• 패션비즈니스
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.135-151
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• 2007

This study is human body measurement of 200 adult males in their 20s by both direct and indirect methods in order to reveal the representative male upper body types. Composition factors of body types were classified while the combination of direct-indirect measurement values was chosen. The following are the findings: 1) The analysis of direct-indirect measurement statistics showed the following results: 173.80cm (height), 69.87kg (weight), 95.58cm (chest girth), $24.67^{\circ}$ (right shoulder angle), and $9.34^{\circ}$ (shoulder width angle). 2) The factor analysis of the body types by direct measurement produced 5 factors: 1 (front length of upper body), 2 (front length of upper body), 3 (back length of upper body), 4 (circumference of upper body), and 5 (shoulders length). These factors accounted for 90.08%. Also, the cluster analysis of factor scores led to 3 types: 1 (33%, short, comparatively wide shoulders and full in the hips), 2 (25.1%, well-developed upper body in tall, inversed triangle), 3 (41%, average height, short upper body). 3) The body-type factor analysis by indirect measurement resulted in 6 factors with the explanation of 83.24%: 1 (rear upper bady thickness), 2 (front upper body width), 3 (front chest thickness), 4 (left-right shoulder angle), 5 (front width of protrusion distance in chest and shoulders), and 6 (neck's front-rear side angle).In addition, the cluster analysis of factor scores brought about 4 types: 1 (15%, well-developed front chest, beardless waist), 2 (23.5%, flat chest, with shoulder, drooping shoulders, strait neck), 3 (39%, with shoulder, curved back), and 4 (22.5%, narrow and thin, curved waist). 4) Among the 118 subjects (75%), 58 subjects commonly appearing in indirect measurement values group and direct measurement values group were chosen the representative body type group according to asterisk indexes. They had the highest frequency in direct type 3 and indirect type 3, whose combination represented the physical characteristics of the representative body types.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.267-276
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• 1999

본 연구는 1992년부터 1997년까지 6년간 연세대학교 치과대학 부속병원 교정과에 내원하여 진단을 받은 부정교합 환자중에서 진단용 석고모형과 진료기록부가 잘 보존되고 지역 거주지가 확실한 9159명을 대상으로 연도별 내원 환자의 성별 분포, 연령별 내원 환자의 분포, Angle씨 부정교합 분류, 제 I급 부정교합 양상의 분류 및 지역적 분포 특성등을 조사하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 본 원 교정과에 내원한 환자의 수가 1992년에 비해 1997년 86%가 증가하였으며 1995년 이후 매년 증가하는 추세를 보였다. 2. 연령별 내원 분포에서 19세 이상군의 비율이 39.9%로 가장 높게 나타났으며 사춘기전 아동의 비율은 점차 감소하는 반면, 성인 교정환자의 비중이 점차 높아지는 경향을 나타내었다. 3. Angle씨 부정교합 분류에 의한 내원 환자 분포에서 제 III급 부정교합자가 38.1%로 가장 높은 비율을 나타내었으며, 제 I급 부정교합이 33.3%, 제 II급 부정교합은 28.6%의 빈도를 보였다. 4. 제 I급 부정교합자중 총생(crowding)을 주소로 내원한 환자가 32.6%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 연도별 변화에서는 돌출(protrusion)환자는 점차 증가 양상을 보여 96년에는 33.9%로 가장 높은 비율을 보였으며 개교합과 반대교합 환자는 감소하는 추세로 나타났다. 5. 내원 환자의 지역적 분포를 보면 서울시 환자가 전체 내원 환자의 70%이상 차지하는 것으로 조사되었으며 서울시 내원환자중 연세대학교 치과병원을 중심으로 반경 3-6km의 거주자가 32.3%로 가장 높게 나타났고 반경 9Km이내에서 전체의 69%를 차지하였다. 4. 수평피개보다는 수직피개가 치근흡수에 미치는 영향이 컸으며 개방교합의 경향이 커질수록 치근흡수의 빈도가 높았다. 5. 개개 치아에서 나타나는 부정교합의 특징에 대해서는 반대교합과 개방교합을 함께 나타내는 치아에서 치근흡수의 빈도가 가장 높았다.를 보이지 않았는데 이는 다른 연구 결과와 유사한 결과이다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.855-864
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• 1998

