• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.18-27
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• 1996

The feasibility of using stress-wave technique in the transverse direction for the assessment of early stages of decay was investigated using compression test specimens having different annual ring orientations subjected to decay by Tyromyces palustris for various time intervals. Decay detection, quantitative assessment of decay, and the prediction of residual strength of decayed wood with less than five percent weight loss can be feasible using stress-wave parameters (wave velocity, wave impedance, and stress-wave elasticity) and their percent reduction due to decay, measured by stress-wave technique in the transverse direction. The use of stress-wave technique in the transverse direction for the application of this technique to structural members in service is desirable, when considering the easiness of attachment of accelerometers of stress-wave measuring device on the surface of members and also accurate detection of localized decayed areas. In stress-wave technique in the transverse direction, stress-wave parameters measured were different according to the angles between wave propagation path and annual ring, due to the anisotropy of wood structure. Therefore, it is recommended to use percent reduction in stress-wave parameters instead of stress-wave parameters. This evaluation method using percent reduction in stress-wave parameters is ideal when it is impossible to observe annual ring orientation on the transverse surface of wood.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.317-327
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• 1993

Stands profiles, yearly changes in growth of annual rings, age and diameter structure, and spatial distribution pattern of individuals in the Pinus densiflora stands around the Yeocheon industrial complex were investigated. Growth of annual ring in Pinus densiflora, which survived when vegetation of this area was damaged by air pollutants, was suppressed for about 10 years since 1974 when factories in this area began to operate, but since then such suppressed growth tended to be recovered. It was supposed that the suppresed growth was originated from air pollution and that improvement of growth since the suppressed period was due to the release from competition with them by death of neighbouring trees and the resuction of the amount of air pollutants. Physiognomy of Pinus densiflora stands showed mosaic pattern composed of different patches. Spatial distribution pattern of individuals an stand profiles were similar to those of Pinus densiflora stands regenerated after natural and artificial disturbances. In an age distribution diagram, age of Pinus densiflora population ranged from 1 to 33 years, Among these individuals were recrited corresponded to the suppresed period of growth of annual ring in Pinus densiflora survived when the vegetation was damaged by air pollution. On the other hand, from the result of analysis of frequency distribution diagram of diameter, it was postulated that even if whis Pinus densiflora community can be maintained as it is for the time being, it might be changed to Quercus community with the lapse of time. Regeneration; Pinus densiflora; Air pollution; Annual ring; Age structure; Diameter structure; Quercus spp. In these analyses, factors for individual recognition and species recognition were suggested.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.23-38
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• 2006

During the repair and restoration of the Daewoongjeon Hall of Youngguksa Temple, species identification and tree-ring dating for both present wood elements and charred ones excavated under the Hall, were conducted. The species of 74 wood elements of Daewoongjeon Hall, were identified as Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. and only 1 was identified as exotic Pinus species. The latter wood, which was used in the laths, seems to have been replaced during past repairs. Many documentary records and various artifacts pertaining to Youngguksa Temple are being excavated, but none described precisely the construction date of the present Daewoongjeon Hall. Also, from beneath the Daewoongjeon Hall, cornerstone and foundation of previous building and several charred wood elements were excavated. In comparing the direction of the stone columns of foundation of the previous structure and the existing Daewoongjeon Hall, the previous structure was rotated in an angle of approximately $15^{\circ}$. Therefore, in order to find the association of the previous structure with the present Daewoongjeon Hall, tree-ring dating was conducted. The dating of 41 original timbers and 14 roof-filling timbers of the present construction elements revealed that the last annual ring was of A. D. 1703 with complete latewood, indicating that those woods was cut some time between the autumn of 1703 and spring of 1704, and the building was erected in 1704 when we assume no period of wood storage. The year of the last annual ring of the charred elements, which were excavated from beneath the Daewoongjeon Hall, was analyzed as 1674. The cutting year of the woods used for the present building began in 1698, therefore, it can be presumed that the Daewoongjeon Hall before the fire was a structure that was elected shortly after 1674 and that a catastrophic fire occurred some time between 1674 and 1698.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.56-61
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• 2014

Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of Yellow-hearted pine and Red pine were investigated. Wood color, annual ring width and latewood percentage were observed by the naked eye. Anatomical properties as the structure of three sections and cell dimensions were examined by an optical microscopy. As a result, the color of bark in Yellow-hearted pine was Reddish-grey, and Red pine showed brown or gray. The color of heartwood and sapwood in Yellow-hearted pine was deep-yellow to brown and creamy-white. And the color of heartwood and sapwood in Red pine was light-brown and light-yellow. The annual ring width of Yellow-hearted pine was narrower than that of Red pine, and the latewood percentage of Yellow-hearted pine was a little higher than that of Red pine. There was no significant difference in the anatomical characteristics between Yellow-hearted pine and Red pine.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2008년도 하계종합학술대회
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• pp.879-880
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• 2008

