocyanin (6.05 CYE mg/mL) contents of vinegar produced using black raspberry residue were higher than those of the juice. In addition, 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activity were higher than those of the juice, indicating strong antioxidant properties. Thus, black raspberry pomace has excellent acetic acid fermentation ability and high antioxidant activity, indicating that it can be used as a functional fermented vinegar.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.649-654
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• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the quality of wine, produced from 11 different grape varieties. Black Sun, CB, Gaeryangmeoru, MW52, MW55, and Narsha with 0.6-0.8% total acids were good for wine. The total acid content of Wangmeoru wine was too high (1.41%). Black Sun, CB, Gaeryangmeoru, MW52, MW55, MBA, WB, and Wangmeoru showed excellent chromaticity (90dE or higher). Total polyphenols, total anthocyanin and tannin, contents were the highest in Gaeryangmeoru, WB, Wangmeoru, and CB and would be advantageous for wine aging. The results of this study deemed Gaeryangmeoru and CB to be suitable for red wine preparation.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.403-413
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• 2020

While searching for useful microorganisms, Saccharomycopsis fibuligera which can be used as cosmetic materials were divided from Jeju island's traditional fermented foods. In this study, blackcurrant extract which contains a large amount of anthocyanin glycosides was fermented with S. fibuligera. HPLC analysis was performed to analyze the components of blackcurrant extract (BE) and fermented blackcurrant fruit extract (FBE). As a result, bio-conversion of delphinidin and cyanidin were able to be identified. In order to verify the anti-oxidant effect of BE and FBE, we investigated radical scavenging ability with DPPH and ABTS. In addition, to confirm anti-inflammatory effect, we investigated inhibition effect of nitric oxide (NO) production on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, and inhibition effect of the expression of inflammatory-related proteins (iNOS, COX-2) by western blot analysis. As a result, as FBE has anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, we suggest that it might be used as an active ingredient for cosmetics.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.66 no.4
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• pp.350-357
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• 2021

In the present study, the seed color of 200 common bean genetic resources was analyzed and located on the HTML color chart to classify these resources according to color characteristics. This classification method predicts the components of seed and may serve as a new method for efficiently using secured genetic resources. The imagary data of common bean exhibiting various seed colors were expressed using the HTML color chart. According to the proposed classification method, the seed color was distributed in seven categories: yellow-green, yellow, brown, red, white, gray, and indigo. In addition, the distribution of each seed color was according to its concentration. The distribution by concentration was the highest for red, whereas the distribution of gray and yellow-green was not concentration-dependent. As the dominant pigments based on color distribution, chlorophylls in yellow-green; carotenoids in yellow; and anthocyanins in brown, red, white, gray, and indigo significantly affected seed color. When expressed objectively, seed colors can be applied to the systematic management, breeding, and cultivation of genetic resources and can be useful for marketing or developing products of desired colors. This method can also be applied to other crops.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.167-174
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• 2022

In modern society, interest in antioxidants is increasing as the stress caused by oxidants increases. However, the demand for synthetic antioxidants is decreasing because some studies have confirmed that they are harmful when consumed in large quantities; thus, studies on antioxidants derived from natural substances are actively being conducted to replace synthetic antioxidants. Blueberry, known as one of the world's top ten long-lived foods, is a plant of the Vaccinium (Ericaceae) family, and various pharmacological activities of blueberry including antioxidant activity have been studied. Vaccinium oldhamii (VO) is a deciduous broad-leaved shrub in the same genus as blueberries, and in this paper, we summarize the studies on the efficacy analysis of VO extracts and purified products. The content of phenolic compounds in VO fruits was proportional to antioxidant and anti-influenza activity such as the inhibition of NO production, and the total content of polyphenols and anthocyanin was higher than that in blueberries. VO fruit extracts showed anti-inflammatory activity and anti-cancer activity against human acute leukemia; in contrast, VO branch extracts showed anti-inflammatory activity, activity to inhibit osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption due to inflammatory response, and anti-cancer activity against several human cancer cell lines. Compared to blueberries, VO showed higher phenolic compound content, antioxidant activity, and various physiological activities. In addition, VO is considered to have sufficient value as an alternative crop to blueberries, such as it can be grown natively in Korea, with simple mass cultivation and no need to pay royalties for commercialization.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.361-374
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• 2022

