• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.30-35
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• 2018

We established an in vitro system to investigate transcription levels of the RsMYB1 gene expressed in T2 20-day-old transgenic Petunia plants (three independent lines: PhRs1, PhRs2, and PhRs3), and the association between those transcription levels and anthocyanin production at various pH values (3.0 to 8.0) for a period of 10 days. All the lines treated with pH 5.0-7.0 exhibited increased anthocyanin content and delays in growth compared to the wild-type (WT) seedlings. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis confirmed that the enhancement of anthocyanin production in the transgenic lines was due to the upregulation of RsMYB1 transcription at various pH values. The results suggest that pH value can control expression of RsMYB1 which is associated with anthocyanin production.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the anthocyanin pigments in the fruits of mulberry and grape. The anthocyanin pigments in the fruits of mulberry and grape were extracted with l% methanolic hydrochloric acid. The cyanidin-3-glu-coside (C3G) was separated and quantified by HPLC system using a Nova-Pack C$\sub$18/ column. The cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) contents of mulberry fruits were higher than that of grapes. Especially, anthocyanin pigments of mulberry fruits showed only C3G peak, but anthocyanin pigments of grapes showed some species peaks.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.338-342
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• 2015

There has been known C3G (Cyanidin-3-Glucoside), D3G (Delphinidin-3-Glucoside), and Pt3G (Petunidin-3-Glucoside) were main anthocyanin pigments in black-seeded soybean. Anthocyanin contents of total 1,032 black-seeded soybean germplasms were analyzed by HPLC. Average of total anthocyanin content was 11.67 mg/g on the all materials ranged from 0.54 to 23.45 mg/g. Mean value of C3G, D3G, and Pt3G contents in all black-seeded soybeans were 8.81, 1.78 and 0.79 mg/g, respectively. Environmental conditions influenced anthocyanin contents during seed development. Delayed flowering, especially of later maturing germplasms, has been showed to result in increased anthocyanin content. So, prolonged maturation period germplasm is generally higher than that of shorten genotypes. It may be concluded that the higher levels of anthocyanin content was associated with the late dates of harvest maturity. Also larger seeds showed high anthocyanin contents than smaller. That inclination is similar in C3G's occasion because C3G content contribute highly to total anthocyanin content than other pigments.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.183-187
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• 1975

The content of total and individual anthocyanins in the wild vines (Vitis amurensis Ruprecht), which were wildly grown in the mountain area of Korea, has been carried out. The pigments were extracted with 0.1% hydrochloric acid in methanol from the wild vines and the content of the total anthocyanin in the extract was determined spectrophotometrically at 538nm $({\lambda}max.)$. Individual anthocyanins in the extract were separated by paper chromatography and eluted with 0.1% HCl in methanol. The optical densities of the individual pigment solutions were determined at each absorption maxima of the pigments. The content of total anthocyanins in wild vines was 3.95mg per 1g fresh weight. The content of individual pigments were as follows: 12.5% delphinidin 3-monoglucoside. 3,5 % petunidin 3-monoglucoside, 2.1% cyanidin 3-monoglucoside, 10.1% delphinidin 3,5-diglucoside, 4.3% malvidin 3-monoglucoside, 8.3% petunidin 3,5-diglucoside, 4.1% cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside like and 55.1% malvidin 3,5-diglucoside. It was found that the most abundant pigment in wild vines studied was malvidin-3,5-diglucoside.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.23-27
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• 2003

The effects of temperature and pH on color deterioration of anthocyanin in Schizandra fruit (Schizandra chinensis fructus) were determined with temperature range of $80{\sim}100^{\circ}C$ and pH range of $2.0{\sim}5.0$. Browning index was used as an index of color deterioration of crude anthocyanin extract from Schizandra fruit. As pH of crude anthocyanin extract was increased, color deterioration was accelerated, showing pH-dependency of thermal stability of anthocyanin extract from Schizandra fruit. Anthocyanin degradation could be modeled as a second-order rate reaction, with rate of $3.2{\times}10^{-3}\;h^{-1}\;(pH\;2.0){\sim}4.1{\times}10^{-3}\;h^{-1}\;(pH\;5.0)\;at\;100^{\circ}C$. Temperature dependence of deterioration was described by the Arrhenius relationship. Activation energies for pH $2.0{\sim}5.0$ ranged from $24.87{\sim}42.54\;kJ/mol^{-1}$.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.spc
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• pp.84-88
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• 2008

