• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Embryo Transfer Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.80-80
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• 2002

This study was carried out that to investigate the effects of amino acids supplemented with culture medium on development of porcine embryos cultured in vitro. Cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were cultured in the maturation medium containing hormones (0.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ LH, 0.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ FSH and 1$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ estradiol-17${\beta}$) for 20-22 h at 39$^{\circ}C$ in an atmosphere of 5% CO$_2$in air. Subsequently, COCs were cultured in hormone-free maturation medium for 20-22 h. After maturation for 40-44h, oocytes were removed cumulus cells by pipetting and cultured with epididymal sperm for 5 h in the mTBM. Embryos obtained were divided in 4 groups (1) cultured in NCSU 23 containing 0.4% BSA to blastocyst stage(Control), (2) essential amino acids (EA), (3) non-essential amino acids (NA), (4) mixture of essential and non essential amino acid (EA+NA). All treated groups(2-4) were used a glucose free NCSU 23 medium supplemented with pyruvate (0.33 mM), lactate (4.5 mM) to morula stage. From morula to blastocyst stage embryos of all treated groups were cultured in NCSU 23 containing 0.4% BSA. The rates of cleaved oocytes at 48 h after IVF were from 82% to 88% in the groups of control, EA, NA and EA+NA, respectively. The in vitro developmental rates into blastocysts in the groups of EA and EA+NA were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of group of control (35.1, 35.4 vs. 19.4%, respectively), however, no significant (P<0.05) between control and NA. In conclusion, supplemented with essential amino acid or mixture of essential and non essential amino acid in the culture medium at morula stage increased the rate of development to blastocyst on in vitro produced porcine embryos.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.669-679
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• 2021

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of rumen-protected amino acid (RPAA) prototypes, which were chemically synthesized, on in vitro rumen fermentation and protection rate outcomes. Several RPAA prototypes were incubated with timothy hay and concentrate. Treatments consisted of 1) control (CON; no RPAA prototype supplement), and prototypes of 2) 0.5% RP-methionine (RPMet), 3) 0.5% RP-tryptophan (RPTrp), 4) 0.5% RP-valine (RPVal), 5) 0.5% RP-phenylalanine (RPPhe), 6) 0.5% RP-leucine (RPLeu), 7) 0.5% RP-histidine (RPHis), 8) 20% RPMet, and 9) 20% RPTrp (w·w^-1 feed). The inoculum (50 mL) prepared with rumen fluid and McDougall's buffer (1 : 4) was dispensed in individual serum bottles and was anaerobically incubated for 0, 6, and 24 h at 39℃ in triplicate. The dry matter degradability did not differ among the groups, except for the 20% RPMet and the 20% RPTrp treatments at 6 and 24 h. The total volatile fatty acid concentration in the 20% RPMet was higher (p < 0.05) than the rest of the groups at 6 h, and 20% RPMet showed the highest molar proportion of acetate, whereas the lowest proportion of propionate was found at 6 h (p < 0.05). The protection rate of the RPAA prototypes ranged from 29.85 to 109.21%. at 24 h. In conclusion, the chemically synthesized RPAA prototypes studied here had no detrimental effects on rumen fermentation parameters. Further studies using animal models are needed for more accurate evaluations of the effectiveness of RPAA.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.1779-1784
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• 2008

Seasonal changes in the concentration of free amino acids were determined monthly in plasma from the jugular blood of 50 thoroughbred racehorses that compete during the night between June and September and during the day between October and January. The concentration of most free amino acids remained relatively constant between June and January. However, those of glutamic acid, alanine, isoleucine and lysine tended to decrease and that of arginine (Arg) significantly decreased between July and September. The concentration of methionine (Met) gradually increased between June and September and significantly decreased thereafter. The concentration of 3-methylhistidine (3-MH) significantly increased between July and September and decreased thereafter. There were significant correlation between 3-MH and Arg. In conclusion, this study provided evidence of significant seasonal change in plasma 3-MH, Arg and Met of racehorses, and this was considered to relate to an environmental effect. Moreover, our study is the first to show 3-MH in plasma of racehorses affected by environmental change.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.313-322
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• 2014

