• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.204-210
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• 2009

Antioxidative activities of fresh, steamed and black garlics by different processing condition were investigated on the soybean oil. The crushed fresh, steamed and black garlics were added to 100 mL of soybean oil at a level of 0, 5, 10,20 and 40 g respectively, and then the oil mixture containing garlics (reaction samples) were heat-treated for 48 hrs at $180^{\circ}C$. The chromaticity of reaction samples were increased during heating. After 48 hrs heating, in the sample added 40 g/ 100 mL chromaticity of each samples were 1.36, 2.99 and 1.99, in the crushed fresh, steamed and black garlics, respectively. Anisidin value showed irregularly increased during heating. Acid values of reaction samples were higher than control during heating, those levels were ranged from 0.82 to 2.04 mg/g after 12 hrs, were gradually increased to $3.15{\sim}4.30\;mg$/g after 48 hrs. Peroxide value of reaction sample containing black garlic(40 g/ 100 mL) was lower than the samples containing tocopherol or BHT, after 48 hrs heating. TBA value of reaction samples containing fresh, steamed and black garlic of 40 g/ 100 mL were the lowest in the sample added black garlic, after 48 hrs heating. These results suggested that oxidative stability of black garlic in soybean oil was more potential than the other garlics during heating.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.927-933
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• 2008

The quality of Gangjung added with detoxified stem bark of Rhus verniciflua (RVSB) extract ($0{\sim}7%$, w/w) during room temperature storage ($25^{\circ}C$, 60 days) was investigated. The moisture content of Gangjung slightly decreased as the storage period increased, especially Gangjung at concentrations between $0{\sim}1%$, $3{\sim}5%$, and 7% decreased after 30, 40 and 50 days of storage, respectively. No significant differences in the hardness were found among the control and experimental samples. However, the peak number of Gangjung containing detoxified RVSB extract at concentrations of $0{\sim}3%$ significantly decreased after 60 days of storage, while that of Gangjung with 5% and 7% addition were not changed during storage. The acid, peroxide and TBA values of Gangjung increased as the storage period increased but the acid value was significantly lower for the Gangjung prepared with 7% (w/w) detoxified RVSB extract after 40 days of storage. Moreover, from 40 to 60 days of room temperature storage, peroxide value significantly decreased as the concentrations of detoxified RVSB extract increased and TBA value significantly decreased when the addition of detoxified RVSB extract was over 3% (w/w). These results suggest that the physical texture of Gangjung improved and lipid oxidation was reduced by the addition of detoxified RVSB extract.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.397-404
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• 2005

Effects of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol (0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0%) addition on physical and chemical properties of yackwa were determined during storage for 6 weeks at $30^{\circ}C$. Acid, peroxide, and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) valves, color, texture, fatty acid compositions, hexanal content, and rancid flavor of yackwa were measured. Acid, peroxide, and TBA values. and hexanal contents of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol-treated groups were significantly lower than those of groups without ${\gamma}$-oryzanol treatment after 6 week (p < 0,05) and showed concentration-dependency, while no significant differences were observed in colors (p > 0.05). Effects of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol on textural characteristics were not consistent. As storage time increased, ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids or ${\gamma}$-oryzanol-added groups was higher than that of groups without ${\gamma}$-oryzanol addition. Addition of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol was effective in decreasing hexanal formation. Sensory evaluation showed rancid odor decreased with increasing concentration of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol. These results suggested ${\gamma}$y-oryzanol, as a natural antioxidant, delayed quality decrease of yackwa during storage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.1072-1078
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• 2012

The potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of water and ethanol extracts from Flammulina velutipes (Curtis) Singer (FVS) on hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) and LPS-induced oxidative damage in PC-12 and RAW264.7 cells were investigated. The DPPH radical scavenging activities of the water extract from FVS was the highest, and the 50% inhibitory concentration value was 0.388 mg/mL. Also, the antioxidant activities of water and ethanol extracts were determined by ferric reducing antioxidant power, 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethybenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging activity. In addition, water extract from FVS showed a strongly inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation by measuring ferric thiocyanate values. The water extract decreased cell apoptosis in PC-12 cells against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative damage. In addition, FVS extracts exhibited the strongest nitric oxide (NO) inhibition activity. It was also found that FVS extract inhibited LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression in RAW264.7 cells. The findings of the present study suggest that extracts of FVS exhibit anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activity against oxidative stress and/or stimulated cells.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.375-382
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• 2010

