• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.126-133
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• 2011

The current world wide interest in environmental issues has moved from energy conservation to $CO_2$emission reduction. Recently, according to the increase in demand for water resources, insufficient potable water circumstance is supposed, unless there are corresponding in crease in water conservation and water recycling. This study has attempted to analyze $CO_2$emission reduction by water saving strategies like installation water saving devices, rain water harvesting and grey water system. To do this, this research investigates applicable water conservative strategies by literature review and calculated total water saving. The results show that (1) firstly, the water usage and $CO_2$ emission could be reduced up to 44%, (2) $CO_2$ emission reduction by water saving devices and rainwater harvesting system is about 47.7%, and (3) water usage and $CO_2$ emission reduction by grey water system is about 66%. In the future, this paper will be utilized for water management from the early design stage to maintenance stage of water glutton building.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.37-45
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• 2014

Purpose: Numerous researches about healthcare buildings have been performed however, they were mainly focused on convenience or healing condition for medical treatments. The hospitals consume energy and generate $CO_2$ as twice as the residential or commercial buildings do(Lim, et al., 2010a:154). The public regional hospitals are especially in serious conditions. They are more than 20 years old in average. Energy efficiency and environmental friendliness in the public regional hospitals are far behind ones in private sectors. Even though the ministry of health & welfare is supporting renovation of the builidngs and enhancement of the facilities every year, it is not integrated including sustainibility. In this study, we investigates current conditions of the regional public hospital in envrionment-friendly standpoint, especially focused on Chungcheong Province area Hospitals. Methods: we investigates current conditions of the regional public hospital in envrionment-friendly standpoint, especially focused on Chungcheong Province area Hospitals. The study was executed by qualitative and quantitative evaluations with site inspection, drawing analysis and interviews. Results: Through this study, we found that the Chungnam regional public hospitals can be environmentally improved by management plans and programs. Implications: Based on this analysis, Korean Green Building Certification for healthcare facilities will be developed in near future.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.475-481
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• 2019

The importance of performance-based design feedback is being emphasized when it comes to the potential impact that affects all the lifecycle of the building. However, the latency and disconnection of domain expert in the sector of AEC/FM remain current obstacles between design and performance feedback. It is hard to utilize performance feedback information for design exploration and support design decision making during the conceptual phase of design. Using parametric design, this paper proposes various design alternatives from a set of rules and constraints defined by algorithms for the geometric configurations of an Office Building. A Building Performance Analysis (BPA) was to developed using Autodesk® Revit® 2019 which integrates Autodesk® Green Building Studio® to predict its sufficient daylighting conditions of the LEED v4's Daylighting Autonomy (DA). The parametric-based performance feedback of this study outlines potential design improvements for further exploration in application to the early design process.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.181-186
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• 1997

Time-of-flight impact-collision ion scattering spectroscopy (TOF-ICISS) was applied to study the geometrical structure of epitaxially grown MgO layers on a TiC(001). The hetero-epitaxial MgO layer was able to be deposited by thermal evaporation of magnesium onto the TiC(001) surface and subsequent exposure of oxygen at room temperature. A slight heating of the substrate at around $300^{\circ}C$ was necessary to overcome a thermal barrier for the ordering. The well-ordered MgO structure was confirmed with the 1$\times$1 LEED pattern. TOF-ICISS was useful in studying interface structure between oxide and substrate. The results revealed that the MgO layer is formed at the on-top sites of the TiC(001) substrate and the lateral lattice constant of MgO layer is the same as that of the TiC substrate. The MgO was deposited within two layers on the most parts of the surface.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.349-356
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• 2006