This study was carried out to develop the methods for efficient extracting and stabilization of anthocyanin pigments in black colored soybean. The optimum solvent concentration for the highest pigment extraction from seed coat of black colored soybean was 60% MeOH with 0.1% HCl in laboratory test. The higher temperature of the solvent until $60^{\circ}C$ led to better extraction efficiency of anthocyanin. The anthocyanin extracts maintained almost its stability in strong acidity area whereas it destroyed markedly over pH 4. Also anthocyanin extracts was stable for a while under weak light condition, but it showed rapid degradation of pigment color and markedly decreased HPLC value for anthocyanin content after one month storage days. In case storage temperature and instrument, glass vessel on low temperature ($4^{\circ}C$) was good storage condition among some treatments. And C3G was more stable than other pigments.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.105-117
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• 2020

Abiotic stress is one of the most serious problems in plant productivity because it dramatically delays plant growth and development. One of the abiotic stresses, soil salinity, has an adverse effect on plant growth, particularly in areas where irrigation is necessary like semiarid Asia and Africa. Among several physiological parameters, anthocyanin accumulation is a valuable indicator of the condition of the plant, and it tends to increase under salt stress conditions because of its protective role in such an environment. Consequently, it may be important to search for well adapted genotypes for upcoming climate changes. Anthocyanins are known to have important roles in defense against biotic and abiotic stresses, providing important functions for protecting plant cells from reactive oxygen species. In this study, we investigated the anthocyanin accumulation between two Korean sorghum genotypes, Sodamchal and Nampungchal. The two genotypes were subjected to a regulated salinity condition, and the anthocyanin contents were evaluated in both. In Nampungchal, the anthocyanin content increased with 150 mM NaCl treatment during the time course of the experiment. However, the anthocyanin content of Sodamchal decreased in the same condition. The measured values of the anthocyanin content should be useful to identify the intensity of the salt tolerance in Sorghum bicolor L. Furthermore, we studied gene expression profiling of salt stress related genes with qRT-PCR. These results suggest that Nampungchal is a more tolerant genotype to salt stress compared to Sodamchal. This information should be useful for breeding salt-resistant cultivars in sorghum.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.59-64
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• 1995

Effects of salicylic acid (SA) on anthocyanin synthesis in cell suspension cultures of grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) were investigated. tow concentrations (0.1 to 1$\mu$M) of SA did not affect the cell growth and anthocyanin accumulation whereas high concentrations (5 to 10$\mu$M ) of SA inhibited cell growth with increasement of anthocyanin synthesis. Five micromoles of SA promoted anthocyanin accumulation 4 folds compared to control cells. When SA was treated on the different culture times (0 to 7day), the highest pigment accumulation was obtained at the cells of second day. A low productivity of anthocyanin under continuous dark incubation was also recovered by adding SA which mimicked light irradiation effect These results suggest that SA is one of essential agents in anthocyanin biosynthesis.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1470-1475
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• 2009

The seed coat of the black soybean contains 3 main anthocyanins such as delphinidin-3-O-$\beta$-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-$\beta$-glucoside, and petunidin-3-O-$\beta$-glucoside. As a part of our effort on discovering and breeding new black soybean cultivars which possesses specific anthocyanin component rich, we determined the anthocyanin profiles of the 2 cultivars recently developed soybean cv. Gaechuck #1 and cv. Gyeongsang #1, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and compared their content and identity with those of previously known 10 cultivar controls. The Cosmosil-$5C_{18}$-AR-II column were selected for the analysis because of the best peak separation. The column temperature was set up at $35^{\circ}C$. The mobile phase consisting of water containing 0.5%(v/v) formic acid and methanol gave good separation between the 3 anthocyanin analytes and internal standard (quercetin 3-O-$\beta$-rutinoside) and peaks with suppressed tail. The MS/MS spectra of each individual anthocyanin standard were detected in positive electron spray ionization (ESI) modes. It was disclosed that the anthocyanin contents of the soybean cv. Gaechuck#1 and cv. Gyeongsang#1 are roughly higher than those of the 10 controls.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.937-941
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• 2003

Red mustard leaf (RML) kimchi was prepared with native Brassica juncea czerniak et coss as a major raw material and antioxidative characteristics of crude anthocyanin (CA)/refined anthocyanin (RA) isolated from RML kimchi were studied. Among crude pigment fractions, CA fraction showed a higher inhibition rate of peroxide formation in linoleic acid autoxidation system. These effects seemed to be increased with the increase of CA concentration. CA also was considered to have a role of electron donor by the experiments using DPPH ($\alpha$, $\alpha$＇-diphenyl-$\beta$-picrylhydrazyl) reaction. Furthermore, various RA fractions had a higher antioxidative activity and especially RA-fraction 3 demonstrated the highest score of the antioxidative characteristics in terms of the prevention of lipid peroxidation and scavenging of free radicals.