• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.581-598
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• 2006

In many epidemiological and medical studies, a number of cancer mortalities in categorical classification may be considered as having Poisson distribution with person-years at risk depending upon time. The cancer mortalities have been evaluated by additive or multiplicative models with regard to background and excess risks based on several covariances such as sex, age at the time of bombings, time at exposure, or ionizing radiation, cigarette smoking habits, duration of smoking habits, etc. An interest herein is to examine an additive, synergistic, or antagonistic relationship between radiation exposures and cigarette smoking habits for cancer mortalities. The results revealed a highly significant antagonistic in uence for cancer mortalities from all non-hematologic findings, lung and respiratory system with negative interaction between radiation exposures and cigarette smoking amounts.

• BMB Reports
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.429-435
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• 1996

To investigate the structure-antagonistic relationship of the cyclohexapeptide L-659,877, a selective NK-2 tachykinin receptor antagonist, seven analogues were chemically synthesized by a solid phase method. The agonistic and antagonistic activities of the analogues were evaluated by contraction assay using the smooth muscle of guinea pig trachea (GPT) containing the NK-2 receptor. It was shown that the aromatic ring of Phe at position 3 and the sulfur group of Met at position 6 in L-659,877 were essential for binding to the NK-2 receptor. Decrease in antagonistic activity of L-659,877 caused by substituting Leu for Nle at position 5 indicates that the ${\gamma}$ methyl group and side chain length of Leu plays an important role in its antagonistic action. Although the activity was slightly lower than L-659,877, cyclo $[{\beta}Ala^{8}]NKA(4-10)$ (analogue 1) showed potential antagonistic activity for the NK-2 receptor. It was confirmed that the expansion of the ring in L-659,877 by substitution of ${\beta}Ala$ for Gly at position 4 stabilized its conformation monitored by CD spectra. The results suggest that analogue 1 can be used as a new leader compound to design a more powerful, selective, and stable NK-2 receptor antagonist.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.213-220
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• 2018

We classified the previously reported antagonistic strains of Sorangium cellulosum into 5 subspecies (A-E). Four strains were antagonistic to Botrytis cinerea (AB group) and two strains were antagonistic to Colletotrichum acutatum (AC group). According to the genetic and sequential analyses with standard genes, xynB1, bglA2, groEL1 for grouping, all strains of AB group were belonged to subspecies C and all strains of AC group were belonged to subspecies D. In addition, high pressure liquid chromatography with the culture filtrates confirmed the genetic results, because AB group had peaks with retention time at 20-22.5 minutes, whereas AC group had no peak. There was positive relationship ($R^2=0.9652$) between the control values of infecting B. cinerea on cherry tomatoes and the main peak areas of chromatograms among the four isolates of AB group. From the subspecies results of AB group, the main peak of KYC 3270 was expected to be epothilone D. However the retention times of the standard of commercial epothilone D and the main peak of KYC 3270 culture filtrate were different as 9.9 and 11.581 min., respectively. Finally, the antagonistic metabolite of AB group was inferred as 7-ketone epothilone D.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.173.2-173.2
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• 2003

Vanilloid receptor I (VR1) is a nonselective cation ion channel placed in the plasma membrane of peripheral sensory neurons that is potential target for analgesia A series of N-4-substituted-benzyl-N'-tert-butylbenzyl thioureas were prepared for the study of their agonistic/antagonistic activities to the vanilloid receptor in rat DRG. Their structure-activity relationship in reveals that not only the two oxygens and amide hydrogen of sulfonamido group but also the optimal size of methyl in methanesulfonamido group play an integral role for the antagonistic activity on vanilloid receptor.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.201-212
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• 1999

In use of pesticides in golf courses has been increased steadily. Environmental concern as well as decrease in efficiency led the turfgrass management into an alternate approach of using beneficial microorganism to deal with turfgrass pests. This study was focused on the use of such microorganisms for improving cultural environment and minimizing the use of pesticides. Microorganisms antagonistic to turfgrass diseases were applied to zoysiagrass fairways and creeping bentgrass greens in Yusung country club. Tharch accumulation, disease occurrence, and other cultural environments were compared among the combinations of microorganisms and suppliemental N applications. The application of microorganisms antagonistic to turfgrass diseases improved turf resiliency. Thatch thickness was 3.03cm in the control plot but it was 2.11cm in plots treated by microorganisms, indicating significant effects of microorganism application on reduction of thatch accumulation. Number of microorganism that can decompose of cellulose was higher at the plots treated with useful microbial products and it was considered that existence of higher population of microorganisms resulted in reduction of thatch accumulation. In the evaluation of relationship between thatch accumulation and disease occurrence, greater thatch accumulation was observed at the golf courses which have been frequently infested by large patch. However, the rate of thatch accumulation varied among surveyed golf courses regardless of the year of turf establishment. Therefore, management practice which can be effective for reduction of thatch could result in large patch suppression. The application of microorganisms on the established turfgrasses reduced the occurrence rate of pythium blight and yellow path diseases, whereas occurrence of brown patch and dollar spot increased.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Biology Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.7-11
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• 2003