We have investigated adsorption and desorption properties of CO adsorption on silica supported Ru/Ni alloys at various Ru/Ni mole content ratio as well as CO partial pressures using Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR). For Ru-$SiO_{2}$ sample, four bands were observed at $2080.0cm^{-1}$, $2021.0{\sim}2030.7cm^{-1}$, $1778.9{\sim}1799.3cm^{-1}$, $1623.8cm^{-1}$ on adsorption and three bands were observed at $2138.7cm^{-1}$, $2069.3cm^{-1}$, $1988.3{\sim}2030.7cm^{-1}$ on vacumn desorption. For Ni-$SiO_{2}$ sample, four bands were observed at $2057.7cm^{-1}$, $2019.1{\sim}2040.3cm^{-1}$, $1862.9{\sim}1868.7cm^{-1}$, $1625.7cm^{-1}$ on adsorption and two bands were observed at $2009.5{\sim}2040.3cm^{-1}$, $1828.4{\sim}1868.7cm^{-1}$ on vacumn desorption. These absorption bands correspond with those of the previous reports approximately. For Ru/Ni(9/1, 8/2, 7/3, 6/4, 5/5; mole content ratio)-$SiO_{2}$ samples, three bands were observed at $2001.8{\sim}2057.7cm^{-1}$, $1812.8{\sim}1926.5cm^{-1}$, $1623.8{\sim}1625.7cm^{-1}$ on adsorption and three bands were observed at $2140.6cm^{-1}$, $2073.1cm^{-1}$, $1969.0{\sim}2057.7cm^{-1}$ on vacumn desorption. The spectrum pattern observed for Ru/Ni-$SiO_{2}$ sample at 9/1 Ru/Ni mole content ratio on CO adsorption and on vacumn desorption is almost like the spectrum pattern observed for Ru-$SiO_{2}$ sample. But the spectrum patterns observed for Ru/Ni-$SiO_{2}$ samples under 8/2 Ru/Ni mole content ratio on CO adsorption and vacumn desorption are almost like the pattern observed for $Ni-SiO_{2}$ sample. It may be suggested surfaces of alloy clusters on the Ru/Ni-$SiO_{2}$ samples contain more Ni components than the mole content ratio of the sample considering the above phenomena. With Ru/Ni-$SiO_{2}$ samples the absorption band shifts may be ascribed to variations of surface concentration, strain variation due to atomic size difference, variation of bonding energy and electronic densities, and changes of surface geometries according to surface concentration variation. Studies for CO adsorption on Ru/Ni alloy cluster surface by LEED and Auger spectroscopy, interation between Ru/Ni alloy cluster and $SiO_{2}$, and MO calculation for the system would be needed to look into the phenomena.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.3-14
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• 2018

An apartment complex is a building use with great potential to contribute to solving problems related to urban ecological environment and climate change. The first goal of this study is to grasp the current situation of application and limitations of the ecological area rate, which is a representative evaluation index used to evaluate the environmental performance of the external space of an apartment complex in Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design (G-SEED). The second goal is to propose a prototype of the evaluation index for evaluating greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction performance in order to supplement the evaluation index for the environmental performance of the external space in terms of response to climate change. We analyzed 43 cases of apartment complexes certified according to G-SEED, which was enforced since July 1, 2010, and found application characteristics of each space type and the limitations of ecological area rate. We analyzed overseas green building certification systems such as LEED and BREEAM that derived implications for supplementing the limitations of ecological area rate, which is focused on the evaluation of soil and water circulation function, and set up a development direction of complementary measures. Through analysis of previous studies, relevant regulations and standards, and technical documents of the manufacturer, the heat island mitigation performance of the pavement and roof surfaces of the apartment complex and the carbon uptake performance of the trees in the apartment complex was selected as parameters to yield the GHG reduction performance of the external space of the apartment complex. Finally, a quantitative evaluation method for each parameter and a prototype of the evaluation index for the GHG reduction performance were proposed. As a result of applying the prototype to an apartment complex case, the possibility of adoption and applicability as an evaluation index of G-SEED were proved.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.56-64
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• 2016

While many assessment systems for buildings and indoor environment have been created with increasing interest in sustainable development, assessments for sustainable landscaping and outdoor environments have received less attention. Recently, the Sustainable Site Initiatives(SITES) was developed in the USA in order to evaluate and certify sustainable landscape design projects. The purposes of this study are to analyze sustainable landscape strategies and to review the certification system through case studies of SITES certified projects. Three certified projects in Texas were selected and literature review, site visits and interview were conducted. The results indicated that various sustainable and practical strategies were applied including soil preservation, use of native plants and recycled materials, and water harvesting. Also, SITES has benefits to encourage an integrated design process, community participation, and environmental education for the public. This suggests that a certification system for landscaping and outdoor environments needs to be developed to ensure sustainable site development, which helps extend the roles of the landscape architecture profession in sustainable design.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.179-185
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• 1988