In present study, five strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus GK20, Lactobacillus brevis GK55, Lactobacillus paracasei GK74, Lactobacillus plantarum GK81, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides GK104 isolated from the mustard leaf kimchi were investigated for resistance to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant activity. L. acidophilus GK20, L. brevis GK55, L. paracasei GK74, and L. plantarum GK81 were resistant to hydrogen peroxide (0.5 mM), showing a survival rate of 50% or more. In particular, L. acidophilus GK20 and L. paracasei GK74 were the most superoxide anions-resistant and L. paracasei GK74 and L. plantarum GK81 were most likely survive hydroxyl radicals. Meanwhile, the intracellular cell-free extract (ICFE) from L. plantarum GK81 exhibited significantly higher DPPH radical scavenging values ($96.4{\pm}2.8%$) than the intact cells (IC). The ICFE of L. plantarum GK81 showed the highest superoxide radical scavenging ability and chelating activity for $Fe^{2+}$ ions among the 5 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) tested, and IC and ICFE from L. plantarum GK81 demonstrated excellent reducing activity, which was higher than those of BHA and vitamin C as a positive control.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 2002

In Korea, 2,320 tonnes of acetanilide were mostly wed as intermediates for synthesis in phar-maceuticals or additives in synthesizing hydrogen peroxide, varnishes, polymers and rubber. Only small amount of 120 kg were wed as a stabilizer for hydrogen peroxide solution for hair colouring agents in 1998. Readily available environmental or human exposure data do not exist in Korea at the present time. However, potential human exposures from drinking water, food, ambient water and in work places are expected to be negligible because this chemical is produced in the closed system in only one company in Korea and the processing factory is equipped with local ventilation and air filtering system. Acetanilide could be distributed mainly to water based on EQC model. This substance is readily biodegradable and its bioaccumulation is low. Acute toxicity of acetanilide is low since the L $D_{50}$ of oral exposure in rats is 1,959 mg/kg bw. The chemical is not irritating to skin, but slightly irritating to the eyes of rabbits. horn repeated dose toxicity, the adverse effects in rats were red pulp hyperplasia of spleen, bone marrow hyperplasia of femur and decreased hemoglobin, hematocrit and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. The LOAEL for repeated dose toxicity in rats was 22 mg/kg/day for both sexes. Acetanilide is not considered to be genotoxic. In a reproductive/developmental toxicity study, no treatment-related changes in precoital time and rate of copulation, impregnation, pregnancy were shown in all treated groups. The NOAELs for reproduction and developmental toxicity (off-spring toxicity) are considered to be 200 mg/kg bw/day and 67 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. Ecotoxicity data has been generated in a limited number of aquatic species of algae (72 hr- $E_{b}$ $C_{50}$; 13.5 mg/l), daphnid (48hr-E $C_{50}$ > 100 mg/l) and fish (Oryzias latipes, 96hr-L $C_{50}$; 100 mg/l). Form the acute toxicity values, the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) of 0.135 mg/1 was derived win an assessment factor of 100. On the basis of these data, acetanilide was suggested as currently of low priority for further post-SIDS work in OECD.in OECD.D.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.859-866
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• 1995

