• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2019

Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici is a soil borne pathogenic fungus associated with wheat roots. The accurate quantification of gene expression during the process of infection might be helpful to understand the pathogenic molecular mechanism. However, this method requires suitable reference genes for transcript normalization. In this study, nine candidate reference genes were chosen, and the specificity of the primers were investigated by melting curves of PCR products. The expression stability of these nine candidates was determined with three programs-geNorm, Norm Finder, and Best Keeper. $TUB{\beta}$ was identified as the most stable reference gene. Furthermore, the exopolygalacturonase gene (ExoPG) was selected to verify the reliability of $TUB{\beta}$ expression. The expression profile of ExoPG assessed using $TUB{\beta}$ agreed with the results of digital gene expression analysis by RNA-Seq. This study is the first systematic exploration of the optimal reference genes in the infection process of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.69-89
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• 2006

Biological mechanisms for ionizing radiation effects are different at low doses than at high doses. Radiation hormesis involves low-dose-induced protection and high-dose-induced harm. The protective component is associated with a reduction in the incidence of cancer below the spontaneous frequency, brought about by activation of defensive and repair processes. The Linear No-Threshold (LNT) hypothesis advocated by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and the Biological Effects of ionizing Radiation (BEIR) Report VII for cancer risk estimations Ignores hormesis and the presence of a threshold. Cancer incidences significantly less than expected have been found in a large number of epidemiological studies including, airline flight personnel, inhabitants of high radiation backgrounds, shipyard workers, nuclear site workers in scores of locations throughout the world, nuclear power utility workers, plutonium workers, military nuclear test site Participants, Japanese A-bomb survivors, residents contaminated by major nuclear accidents, residents of Taiwan living in $^{60}Co$ contaminated buildings, fluoroscopy and mammography patients, radium dial painters, and those exposed to indoor radon. Significantly increased cancer was not found at doses <200 $mSv^*$. Evidence for radiation hormesis was seen in both sexes for acute or chronic exposures, low or high LET radiations, external whole- or partial body exposures, and for internal radionuclides. The ubiquitous nature of the Healthy Worker Effect (HWE)-like responses in cellular, animal and epidemiological studies negates the HWE as an explanation for radiation hormesis. The LNT hypothesis is wrong and does not represent the true nature of the dose-response relationship, since low doses or dose-rates commonly result in thresholds and reduce cancer incidences below the spontaneous rate. Radiation protection organizations should seriously consider the cost and health implications of radiation hormesis.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.160-170
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• 2024

Erwinia amylovora is a plant pathogen that causes fire blight on apples and pears. Bacteriophages, which are viruses that selectively infect specific species of bacteria and are harmless to animal cells, have been considered as biological control agents for the prevention of bacterial pathogens. In this study, we aimed to use bacteriophages that infect E. amylovora as biocontrol agents against fire blight. We isolated bacteriophages Fifi044 and Fifi318 infecting E. amylovora, and characterized their morphology, plaque form, and genetic diversity to use as cocktails for disease control. The stabilities of the two phages were investigated at various temperatures and pH values and under sunlight, and long-term storage experiment was conducted for a year. To evaluate whether the two phages were suitable for use in cocktail form, growth curves of E. amylovora were prepared after treating the bacterial cells with single phages and a phage cocktail. In addition, a disease control test was conducted using immature apples and in vitro cultured apple plantlets to determine the biocontrol effects of the phage cocktail. The two phages were morphologically and genetically different, and highly stable up to 50℃ and pH value from 4 to 10. The phages showed synergistic effect when used as a cocktail in the inhibition of host bacterial growth and the disease control. This study demonstrated that the potential of the phage cocktail as a biocontrol agent for commercial use.

• Journal of Species Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.27-30
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• 2016

Four mite species (Acari: Scutacaridae: Scutacarus acarorum (Goeze, 1780), Chaetodactylidae: Sennertia alfkeni (Oudemans, 1900); Ascidae: Proctolaelaps longanalis (Westerboer, 1963), Laelapidae: Hypoaspis (Pneumolaelaps) marginepilosa (Sellnick, 1938) are found on the body of bees deposited in the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest. The host bee species were collect in Democratic People's Republic of Korea; the found four species are collected at first time in Democratic People's Republic of Korea.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.245-248
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• 1998