본 연구의 목적은 한국인 여성 II급 2류 부정교합 환자의 측모두부 방사선계측사진상의 형태학적 특징을 평가하고, 같은 II급 2류 부정교합을 가진 백인과의 형태학적 차이를 비교하는 것이다. 연구자료는 초진시의 연구모형에서 II급 2류 부정교차과 4mm이상의 수직피개교합 및 영구치열을 가지는 환자로 제한하여 선정하였다. 그후 인종에 따라서 1군 (16명, 한국인 여성, 평균연령 :18세 2개월)과 2군 (20명, 백인여성, 평균연령 :14세 2개월)으로 분류하였다. 각 군의 측모두부 방사선계측사진의 투사도를 작성한 후 38항목을 계측하였고 평균 및 표준편차를 계산하였다. 군간의 비교를 위하여 independent t-test를 시행하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 전치부 수직피개 교합량, SN to mandibular plane angle, Palatomandibular plane angle, FMA목은 1, 2 군간의 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 SN to palatal plane angle과 SN to occlusal plane angle항목은 1군이 크게 나타나서 2군에 비해 구개평면과 교합평면의 전하방 경사를 보였다. 그리고 ODI항목은 1군이 2군에 비해 과개교합 경향이 낮게 나타났다. 2. 하악체와 하악지의 길이 항목은 1, 2군간에 유의한 차이가 존재하지 않았으나, upper gonial angle항목이 1군이 2군에 비해 현저히 작아서 하악골의 반시계방향 회전 경향이 감소되었음을 나타내었다. 3. 전안면고경의 상하비율과 전후안면고경비율 항목은 1, 2 군간의 통계적 유의차가 없었다. 4. 전치부 수평피개 교합량과 하악골의 전후방위치 항목은 1, 2군간의 차이가 없었으나, 상악골은 1군이 2군에 비해 후방위치되었다. 5. 상하악 기저골에 대한 하악전치의 돌출도 항목이 1군이 더 크게 나타난 것을 제외하고는 상,하악 절치의 기준 평면에 대한 경사도와 거리 및 절치간각 항목은 1, 2 군간의 차이가 없었다. 6. 상악구치의 구개평면에 대한 수직거리 항목는 1, 2군간의 차이가 없었으나 하악구치의 하악평면에 대한 수직거리 항목은 1군이 크게 나타났으며, 이것과 교합평면의 전하방 경사와 감소된 하악골의 반시계방향 회전 경향이 관계있는 것으로 생각된다. 7. Ricketts의 심미선에 대한 상순과 하순의 돌출도 항목은 1군이 모두 크게 나타났다.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제21권10호
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• pp.1187-1195
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• 2020

Objective: This study aimed to determine the sonographic features suggestive of extrathyroidal extension (ETE) of thyroid cancers. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the sonographic images of 1656 consecutive patients who had undergone thyroidectomy in 2017. The diagnostic performance of sonographic features suggestive of ETE was evaluated using operation and histopathologic reports. Sonographic features for gross ETE to the strap muscle and minor ETE were assessed for thyroid cancer abutting the anterolateral thyroid capsule. Sonographic features for tracheal invasion were assessed according to whether the angle between the tumor and the trachea was an acute, right, or obtuse angle. Sonographic features for recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) invasion were assessed based on the association between the tumor and tracheoesophageal groove (TEG) as preserved normal tissue, abutting or protruding into the TEG. Results: ETE was observed in 783 patients (47.3%), including 123 patients with gross ETE (7.4% [strap muscle, n = 97; RLN, n = 24; and trachea, n = 14]) and 660 patients with minor ETE (39.9%). Regarding the diagnosis of gross and minor ETE to the strap muscle, sonographic features of replacement of the strap muscle and capsular disruption showed the highest positive predictive value (75.9% and 58.5%, respectively). Thyroid cancer forming an obtuse angle with the trachea had the highest sensitivity for the diagnosis of tracheal invasion (85.7%), and thyroid cancer protrusion into the TEG showed the highest sensitivity for the diagnosis of RLN (83.3%). Conclusion: Sonography is considered beneficial in the diagnosis of ETE to the strap muscle, trachea, and RLN. Assessment of ETE is important for the accurate staging of thyroid cancer, which in turn determines the extent of surgery or whether active surveillance is appropriate or not.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.75-92
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• 1984