Present study was undertaken in order to evaluate the lead contents of various feedstuffs produced in Korea and the effect of the burning of gasoline by automobiles on the lead contents. Ninety-one samples near and 95 far road were collected from 9 regions(Do). All of the samples were washed, dry-ashed and analyzed for lead content using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The mean values obtained were checked for significance of difference using computer. The results obtained were summerized as follows: 1. The lead content in ${\mu}g/g$ of agriculture-byproducts were measured with the following mean values and ranges(in parentheses). Rice bran: $2.07{\pm}1.67$ (0-5.00), rice hull $1.84{\pm}1.18$ (0-3.71), rice straw, $1.27{\pm}1.09$ (0-3.62), soybean pod:$4.55{\pm}3.13$ ($1.13{\pm}10.43$), and wheat bran: $1.69{\pm}0.86$ (0-3.65). 2. The lead content in ${\mu}g/g$ of pasture plants were measured with the following mean values and ranges. Kudzu:$2.71{\pm}1.74$ ($0.38{\pm}8.75$), leed: $2.03{\pm}1.61$ (0-4.54), lespedeza:$4.73{\pm}5.93$ (0-31.25), sagebrush: $4.08{\pm}3.75$ (0-12.18), Korean-grass: $2.11{\pm}1.38$ (0-5.50), maizestalk: $2.62{\pm}2.35$ (0-8.65), clover: $3.83{\pm}2.97$ (0-12.19), alfalfa: $7.14{\pm}0.97$ (4.46-9.25), and timothy: $5.86{\pm}4.79$ (0-9.25). 3. Fourteen samples (22.2%) out of 63 agriculture-byproduct samples and 42 (34.2%) out of 123 pasture plant samples showed lead content of more than $3{\mu}g/g$ which are said to be the upper limit value for cattle. 4. No significant difference between the mean lead contents of near road, and those of far road was recorgnized. 5. The regional mean values for all kinds of samples collected in Kyungbuk and Kyungnam were significantly (p<0.05, p<0.10) higher compared to those in Chungnam and Jejudo.6. From these results it may be concluded that the burning of gasoline by automobiler did not affect on the lead contentes of washed feedstuffs produced in Korea at present.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.7-8
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• 2010

The surface conductive layer (SCL) of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamonds has attracting much interest. However, neither photoemission electron microscopic (PEEM) nor micro-spectroscopic (PEEMS) information is available so far. Since SCL retains in an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) condition, PEEM or PEEMS study will give an insight of SCL, which is the subject of the present study. The sample was made on a Ib-type HTHP diamond (001) substrate by non-doping CVD growthin a DC-plasma deposition chamber. The SCL properties of the sample in air were; a few tens K/Sq. in sheet resistance, ${\sim}180\;cm^2/vs$ in Hall mobility, ${\sim}2{\times}10^{12}/cm^2$ in carrier concentration. The root-square-mean surface roughness (Rq) of the sample was ~0.2nm as checked by AFM. A $2{\times}1$ LEED pattern and a sheet resistance of several hundreds K/Sq. in UHV were checked in a UHV chamber with an in-situ resist-meter [1]. The sample was then installed in a commercial PEEM/S apparatus (Omicron FOCUS IS-PEEM) which was composed of electro-static-lens optics together with an electron energy-analyzer. The presence of SCL was regularly monitored by measuring resistance between two electrodes (colloidal graphite) pasted on the two ends of sample surface. Figure 1 shows two PEEM images of a same area of the sample; a) is excited with a Hg-lamp and b) with a Xe-lamp. The maximum photon energy of the Hg-lamp is ~4.9 eV which is smaller that the band gap energy ($E_G=5.5\;eV$) of diamond and the maximum photon energy of the Xe-lamp is ~6.2 eV which is larger than $E_G$. The image that appear with the Hg-lamp can be due to photo-excitation to unoccupied states of the hydrogen-terminated negative electron affinity (NEA) diamond surface [2]. Secondary electron energy distribution of the white background of Figs.1a) and b) indeed shows that the whole surface is NEA except a large black dot on the upper center. However, Figs.1a) and 1b) show several features that are qualitatively different from each other. Some of the differences are the followings: the two main dark lines A and B in Fig.1b) are not at all obvious and the white lines B and C in Fig.1b) appear to be dark lines in Fig.1a). A PEEMS analysis of secondary electron energy distribution showed that all of the features A-D have negative electron affinity with marginal differences among them. These differences can be attributed to differences in the details of energy band bending underneath the surface present in SCL [3].

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.223-233
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• 1997

Ultra-thin $TiO_2$ films are grown on the Mo(100) surface using evaporated Ti metal under ambient $O_2$ pressure. The thickness of the $TiO_2$ film is controlled by the dosing rate of Ti metal over Mo(100) which is determined from the Auger signal changes with dosing time. 30 ML, 5 ML, and 1.6 ML thick films are prepared and used to determine the growth mechanism, the chemical composition, and the surface structure of the films. The growth mechanism of the $TiO_2$ film on Mo(100) is observed to follow the layer-by-layer growth mechanism. The chemical composition of the film is found to be that of bulk $TiO_2$. The surface plane of the film is (001), which facets irreversibly at 1200 K. The LEED pattern obtained from the film can be explained with the faceted surface with {011} planes reconstructed to $(2\sqrt2{\times}\sqrt2)R45^{\circ}$ with respect to the $TiO_2$ (001) surface. The film is somewhat thermally unstable when annealed to 1300 K. The film sputtered with $Ar^+$ ion is also studied by XPS.