For this study, we designed and produced mulberry low-fat ice cream supplemented with synbiotics (MLF-ISS). The sensory characteristics and physical, chemical, and microbiological qualities of MLF-ISS were then determined. Mulberry juice inoculated with or without probiotic (Lactobacillus plantarum TISTR 926 and Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745) was also tested at 37℃ for 24 h to determine probiotic growth rate, pH, total anthocyanin content (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity (AA). Only the TAC of mulberry juice inoculated with S. boulardii CNCM I-745 increased considerably (p < 0.05) among these parameters. MLF-ISS was produced with varied mulberry fruit concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30, or 40%) (w/w). The MLF-ISS prepared with 30% mulberry fruit (w/w) (30-MLF-ISS) had a higher score in appearance, color, and sweetness (p < 0.05) when sensory qualities were measured using the 9-point hedonic scale method. In the CIE lab system (L^*, a^*, b^*), the color values of 30-MLF-ISS were 27.80 ± 0.26, 12.99 ± 0.59, and 1.43 ± 0.05, respectively. The 30-MLF-ISS was also subjected to a proximate analysis. The melting rate of 30-MLF-ISS was 0.29 ± 0.03 g/min and the time it took for the first drop to fall was 37.00 ± 7.00 min. TAC, TPC, and AA of 30-MLF-ISS were observed to alter significantly (p < 0.05) during varied intervals of storage at - 18℃ (0, 30, and 60 days). The viability of probiotics in 30-MLF-ISS slightly decreased after storage at -18℃ for 8 weeks, but remained about 6 log CFU/g. During storage at -18℃ for 0 and 120 days, no pathogenic bacteria were detected in 30-MLF-ISS. These findings show that 30-MLF-ISS has nutritional and functional value, is free of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, is safe for consumers' health, and is suitable for application in the ice cream and related food industries.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.259-267
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• 2023

This study was conducted to evaluate physiological activity of flower extract of peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) by hydrolysis and to use it as a valuable cosmetic ingredients. Four cultivar of peony flowers were extracted, and the highest active ingredient contents was selected, and that cultivar was used for hydrolyzing. The results showed that high concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCl) hydrolyzed, and biological hydrolysis using enzymes had no activity. The deglycosylation of peonidin 3,5-diglucoside occurred by hydrolysis. The hydrolysate contains 63.3 ppm of peonidin, a red-colored anthocyanin compound. The antioxidant activity of hydrolysate was compared with extract. The results showed the strong antioxidant activity in hydrolysate (96%) than extract (82%). In addition, hydrolysate of peony flower showed higher inhibitory activity of NO release than extract. UVA assay using fibroblast cell (CCD-986Sk) showed that hydrolysate increased cell viability than extract under UVA exposure. Based on these results, we anticipate that hydrolysate of peony flower can be used a valuable cosmetic ingredient.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.234-241
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• 2023

This study was conducted to investigate the growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and Korean mint (Agastache rugosa Kuntze) with microbubble in a closed-type plant production system (CPPS) with a deep flow technique (DFT). Lettuce and Korean mint were grown in CPPS for 23 days. Microbubble was treated for 5 minutes daily at 9:00, 13:00, and 17:00 for 16 days. The leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, and fresh and dry weights of lettuce and Korean mint were significantly lower in microbubble than in the control. The total root length, root surface area, and the number of root tips of lettuce and Korean mint were significantly lower in the microbubble than in the control. In the case of average root diameter, there was no difference between the treatments of lettuce. However, Korean mint significantly increased in thickness in the microbubble treatment, indicating variations among the different crops. The results of the research indicated that microbubble treatment in the DFT inhibited plant growth by inducing abiotic stress in lettuce and Korean mint.