This study attempted to analyze the distribution of stress, to examine the bending effect in the mandible according to the pulling directions and determine on which pulling directions are adequate when an orthopedic force was applied to the mandible. An orthopedic force, 500gm, was applied to the gnathion, one point of the chin area, in three directions. The three directions were ; high puli' from gnathion to the center of condyle head, and vertical pull, from gnathion to a parallel line with the posterior border of the ramus, and medium pull, from the gnathion to a parallel line with the lower border of mandible. The distribution of principal stress, bending moment and amount of displacement within the mandible was analyzed by a 3-dimensional finite element method and that of the various portions of mandible were computed and compared according to the pulling directions. The results were as follows : 1. The bending moment of each part of a mandible has been found to be markedly larger in case of vertical pull than in case of either high pull or medium pull. In vertical pull the bending moment turned out to largest at the condyle head and neck portion, the gonial angle portion, the coronoid portion and the ascending ramus portion, respectively, while comparatively large at the cuspid and bicuspid portion and the first molar portion. In case of high pull it was largest at the gonial angle portion and becoming smaller at the coronoid portion, the ascending ramus portion, the condyle head and neck portion, and the cuspid and bicuspid portion, in that order. In case of medium pull, however, the bending moment was largest at the condyle head and neck portion, becoming smaller at the first molar portion, the ascending ramus portion, the coronoid portion, the cuspid and bicuspid portion, and gonial angle portion, in that order. 2. As for the bending effect it was calculated to be mostly oriented downward at the mandibular body and backward at the mandibular ramus in both high pull and vertical pull. In case of medium pull it was oriented upward at the mandibular body and forward at the mandibular ramus. 3. The bending effect also turned out to be mostly oriented outward in case of high pull and medium pull, and inward in vertical pull. 4. At the mandibular body and ramus, the bending effect in the upward-downward direction and that in the forward-backward direction were found to be larger than in the inward-outward direction. 5. If and when we expect any correcting effect on the mandibular protrusion by means of the chin cup appliance, we can say sure as conclusion that high pull and vertical pull are more effective than medium pull.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제32권1호통권90호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2002

일반적으로 치조성 양악전돌증의 치료는 환자의 나이나 골격 부조화의 원인, 심도 등에 따라 다른데, 환자의 성장이 이미 완료되고 골격적 부조화의 점도가 심하지 않은 경우에는 치아의 이동만으로 문제를 해소하는 교정적인 절충치료를 행하게 되며 심미성의 증진을 위해서는 소구치, 특히 제1소구치 발치가 적절한 선택일 수 있다. 제1소구치의 발치 후 전치부의 En Masse 견인시 이용되고 있는 double keyhole loop(이하 DKHL로 약함)에는 4개의 루프가 있어 발치 공간 폐쇄시 견치 치관의 원심경사를 조절하고 구치 치관이 근심측으로 경사되는 것을 막아 교합평면의 굴곡을 방지하는 효과가 있는 한편 견치의 회전을 조절할 수 있도록 설계되어 있다. 이 연구는 I급 치조성 양악전돌증 및 II급 1류 부정교합이 있는 성인환자를 대상으로 상, 하악 6전치를 후방이동시킴으로써 연조직의 변화를 가져와 심미적으로 좋은 치료의 결과를 얻기 위해 상악 제1소구치를 발거하여 DKHL에 의해 치료가 완료된 환자의 측모두부방사선사진에서 치료 전, 후의 골격적인 변화와 치아치조영역의 변화를 알아보기 위해 시행되었고, 다음의 결론을 얻었다. 1. DKHL에 의한 치료 전, 후의 골격적인 변화는 SNB의 감소경향(0.49 ${\pm}$ 0.87$^{\circ}$ , p<0.05)과 PTFH의 증가경향(0.50 ${\pm}$ 0.8 mn, p<0.05)을 제외하고는 통계적으로 유의한 변화를 나타내지 않았고 주된 변화는 치아치조영역에서 일어났다. 2. 치료 후 치아치조영역에서는 절치간각을 제외한 모든 계측항목에서 통계적으로 유의할 만한 감소를 보였다. 3. 상하순의 돌출도 모두 유의성 있는 감소를 나타내었다. 4. 상악 전치의 치관은 통계적으로 유의할 만한 후방이동(7.08 ${\pm}$ 2.14 mm, p<0.01)을 보였고, 상악 전치의 치근에서는 통계적으로 유의할 만한 수직고경의 감소(2.38 ${\pm}$ 1.15 mm, p<0.01)를 보였다. 5. 상악 구치의 치관, 치근 모두에서 통계적으로 유의할 만한 전방이동(2.48 ${\pm}$ 0.99 mm, 2.05 ${\pm}$ 0.91 mm,p<0.01)을 보였다.

