• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1985

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제9권7호
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• pp.872-893
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• 2006

음양오행사상의 관상학에 기반한 애니메이션 캐릭터 얼굴 설계 시스템은 애니메이션 캐릭터제작에 있어서 관상학적 형태를 이용한 성격을 이용해 캐릭터의 얼굴형을 자동으로 생성시켜 주는 시스템이다. 이 논문에서는 캐릭터의 관상학적 성격을 이해하고 그 성격을 얼굴형에 맞게 시각화하는 작업을 과학적이고도 편리한 Neural Network을 이용하여 누구나 손쉽게 구현할 수 있도록 제안 하였다. 본 연구에서는 관상학의 오행상에 기반한 성격을 가진 얼굴형을 애니메이션 캐릭터제작용 시각데이터로 설계하고, 설계한 데이터 중 일부를 설문조사를 통해 12가지 성격의 정도를 알아낸 후 이것을 컴퓨터에 입력시킨 후 Neural network시스템을 이용해 관상학 성격에 기반해 재조합 가능한 얼굴 데이터 511가지의 성격을 알아냈다. 성격을 알아낸 데이터 중 오행상에 대해서는 또 한번의 설문조사를 통해 사람이 시각적으로 느끼는 성격과 Neural Network에 의해 인식된 차이점을 재검토하였다. 2차 설문조사와 Neural Network 시스템의 결과는 목형상, 화형상, 토형상, 금형상, 수형상을 조사해 본 결과 각각 MSE가 0.3, 0.3, 0.2, 0.5, 0.2가 되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이는 $0{\sim}5$ 점의 Scoring 시스템으로 얻어진 결과라는 것을 고려하면 매우 정밀한 결과라는 것을 알 수 있다. 이 연구를 통해 얻을 수 있는 결론은 성격을 설정해 Neural Network 시스템에 입력만 하면 그 성격을 가진 이미지 데이터를 얻을 수 있으며, 반대로 관상학적인 특징들만을 입력해도 성격을 알아낼 수가 있다. 이 실험을 통해 얻어진 얼굴형의 이미지 데이터와 성격 데이터는 앞으로 애니메이션 캐릭터를 설계할 때 많은 도움이 될 것이다.며, 암컷과 수컷의 차이는 거의 없다.EX>2당 100,000마리(720,000마리/7.2 m$^2$=$1\times10^9$마리/ha)가 다른 두 농도처리보다 높았다. 처리회수에서는 3회 처리가 1회와 2회 처리보다 높았고, 엽채류 종류에 따라서는 배추가 양배추나 케일보다 논았다.목적은 판매나 계약의 수단, 벤처기업 확인, 정부의 정책적 금융적 중소기업 지원 혜택을 기대하면서 출원하는 경우가 많았다. 따라서 기술의 진보성, 독창성 및 사업성이 높은 특허기술의 개발이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 이용한 지각속도 구조에 대한 연구가 극히 제한적으로 이루어질 수밖에 없었다. 그러나 최근에 국내의 여러 지친관측망에서 축적된 지진기록과 반사 및 굴절 탄성파 탐사를 수행하여 종합적으로 지각 속도구조를 규명하기 시작하였다. 이와 같은 인공발파를 이용한 지각속도구조를 규명하기 위해서는 많은 인원과 예산을 필요로 하므로 관련분야의 전문가들의 적극적인 참여가 필요한 상황이다.[청소년과 소비 생활]이 4.22로 가장 높은 특성을 나타냈다. 6. 3학년 가정교과 내용의 요구도 평균은 3.65-4.16의 범위이며 평균 3.76으로 약간 높게 나타났다. 학부모 전체의 중단원 요구도는 [진로의 선택과 직업 윤리] 4.16으로 가장 높게 나타났으며 [실내 환경과 설비] 3.89, [생활 공간의 활용] 3.72, [상차림과 식사 예절] 3.71 순으로 나타났으며, [식사 준비와 평가]는 3.53으로 가장 낮았다. 이 중 여학생 학부모는 [진로의 선택과 직업윤리]가 4.06으로 가장 높았고, 남학생 학부모는 [진로의 선택과 직업 윤리] 4.26으로 가장 높은 특성을 나타냈다. 본 연구 결과로 가정교과의 시수를 증가시켜야 하고 실험 시설의 확충이 필요하다는

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.69-77
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• 1993