This study was done to investigate the effects of chronic ethanol feeding on hepatic microsomal cytochrome system, lipid peroxidation and peroxide metabolizing enzyme activities in 2-acetylaminofluorene(2-AAF) treated rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 120~125g, were pair-fed liquid diets containing 35% of total calories either as ethanol or isocaloric carbohydrates for 6 weeks. After 4 weeks of experimental diet feeding, 2-AAF(100mg/kg body weight) was injected twice a week intraperitoneally. Both weight and percent liver weight per body weight were significantly changed by ethanol feeding. Hepatic microsomal lipid peroxide value and the activities of glutathione(GSH) peroxidase and GSH reductase were not changed by either ethanol or 2-AAF treatment. However the analysis of cytochrome systems showed that both ethanol and 2-AAF increased cytochrome P-450 and bs contents although cytochrome P-450 content was moe affected by 2-AAF while cytochrome b5 content by ethanol. Cytosolic GSH S-transferase activity, which is often elevated during chemical carcinogenesis, also significantly increased by either ethanol feeding or 2-AAF treatment. Overall values for the cytochrome contents and GSH S-transferase activities were highest in 2-AAF treated rats fed ethanol. These results might support the hypothesis that the increase in liver cancer risk associated with chronic ethanol consumption might be due to, at least in part, enhancement of carcinogen bioactivation by ethanol.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.10
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• pp.1310-1316
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• 2009

In this study, we investigated the change of antioxidant activity and flavonoid contents by fermentation of Citrus grandis Osbeck peel (CGP) using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae (KCCM35053), comparing to unfermented CGP. Total flavonoid content in the fermented Citrus grandis Osbeck peel (FCGP) was 3,768 g/100 g sample and higher than that of CGP. The antioxidant activities of FCGP was determined by DPPH, hydroxyl, alkyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays. FCGP showed higher activities than CGP in all scavenging assays. The $IC_{50}$ values of FCGP were 261.3 ${\mu}g$/mL for DPPH; 1,474 ${\mu}g$/mL for hydroxyl; 90.9 ${\mu}g$/mL for alkyl and 1,195 ${\mu}g$/mL for $H_2O_2$ in respective scavenging assays. Flavonoid compositions of both samples were determined by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). In the spectrum FCGP was similar to CGP in the contents of neohesperidin, naringin and an unknown No. 7 compound, but some unknown compounds (No. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6) were higher than CGP in each flavonoid contents. Therefore, the fermentation of CGP could increase the contents of unknown compound and improved antioxidant activities.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.4434-4442
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• 2011

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are reactive and potentially harmful to cells, causing oxidation of lipids, proteins, and DNA. In humans, the deleterious effects of ROS have been linked with aging, carcinogenesis, and atherosclerosis. In order to investigate an antioxidant activity of wood vinegar by bioconversion, we preferentially analyzed the total acidity, acetic acid, pH, and contents of total polyphenols and flavonoids, respectively. Also, we evaluated the scavenging abilities on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, superoxide anion radicals, hydrogen peroxide radicals, and nitric oxide radicals. The total acidity and amount of acetic acid of wood vinegar after bioconversion were lower than those of wood vinegar before bioconversion, but the pH was higher than that of wood vinegar before bioconversion. The contents of total polyphenols and flavonoids of wood vinegar after bioconversion were 11.17 mg/$m{\ell}$ and 0.42 mg/$m{\ell}$, respectively. The $SC_{50}$ values were in order of superoxide anion radical scavenging activity < DPPH radical scavenging activity < hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity < nitric oxide radical scavenging activity. Therefore, these results suggest that wood vinegar by bioconversion can be useful as primary antioxidants for medicines and cosmetics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.657-662
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• 2007

Antioxidant properties of Artemisia princeps Pamp were determined using in vitro assay systems against 1,1-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, superoxide ($O_2{^-}$), hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$), hydroxyl radical ($HO{\cdot}$) and nitric oxide (NO) radical, as well as rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation. Among the five solvent fractions, ethyl acetate fractions showed the highest total polyphenol and flavonoid contents at $311.35{\mu}g/mg\;and\;92.73{\mu}g/mg$, respectively. Ethyl acetate fractions, except for $H_2O_2$ scavenging activity, also showed the highest scavenging activity; the 50% inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50},\;{\mu}g/mg$) values for DPPH, superoxide, $HO{\cdot}$ and NO radical scavenging were 52.71, 26.47, 58.92 and 65.94, respectively. Additionally, the highest inhibition of rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation was observed by ethyl a cetate fraction.