• 대한두개안면성형외과학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2014

Background: The ear is composed of elastic cartilage as its framework, and is covered with a thin layer of skin. Auricular reconstruction using autogenous cartilage in microtia patients requires delicacy. This paper reports clinical experiences related to elevation of reconstructed ear in the last 11 years. Methods: This study was based on 68 congenital microtia patients who underwent auricular elevation in our hospital. Among these 68 patients, 47 patients were recruited. We compared the differences in the ear size, auriculocephalic angle, and conchal depth with those in the opposite ear, and the patients' satisfaction levels were investigated using a survey. Results: The difference in the sizes of the two ears was less than or equal to 5 mm in 32 patients, 5 to 10 mm in 10 patients, and greater than or equal to 10 mm in 5 patients. The difference in the auriculocephalic angles of the two ears was less than or equal to 10 degrees in 14 patients, 10 to 20 degrees in 26 patients, and greater than or equal to 20 degrees in 7 patients. The difference in the conchal depths of the two ears was less than or equal to 5 mm in 24 patients, 5 to 10 mm in 19 patients, and greater than or equal to 10 mm in 4 patients. The average grade of 3.9 points out of 5 points was obtained by the patients with satisfactory surveys. Conclusion: We could make enough protrusion and maintain the three-dimensional shape for a long time to satisfy our patients.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.85-93
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• 1987

The author studied on the effect of TMJ sounds to the patterns and ranges of mandibular border movements in horizontal plane with Pantograph (Denar Corp.). For study, 19 patients with TMJ sounds only and 16 students with no TM disorder were selected and classified as experimental group and control group, respectively. The subject performed right lateral movement, left lateral movement, and forward movement. Each movement were performed 3 times and the movement trajectory obtained with mechanical pantograph were observed for accordance of centric relation position, reproducibility and/or restriction of lateral movement paths, deviation of protrusive path in anterior table, restriction of protrusive condylar movement path in posterior horizontal table, presence of Fisher angle in posterior vertical table. And pantographic reproducibility Index (PRI) were obtained with pantronic by the same movement method as in the mechanical pantograph record. The obtained results were as follows : 1. In experimental group, PRI scores in those who show accordance of centric relation position were 14.4, and were 26.53 in those who did not show accordance of centric relation position. However, the PRI scores of the two subgroups show no statistically significant difference in control group. Therefore, in experimental group, the capability of accordance of centric relation position affected largely the PRI scores than in control group. 2. Deviation of protrusive path was opposite to the affected side in experimental group, and was left side in control group. 3. Restriction side of condylar movement in protrusion was ipsilateral to the deviation side in experimental group, but in control group, restriction side was not related to the deviation side. 4. PRI scores in experimental group were 23.2 (moderate dysfunction category), and in control group, were 17.8 (slight dysfunction category). The PRI scores in control group, however, implies that the evaluation of temporomandibular disorders by the PRI scores only may be unreasonable.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.85-93
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• 1991

In this study, 88 dental students were examined to evaluate the relationship between occlusal states and TM disorders for the epidemiologic study of TM disorders. The clinical evaluation were composed of mandibular movement, TMJ noise, occlusal states and muscle palpation. The following results were disclosed. 1. The frequencies of pain on mandibular movement were 3.4% on maximum opening, 1.13% on protrusion and no pain on laterotrusion. 2. The frequencies on TMJ sound were 21.6% in click, 1.13% in crepitus. 3. The frequency of tenderness on palpation was 12.5% on extra oral, intraoral and neck muscles, tenderness on palpation of TMJ capsule were reported 5 cases, and 4 of them were female. 4. The distribution of Angle's classification was found 79.5% in class I, 4.5% in clasII-div.1 and 15.9% in class III. There was no significant differences on TM disorders between Angles classifications. 5. There was no significant differences on TM disorders between the subjects of canine guided occlusion and group function occlusion, and also for the differences between the subjects of nonworking side interferences and no interferences on laterotrusion. 6. There was no significant differences on TM disorders between the subjects of anterior teeth trauma in C.C. and no anterior teeth trauma, but there were significant differences between the subjects of posterior protrusive contact and no posterior protrusive contact.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.606-612
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• 2000

This study was performed to investigate the average anthropometric value of normal Korean men and women and to compare the preceding literatures. Additionally, average Korean profilogram was made to serve as a template for diagnosis of facial form. Eighty five Korean subjects(41 men, 44 women) aged between 21 to 26 were selected by members of the author's department on the basis of intact dentition and Class I occlusion without facial asymmetry. Frontal and lateral photographs were taken under standardized condition with digital camera. The image was magnified and adjusted according to the FH plane of cephalometric radiographs and digitized using personal computer. To compare the Western beauty, 25 esthetically pleasing female was selected to measure various angle and distance of the face. 1. It was possible to calculate the mean coordinate value of Korean normal samples which enables the direct visualization and comparison with the use of template. The method in this study was easy to applicate under the Microsoft $Windows^{(R)}$ bases. 2. Maxillary vertical hypoplasia, upper and lower lip protrusion was characteristics of Korean norms and relatively narrow alar base distance, less conspicuous nasal projection was observed. As the vermilion exposure and upper lip length was more than western norm, chin looks shorter than western. To compare the Korean and Western esthetically pleasing profile, facial convexity and nose was less conspicuous in Korean women.