Evaluation of energy in the diet is very important in animal nutrition because food intake is strongly influenced by the energy content of the diet. This means that the intake of other nutrients, such as amino acids, is affected by their ratio to energy content. Poultry can control their energy intake over a range of energy: protein ratios. Energy: protein ratio also affects the growth and body composition. Therefore we need to know what extent the relationship between energy and dietary protein influences the bird's performance. To predict the energy value of the diet or its chemical constituents, researchers have been working on modelling using the equations of the major biochemical pathways in terms of ATP generation and utilization. The activity of feeding and the metabolism caused by digestion and assimilation of food increase the animal's heat production and it can be measured by calorimetry technique. Theoretically, surplus amino acids which are not needed for protein synthesis stimulate an additional increase in metabolic rate and lead to increased energetic costs of catabolism and excretion. However, it has sometimes been shown that there was no measurable diet-induced thermoregulatory effect when an imbalanced amino acid mixture was fed. All these aspects are discussed in this review.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.314-322
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• 2021

Paired box protein, PAX7, is a key molecule for the specification, maintenance and skeletal muscle regeneration of muscle satellite cells. In this study, we identified and characterized the cDNA and amino acid sequences of PAX7 from black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) via molecular cloning and sequence analysis. A. schlegelii PAX7 cDNA was comprised of 1,524 bp encoding 507 amino acids and multiple sequence alignment analysis of the translated amino acids showed that it contained three domains including paired DNA-binding domain, homeobox domain and OAR domain which were well conserved across various animal species investigated. Pairwise Sequence Alignment indicated that A. schlegelii PAX7 had the same amino acid sequences with that of yellowfin seabream (A. latus) and 99.8% identity and similarity with that of gilt-head bream (Sparus aurata). Molecular phylogenetic analysis confirmed that A. schlegelii PAX7 formed a monophyletic group with those of teleost and most closely related with those of the fish that belong to Sparidae family including A. latus and S. aurata. In the investigation of its tissue specific mRNA expression, the expression was specifically identified in skeletal muscle tissue and a weak expression was also shown in gonad tissue. The cultured cells derived from skeletal muscle tissues expressed PAX7 mRNA at early passage but the expression was not observed after several times of subculture.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.506-520
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• 2023

Objective: Japanese Brown (JBR) cattle, especially the Kochi (Tosa) pedigree (JBRT), is a local breed of moderately marbled beef. Despite the increasing demand, the interbreed differences in muscle metabolites from the highly marbled Japanese Black (JBL) beef remain poorly understood. We aimed to determine flavor-related metabolites and postmortem metabolisms characteristic to JBRT beef in comparison with JBL beef. Methods: Lean portions of the longissimus thoracis (loin) muscle from four JBRT cattle were collected at 0, 1, and 14 d postmortem. The muscle metabolomic profiles were analyzed using capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The difference in post-mortem metabolisms and aged muscle metabolites were analyzed by statistical and bioinformatic analyses between JBRT (n = 12) and JBL cattle (n = 6). Results: A total of 240 metabolite annotations were obtained from the detected signals of the JBRT muscle samples. Principal component analysis separated the beef samples into three different aging point groups. According to metabolite set enrichment analysis, post-mortem metabolic changes were associated with the metabolism of pyrimidine, nicotinate and nicotinamide, purine, pyruvate, thiamine, amino sugar, and fatty acid; citric acid cycle; and pentose phosphate pathway as well as various amino acids and mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism. The aged JBRT beef showed higher ultimate pH and lower lactate content than aged JBL beef, suggesting the lower glycolytic activity in postmortem JBRT muscle. JBRT beef was distinguished from JBL beef by significantly different compounds, including choline, amino acids, uridine monophosphate, inosine 5'-monophosphate, fructose 1,6-diphosphate, and betaine, suggesting interbreed differences in the accumulation of nucleotide monophosphate, glutathione metabolism, and phospholipid metabolism. Conclusion: Glycolysis, purine metabolism, fatty acid catabolism, and protein degradation were the most common pathways in beef during postmortem aging. The differentially expressed metabolites and the relevant metabolisms in JBRT beef may contribute to the development of a characteristic flavor.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.68-74
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• 2009