Music can give pleasure to people according to a rhythm, and Musical instrument can make various sounds according to quality of the lumber. A string instrument makes sound by strings so it feels very soft and a brass makes to feel a high pitched tone. A gayageum makes sound by oscillation which is transferred to a resonator when a string is touched. And this sound is very soft and faint. Therefore, in this paper, we researched sound properties of gayageum according to quality of the lumber of musical instrument. As the result of researches, we found that melody is affected by the annual ring of the resonance lumber.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.777-784
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• 2015

본 연구는 전남지역에 조림된 편백림을 대상으로 출현종의 개체수 및 종다양성 등의 식생요인과 토양요인의 상관성을 밝히고, 편백의 연륜생장량에 영향을 미치는 입지환경요인을 분석하였다. 편백림의 식생요인과 토양요인의 상관관계분석에서 종다양성지수와 CEC 유효인산 치환성 $K^+$사이에서는 높은 정의 상관관계를 보였다(P<0.01). 또한, 출현종수와 CEC 유효인산 치환성 $K^+$ 치환성 $Mg^{2+}$ 사이에서도 높은 정의 상관관계를 보였다(P<0.01). 편백의 연륜생장량과 입지환경요인간 상관관계 분석에서 연륜생장량은 유효인산, CEC, 치환성 $K^+$, 전기전도도 등 토양의 보비력 및 비옥도와 높은 상관관계를 보였다(P<0.01). 편백 연륜생장량의 설명변수는 치환성 $K^+$과 유기물함량, 토양산도며, 회귀모형의 설명력($R^2$)은 74.4%로 높은 수준이었다. 이 모형에서 편백의 연륜생장량은 치환성 $K^+$과 유기물함량이 높을수록 늘어났지만, 토양산도는 낮을수록 줄어들었다. 따라서, 편백의 연륜생장량은 유효인산 CEC 치환성 $K^+$ 전기전도도 등의 토양지력이 유효한 영향을 미친 것으로 분석되었다. 또한, 편백림의 토양지력은 편백의 하층식생으로부터의 낙엽공급이 유익한 영향을 미치는 것으로 보인다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.45-52
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• 1993

Surveyed results on the slope of grain and the twist of sawn lumber of Pinus koraiensis, Larix leptolepis, and Pinus densiflora were summarized as follows: 1. The slope of grain of Pinus koraiensis has a Z-grain in the stem axis. The slope of grain was found to be the lowest at near to the pith and then constantly increased. At the height of 0.2m from the base of stem. a cross section of 35 annual rings was found to have a repeatedly increasing and decreasing slope of grain and then constantly decreased. At the height of 1.2m to 7.2m from the base of stem, the slope of grain increased conspicuously until the 10th annual ring, after which it increased near to the bark with repeatedly increasing and decreasing trends. 2. Pinus densiflora has a S-grain in the stem axis. The lowest slope of grain was found at near to the pith, and the highest in the 10 to 35 annual rings from the pith. 3. Larix leptolepis has a S-grain. At the height of 3.2m from the base of stem, the big fluctuation of the slope of grain was found without any particular trend. 4. The slope of grain and the twist between natural and reforested timber of Pinus koraiensis were found to be almost the same trend in viewpoint of the annual ring. The maximum slope of grain of imported Siberian timber of Pinus koraiensis was found at the 10 annual rings, which was quite similar to that of native species in Korea, but the big difference of the twist was found at 140 annual rings. 5. The twist was little at the mature wood of reforested Pinus koraiensis and Siberians and the duplicated part of mature and juvenile woods of those. On the contrary, the twist was great at the duplicated part of mature and juvenile woods of Pinus koraiensis. 6. The twist of Larix leptolepis showed the S-direction which coincided with that of slope of grain. The twist was greatest at the part of juvenile wood and little at the duplicated part of mature and juvenile woods, and little difference of twist was found between mature and juvenile woods. 7. Siberian larix having a minimum slope of grain showed the lowest twist, and the twist at the duplicated part of mature and juvenile woods showed a middle level of both mature and juvenile woods' portions.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.607-615
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• 2016

The delamination along the annual ring on the cross-section of laminae and the bonding strength according to the tangential angle between laminae were evaluated for the production of 3-ply cross-laminated timber (CLT) using domestic larch. Since there is no standard for CLT in Korea, the production and test of specimens for bonding strength followed the standard procedure of "Structural glued laminated timber" (KS F 3021). The standard specifies to exclude any measurement from the cracks of timbers resulted from drying or knots during delamination test of the glued laminated timbers. However, the failure of cross-sectional tissues along the annual rings was observed near the glue-line of all specimens during the delamination test. Because this phenomenon can generate defects in the CLT that may be exposed to various temperatures and relative humidities after the actual construction, the delamination percentage was measured by including this wood failure. As a result, the delamination percentage of the CLT which had been combined in such a way that the annual rings of outer lamina were directed inward was the lowest, which was around 13%, regardless of the annual ring direction of the middle lamina. On the other hand, the delamination percentage of the CLT which had been combined in such a way that the annual rings of outer lamina were directed outward was the highest, which was around 26%. Furthermore, end-split occurred in the outer lamina during the drying process of the boiling delamination test, which affected the delamination percentage. Therefore, the soaking delamination test was found to be more appropriate for evaluating the delamination strength of CLT. The block shear strength of larch CLT was $3.9{\pm}0.9$ MPa on average, which was 46% lower than the block shear strength requirement (7.1 MPa) of the standard, but satisfied the criteria of the block shear strength (3.5 MPa) of the European Standard (prEN 16351: 2013).