후두와에서 발생하는 수아세포종은 육안적 전 종양적출술후 전 중추신경계와 원발부위에 적절한 양의 방사선을 조사 함으로써 $50{\~}60{\%}$의 장기생존율을 보이는 종양이다. 일반적으로 후두와에 5,000 cGy 이상의 고선량을, 그리고 전중추신경계에는 $3,600{\~}4,000cGy$의 방사선 조사량을 사용하므로써 가장 좋은 결과를 보였으나 최근 장기무병 생존율이 높아짐에 따라 방사선치료로 인한 신경학적 합병증 및 성장, 지능장애의 문제들이 대두되어 많은 저자들이 예전보다 적은량의 방사선을 사용하여 그와 비슷한 결과를 얻을 수 있음을 주장하고 있다. 서울대학교병원 치료방사선과에서는 1981년부터 1990년도 까지의 50명의 환자들을 대상으로 후향적 분석을 실시하여 전중추신경계의 조사선량에 따른 치료성적을 분석해 보았다. 50명 환자중 분석 당시 NED 상태였던 21명에서의 관찰기간은 12개월에서 134개월이었고 그 중앙값은 71개월이었다. 한명을 제외한 모든환자에서 예방적 중추신경계조사가 실시되었으며 척추조사선량은 7명에서 3,600 cGy, 14명에서 3,000 cGy, 그리고 29명에서 2,400 cGy가 조사되었다. 2,400cGy 조사군을 다시 fraction size로 세분하여 보았을 때 네 치료군 사이에서 생존율의 차이는 없었으나 Neuraxis control에 있어서는 의미있는 항상을 보여주었다(p=0.003). 치료중 휴식기간과 fraction size를 동시에 고려하기 위하여 척추조사선량을 TDF 값으로 환산하였을 때 진단당시 neuraxis disease가 없었던 환자에서는 TDF 30이 통계학 적으로 의미있게 (p=0.004) neuraxis control을 좌우하는 값으로 보였다. 진단당시 neuraxis disease가 있었던 군에서는 neuraxis control을 하는데 기준이 될 수 있는 정확한 TDF 값을 발견할 수 없었다.단점의 분포를 보이고, 암 세포에서 드물게 이상을 나타내는 13, 15및 21번 염색체에서는 기대치 보다 감소된 절단점의 분포를 보였다. 따라서 방사선 치료 후 염색체 이상의 빈도는 증가되었으며 방사선 조사에 의해 나타나는 염색체의 절단점의 분포는 암 발생과 밀접한 연관이 된 유전자 및 염색체의 재조합이 자주 일어나는 부위와 밀접한 연관 관계가 있음을 보여 주었다.X>$r^2=0.996,\;x^2=7.6834$, p=0.11 였다. 이를 linear-quadratic model로 분석하면, 가장 적합한 선은 감마선인 경우에는 y= ($0.31{\pm}0.049)\;D+(0.0022{\pm}0.0002)\;D^2+(13.19{\pm}1.854$) 였으며, 중성자선인 경우에는 y=($0.99{\pm}0.528)\;D+(0.0093{\pm}0.0047)\;D^2+(13.31{\pm}7.309$) 였었다. 감마선에 대한 중성자선의 상대적 생물학적 효과비 (RBE)는 y=aD+$bD^2$+c를 다음과 같은 식으로 변형시켜 계산하였다. $$\frac{[-a{pm}\sqrt{a^2-4b\;(c-y}}]}{2{\times}6}$$ 미세핵 발생빈도가 세포당 0.05와 0.8사이에서의 중성자선의 상대적 생물학적 효과비는 $2.37{\pm}0.17$ 이었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 선량에 따른 미세핵 발생빈도는 기존의 방사선 감수성 test의 결과와 대동소이하여, 앞으로 방사선 감수성을 측정하는 방법으로 이용할 수 있으며, 또한 실험방법이 비교적 간단하며 짧은 시간에 결과를 도출할 수 있어 생물학적 선량측정 도구로써 널리 이용될 수 있을 것으로 생각되어 진다. 성징을 나타내는 rudimental processes에 의해 가능하였다. 수컷은 성적 성숙이 후기 유생기로부터 7개월 후에 이루어지며, 이때의 크기는 체장 5.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.95-100
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• 2007