This study was conducted to determine the effects of mugwort powder on meat compositions (proximate analysis, meat cholesterol, fatty and amino acid composition) and sensory characteristics in finishing pigs ($LY{\times}D$). Each $20{\times}3$ pigs (75 kg) were randomly allotted to three treatments. Mugwort powder was added for 0 (C), 0.5 (T1), 1.0 (T2), or 1.5% (T3) in basal diet, respectively for 50 days. Moisture, protein, ash, and cholesterol were not significantly different between the samples, however, the compositions of fat in T2 and T3 were significantly lower than the control (p<0.05). The amino acid composition did not differ significantly in the samples. The total sum of saturated fatty acid (SFA) and unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) did not differ significantly in the samples. The compositions of linoleic acid, linolenic acid, essential fatty acid (EFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) were lowest significantly in T3, however, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) were highest in T3 (p<0.05). The fatty acid compositions of arachidonic acid, EFA and PUFA were highest significantly in T2 (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in the sensory characteristics of fresh and cooked meats in the samples.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.155-161
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• 1998

This study conducted to evaluate effects of popped soybean on levels of ruminal peptides and blood amino acids in Holstein calves fed sudan grass hay as a forage source and popped (PSB) soybean as a concentrate supplement. At 0, 2, 4 and 6 h after feeding, rumen fluid and blood samples were collected from the rumen and jugular vein, respectively, and amino acids, peptides and other nitrogen-containing compounds in the rumen were analyzed. Ruminal pH tended to be higher in the RSB than in the PSB treatments, and declined upto 4 h after feeding, since then increased in both treatments. The concentrations of ammonia-N in all treatments increased upto 2 h after feeding, and then decreased gradually with time after feeding. The concentrations of ammonia N in the rumen were not significantly different between the treatments, however, those in RSB treatment appeared to be higher. Also, protein concentrations in the rumen were not significantly different between the treatments. Peptide productions were the highest at 2 h after feeding in the group fed RSB which is rapidly degradable in rumen, whereas those in the group fed PSB which is slowly degradable in rumen were maximized at 4 h after feeding. The concentration of total free essential amino acids in plasma was higher in the RSB treatment than in the PSB, but disappearance rates of these amino acids out of plasma was higher in the PSB treatment than in the RSB treatment. Disappearance rates of free non-essential amino acids in plasma were not significantly different between the treatments. Consequently, this study implies that the production of peptide and utilization of blood amino acid may be controlled by the modification of protein degradability.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.1770-1776
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• 2003

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of dietary glutamine (Gln) supplement on the performance and villus morphology of weaned pigs. In Exp. 1, 48 pigs were fed diets supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5% Gln for 28 days. Dietary Gln supplemented levels did not influence performance and plasma Gln concentration of weaned pigs. In Exp. 2, 48 weaned pigs were fed the same treatment diets of Exp. 1 for 7 or 14 days. Dietary Gln supplement reduced the ratio of small intestine weight to empty carcass weight at d 14 postweaning. However, the villus height and villus height/crypt depth ratio at the duodenum were increased. IgA and protein in the bile from d 7 and d 14 postweaning were higher in the pigs fed the diet supplemented with 0.5% Gln. Plasma IgA concentration was not influenced by dietary Gln levels. In conclusion, dietary Gln supplement might benefit the development of the small intestine and bile IgA production in weaned pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.213-219
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• 2000

Two experiments were conducted to determine ileal digestibilities for the amino acids contained in sesame meal using the regression technique and then applying the values obtained in a growth trial using growing-finishing pigs. For the digestibility trial, four, 20 kg crossbred (Yorkshire $\times$ Landrace $\times$ Beijing Black) barrows were fitted with a simple T-cannula in the terminal ileum. After recovery, the barrows were fed one of four experimental diets according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin Square design. The pigs were fed corn-soybean meal based diets supplemented with 0, 25, 50 or 75 percent sesame meal. For the growth trial, 210 crossbred (Yorkshire $\times$ Landrace $\times$ Henan Min) growing pigs ($21.8{\pm}1.4kg$), were fed corn-soybean meal based diets supplemented with 0, 3, 6, 9, or 12% sesame meal. Three pens (7 gilts and 7 castrates) were assigned to each treatment. With the exception of arginine and phenylalanine, the digestibility coefficients for the indispensible amino acids declined as the level of sesame meal in the diet increased. There was little agreement between the amino acid digestibilities determined with the regression technique and values previously published for sesame meal determined with the direct method. Daily gain and feed conversion both declined (linear effect p=0.02 and 0.06 respectively) as the level of sesame meal in the diet increased.