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.274-281
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• 2005

의성군의 기후특성은 여름 고온과 강우집중이 높으며, 이 또한 점진적으로 증가하고 있다. 겨울에 저온과 건조가 심하고, 점진적으로 저온일이 증가하고, 강-우량이 감소하는 지역이다. 또한 의성군 조림지의 토양은 우리나라 산림토양의 전형인 pH $4.5\~5.6$사이의 산성토양으로 나타났으며, 부식층의 두께는 조림수종에 따라 다양하게 나타났으며, A층의 두께는 평균 $10\~20cm$ 정도로 비교적 얕은 편이었다. 또한 전형적인 갈색 산림토양을 나타내고 있고 일부 아카시나무 조림지는 층위의 구분이 불분명한 미숙 토양으로 나타났다. 의성군 지역의 임지환경에 따른 주요조림 수종의 생장특성은 낙엽송의 경우 성재재적이 가능한 흉고직경 6cm에 도달하는 기간이 최소 5년에서 9년 정도의 기간이 걸리는 것으로 나타났다. 연년생장량이 현격히 떨어지는 시기는 수령이 17년에서 19년 사이에 떨어지기 시작하는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 북사면에서 동사면이나 북동사면에 비하여 연륜의 변화가 심하게 나타났다. 리기다소나무의 경우 서사면과 동북사면에서 연륜폭의 변화가 적고 고른 반면 남사면과 동사면에서는 연륜의 변화폭이 심하게 나타나고 있다. 비슷한 수령과 토양에서 사면방향이 다른 차이만으로도 연륜폭 변화가 크게 나타나고 성재재적에 이르는 시기는 $7\~9$년 정도에 가능하며 연년생장율이 떨어지기 시작하는 것도 19년 내외가 되면 연년생장율이 $10\%$이하로 떨어지는 것으로 나타났다. 잣나무에 있어서 연륜폭은 전체적으로 사면 특성에 의한 차이는 뚜렷하게 나타나지 않았다. 다만 현재 까지 특별한 간벌이 없는 관계로 점진적으로 연년생장량이 감소하고 있다. 부분적으로 북동사면과 남서사면간의 비교에서는 연륜폭 변화가 서사면과 동사면의 비교에 비하여 크게 나타나고 있으며, 성재재적에 이르는 시기는 입지에 상관없이 6년 정도 소요되면 연년생장량은 약 19년 전후에 연년생장율이 $10\%$이하로 떨어져서 생육이 저하되는 것으로 나타났다. 상수리나무에 있어서는 임지내에서 계곡부와 산록부를 비교하였다. 이를 통해서 상수리나무 또한 토양이 비교적 비옥하고 보습성이 높은 계곡부에서 연륜의 변화가 균일하게 나타나는 것으로 나타났다. 연년생장량 또한 비교적 시계열적으로 떨어지면 조림 후 17년 전후해서 $10\%$이하로 떨어지는 것으로 나타났다. 아카시나무는 사면방향에 따른 변이보다는 기후 등의 영향으로 연륜폭 변화가 매우 심하게 나타났으며 특히 북서사면과 북동사면 사이에 연륜폭 변화의 차이가 크게 나타나는 것으로 분석되었다. 따라서 주요 조림수종은 성재재적이 되는 흉고직경 6cm에 이르는 시기가 최소 5년에서 9년 정도의 기간이 걸리는 것으로 나타나며, 연년생장량이 현격히 떨어지는 시기는 수령이 13년에서 19년 사이에 일어나기 시작하는 것으로 나타났다. 낙엽송의 경우 사면방위에 따라 조림의 성공과 생육이 결정되며 리기다소나무와 잣나무는 사면방위, 기후가 영향을 미치며, 조림 후 임지관리가 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 이와 함께 상수리나무, 아카시나무 등의 활엽수종에서도 자연발생적인 임지라 하더라도 임지의 관리를 통한 충분한 보육이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.515-544
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• 2000

This paper shows that various fractionally integrated univariate and multivariate are remarkably successful in representing annual temperature series and also very long series of tree ring widths, which are often used as a proxy for temperature. The analysis also suggests that human recorded temperature series are not inconsistent with being generated by a stationary, long memory process. From the empirical results, we should be noted that the statistically significant positive trend coefficients may well be due to small sample sizes. These results cast some doubt on the basic assumption that global warming is definitely occurring.