The influence of refeeding either protein, carbohydrate or fat on hepatic insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) mRNA level in chicks which had been fasted for 2 days was examined. The hepatic IGF-I mRNA was measured by ribonuclease protection assay. Fasting reduced hepatic IGF-I mRNA levels to less than half of those in the fed control. When chicks were refed either a control, protein or carbohydrate diet, IGF-I mRNA levels significantly increased to those in the fed control until 2 hours of refeeding. Refeeding of fat did not alter hepatic IGF-I mRNA levels. The significant correlation between liver weight and hepatic IGF-I gene expression suggests that when chicks are refed after 2-d fasting, the acute increase in hepatic IGF-I gene expression brought about after refeeding may be partly regulated by the increase in liver protein metabolism.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.265-267
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• 1998

Cattle in Alaska seemed to be tolerant to low blood selenium (Se) although arctic winter energy demands might exacerbate oxidative damage to tissues lacking protection by Se. The thermogenic properities of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and the long cold adaptation period for Alaskan cattle indicates that they might develop BAT. Eighteen mature beef cows with whole blood Se of< 19 ppb were used to examine possible relation-ships among Se deficiency, tissue lesions, and observable BAT. All cows were wintered on a diet low in Se and nine cows were given supplemental Se provided by intraruminal bolus. Blood Se was elevated (p < .05) from November through February by supplemental Se, but body weight and back fat thickness were unaffected (p < .10). Tissues were taken from two Se deficient cows, two cows supplemented with Se, and two cows given large doses of Se (300 mg by injection) four weeks before slaughter. Histopathological examination of 187 samples of fat (7 to 55 from each cow) showed no observable amount of BAT. Examination of other tissues showed no lesions attributable to Se deficiency.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.31-39
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• 2010

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are typical probiotic microbes which are used in various industries including fermented foods, feed additives, and pharmaceuticals. The purpose of this study was to compare the ability of antioxidative activities of 23 strains of LAB isolated from cheese, kimchi, yogurt, and etc. LAB were tested for antioxidative activities such as 2,2'- azino-bis(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging abilities and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like ability. Antioxidative activities were examined different media such as MRS, M17, and 10% skim milk. Culture supernatant in M17 medium showed a higher antioxidative activity than these in MRS and 10% skim milk. Comparison of ABTS radical scavenging ability by the LAB showed a wide variation with a range from 9~93% and SOD-like ability of LAB ranged from 70~78%, respectively. Therfore, some of LAB can play important roles in the protection for oxidative stress and CPP-producing activity of LAB may be a promising material for application in the dairy industry.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Veterinary Pathology Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.21-37
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• 2002

Successful diagnosis of a disease in food-producing animals depends in many times on proper collection and handling of specimens, as well as careful clinical observation and evaluation of the diseased animals. During the period required to complete the appropriate laboratory tests, an awareness of the potential problems of disease spread to animals at risk and the available palliative treatments is essential. Because most microbial-induced diseases in herds or flocks cannot be effectively treated once the problem is established, management through prevention and control of the disease must be instituted to offer the maximum protection to animals at risk. Thus, the course of disease management for infectious diseases is oftentimes a difficult judgment decision. This paper presents a brief general guide to specimen collection and laboratory methods used for diagnosis of diseases in production animals. (omitted)

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.121-135
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• 1991

Facing the international open-trade of agricultural and livestock products, a basic strategy is urgently necessary to improve the domestic livestock industry to an international level. Price and quality competitions are the most important target in international trade. Improvement in productivity of livestock is the most important factor in price competition. In recent trade of livestock products, quality competition becomes more important than price competition in livestock products, and will be severer in the future. Basic strategies for higher productivity and safety of livestock products are listed as follows ： 1. Protection from exotic diseases 2. Eradication of indigenous diseases 3. Development of new methods and techniques for control of animal diseases 4. Application of hygiene and management techniques 5. Safety evaluation of feedstuffs and animal drugs, and 6. Development of technique and regulations for prevention and monitoring of residue of harmful chemicals.

• BMB Reports
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• v.46 no.7
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• pp.335-337
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• 2013

Scientists planning research that involves the use of animals are required by international and/or national law to examine the possibilities for the implementation of Replacement, Reduction and/or Refinement (the Three Rs principles of Russell and Burch) in experiments for research, testing, and education. There are two Korean laws legislating humane use of animals and ethical review prior to animal experiments. This report reviews current practice of the literature search by the researchers and protocol review by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees on the Replacement, Reduction and Refinement alternatives in Korea. The promotion and protection of the laboratory animals are one of the core competencies of investigators exploring the ethical conduct of research and good science.