Interactions of both feminizing and masculinizing chemicals inducing imposex in gastropod were investigated with a long-term exposure experiment. Imposex-free rock shell(Thais-clavigera)was exposed to TBT and other antagonistic chemicals (nonylphenol and DDT), P450 inducer (phenobarbital) and natural sex hormone (estrogen) mixtures for 60 days. None of imposexed-females were found in control, sham (ethanol) and testosterone exposure group, on the other hand imposex was induced in the TBT and all the TBT+antagonist mixture groups. After 60-day exposure, frequency of imposexed-female ranged from 31-68%. Female mean penis length (FMPL) of imposexed-female ranged from 0.87-2.58 mm, and relative penis length indices were from 7.2 to 21.2%. However, the degrees of imposex were different among the exposure groups. The FMPLS of three exposure groups (TBT+estrogen, + DDT and +nonylphe- not) were less than that of the TBT exposure group. Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activities in gastropod decreased in the TBT and all the TBT+antagonist ekposure groups compared to the control group. A negative correlation was abtained between TBT body residue and EROD activity, while a positive relationship was obtained between 737 body residue and the degree of imposex except for the TBT +DDT exposure group. Although 737 concentration was relatively high in the TBT+DDT exposure group, the TBT +DDT exposure group demonstrated low EROD activity and low degree of imposex. These results indicate that a certain antagonistic effect of DDT occurred in induction of imposex by TBT.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.443-447
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• 2019

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is the master regulator of xenobiotics metabolizing enzymes (XMEs). AhR is activated by aryl hydrocarbons upon binding then goes into the cell nucleus and acts as a transcription factor. Despite the role of AhR in human physiology has been investigated for a long while, it is yet to be understood mainly due to the lack of appropriate chemical agents. Furthermore, it has been reported that AhR is related to a wide range of pathogenesis. In addition, recent studies suggest that the study on the development of AhR antagonist may provide a valid therapeutic agent. Some known antagonists in current use are partially agonistic whereas a pure antagonist is still absent. In this study, two phenyl-ring structures of phenyldiazenylphenylpicolinamide has been modified into various structures and evaluated its impact on the AhR antagonistic activity to elucidate the structure-activity relationship.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.729-733
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• 2015

C. elegans has two functional peroxidasins (PXN), PXN-1 and PXN-2. PXN-2 is essential to consolidate the extracellular matrix during development and is suggested to interact with PXN-1 antagonistically. pxn-1 is involved in neuronal development and possibly maintenance; therefore, we investigated the relationship between pxn-1 and pxn-2 in neuronal development and in aging. During neuronal development, defects caused by pxn-1 overexpression were suppressed by overexpression of both pxn-1 and pxn-2. In neuronal aging process, pxn-1 mutants showed less age-related neuronal defects, such as neuronal outgrowth, neuronal wavy processes, and enhanced short-term memory performance. In addition, pxn-2 overexpressing animals retained an intact neuronal morphology when compared with age-matched controls. Consistent with these results, overexpression of both pxn-1 and pxn-2 restored the severe neuronal defects present with pxn-1 overexpression. These results implied that there is a negative relationship between pxn-1 and pxn-2 via pxn-1 regulating pxn-2. Therefore, pxn-1 may function in neuronal development and age-related neuronal maintenance through pxn-2.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.281-306
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• 2007

M. M. Bakhtin's dialogic concept of multi-voiced discourse allows us to open up the text of The Clerk's Tale and to account for its radical heterogeneity. Once we recognize the multi-voiced character of The Clerk's Tale, then what was heretofore regarded as discontinuous or ignored can be seen as the clash of several different world-views. Such a conceptual framework gives an added depth and scope to such thematic subjects as sovereignty, the status of women, and rhetorical style. There are three different and antagonistic voices involved in the tale's narration. These voices project different viewpoints or world-views, and they consequently engage each other in a polemic debate. Their relationship with each other is discontinuous and dialectical rather than continuous and harmonious. The first voice is the Petrarchan voice of moral allegory, which is the voice of tradition, authority, and high seriousness. This voice of moral allegory regards the story of Griselda as an exemplum of spiritual constancy and virtuous suffering. The second voice is the Clerkly voice of pathos based on human experience and feeling. This voice is defined by the Clerk's asides and apostrophes interspersed in the narrative proper, which function to engage the Petrarchan voice in a polemical debate. The third voice is the voice of parody, nominally identified with Chaucer the poet, which is located in the second ending, including Envoy. Whereas the other two voices are earnest and serious, the voice of parody is irrelevant, playful and antagonistic to both the Petrarchan voice of moral allegory and the Clerkly voice of secular humility.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.309-318
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• 2020

This research studies the specific cases of how Hayao Miyazaki re-arranges Hollywood's conservative storytelling model, such as the three-act, eight-sequences structure, and the use of antagonist and antagonistic force, and how he applies them into his fairytale-like narratives to increase the attention of the audience. At the same time, this research also studies the cases of how fairytale-like characters of Miyazaki's storytelling make up for the drawbacks caused by the re-arranged narrative structure and the relationship between the characters, to make the audience keep track to follow the protagonist's journey. This research focuses on the re-arrangement of the three-act structure and the eight-sequences structure. For the details, this research focuses on the alternative use of antagonistic force in My Neighbor Totoro and the cases of antagonists turning to the protagonists' side around the mid-point in Spirited Away and Howl's Moving Castle. Also, the study shows how Miyazaki expands the second act (the third to the sixth sequence) and shortens the third act (the seventh to the eighth sequence) to earn the time for the audience to be in the same position with the protagonist, and how the fairytale-like characters of these films make up for the disadvantages caused by the shortened third act.