식물성장 촉진호르몬인 auxin, 식물병원성 진균을 방제하는 siderophore 그리고 cellulase를 동시에 생산하는 PGPR균이자 생물방제균인 Bacillus licheniformis K11의 cellulase의 유전자를 PCR을 이용해 pUC18에 재조합 후 E. coli DH5${\alpha}$에 cloning하였으며, 이 형질전환 된 균주를 E. coli DH5${\alpha}$(pCW 77)라 하였다. 형질전환 균주 E. coli DH5${\alpha}$(pCW 77)는 B. licheniformis K11의 1.6kb 유전자를 포함하며, 이 cellulase는 1,479 bp, 499개의 amino acid가 암호화된 것으로 추정된다. 형질전환균주가 생산하는 cellulase(CelW)는 lac 프로모터를 이용해 발현되었으며, CMC-SDS-PAGE의 방법으로 약 55 kDa의 분자량을 확인하였다. B. licheniformis K11의 cellulase는 4종의 대표적인 Bacillus spp. 들이 생산하는 cellulase의 아미노산 배열이 97% 이상 일치하였다. CelW는 carboxymethyl-cellulose(CMC) 뿐만 아니라 불용성 섬유소인 Avicel, Filter paper(Whatman$^{\circledR}$ No. 1)는 물론이고 고추역병균 P. capsici의 건조 cell wall도 분해하였다. CMC를 기질로 60$^{\circ}C$에서 효소활성이 가장 높았으며, 최적 pH는 pH 6.0이었다. 그리고 CoCl$_2$ 또는 MnSO$_4$ 첨가시 활성이 2배 이상 증가하였지만, FeCl$_3$ 또는 HgCl$_2$ 첨가 시는 활성이 20% 이하로 떨어졌고, SDS와 sodium azide 등 여러 화학 저해제들을 첨가하여도 87% 이상의 활성을 유지하였다. 이 결과들은 B. licheniformis K11이 식물뿌리에 근권 microflora형성의 중요한 요인으로 작용할 수 있고, 생물방제력을 발휘하는 식물병원성 진균의 세포벽 분해 cellulase 기능 연구를 가능케 하여 식물병의 생물학적 방제 연구에 기초가 될 것이라 생각된다.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.100-108
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• 2010

목 적: 컴퓨터의 보급으로 인터넷 사용이 보편화되면서 인터넷 중독에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있다. 그러나 인터넷 중독의 정확한 병태생리에 대한 이해와 진단 기준은 아직 확립되어 있지 않다. 청소년은 발달 과정 중에 있기 때문에 인터넷 중독에 더 취약할 가능성이 있으며, 우울감과 수면 문제에 대한 이해가 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 청소년의 인터넷 중독, 수면 양상, 그리고 우울감의 특징과 그 연관성을 살펴보고자 하였다. 방 법:서울 시내 일 중, 고등학교의 중학교 2학년(155명), 고등학교 1, 2학년 학생(644명)을 대상으로 하였고 그 중 696명의 설문지를 분석 대상으로 하였다. 설문지에는 Young 인터넷 중독 척도(Young's Internet Addiction Scale, YI-AS), 피츠버그 수면의 질 척도(Pittsburgh Sleep Quality In-dex, PSQI), 우울감 척도(The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, CES-D), 그리고 인터넷 사용 패턴과 기본적인 인구학적 정보에 대한 질문들이 포함되었다. 연구 대상자들을 학년별, YIAS 점수에 따라 나누어 비교하였고, YIAS와 다른 변인과의 상관관계를 분석하였다(two-tailed, p<0.05). 결 과: 인터넷 중독군(internet-addicted, IA)은 14명(2.0%), 과사용군(over-using, ou)은 193명(27.7%), 비중독군(not-addicted, NA)군은 489명(70.3%) 이었으며, 전체 대상군의 평균 IAS 점수는 35.24점, PSQI 점수는 5.53점, CES-D 점수는 16.72점이었다. 평일 평균적인 수면 시간은 학년이 올라가면서 점점 감소하였다(F=51.909, p< 0.001). IA군, OU군, NA군으로 나누어 비교하였을 때 컴퓨터를 공부 이외의 목적으로 사용하는 시간(96.36${\pm}$63.31분 vs. 134.92${\pm}$86.79분 vs. 213.57${\pm}$136.87분, F=34.287, p<0.001), 휴대용 전자기기를 공부 이외의 목적으로 사용하는 시간(84.22${\pm}$79.11분 vs. 96.97${\pm}$91.89분 vs. 152.31${\pm}$93.64분, F=5.400, p=0.005)에 유의한 차이가 있었다. PSQI 총점(5.26${\pm}$2.97 vs. 6.08${\pm}$2.97 vs. 7.50${\pm}$4.41, F= 8.218, p<0.001)과 CES-D 점수(15.40${\pm}$8.08 vs. 19.05${\pm}$8.42 vs. 30.43${\pm}$13.69, F=32.692, p<0.001)에서도 유의한 차이가 있었다. YIAS 점수는 컴퓨터를 공부 이외의 목적으로 사용하는 시간(r=0.356, p${\pm}$0.001), 휴대용 전자기기를 공부 이외의 목적으로 사용하는 시간(r=0.136, p<0.001)과 유의한 상관관계가 있었다. YIAS 점수와 PSQI 점수(r= 0.131, p=0.001), YIAS 점수와 CES-D 점수(r=0.265, p< 0.001), PSQI 점수와 CES-D 점수(r=0.357, p<0.001)는 서로 유의한 상관관계가 있었다. 결 론: 인터넷 중독은 행위 중독의 한 가지로 여러 정신병리와 관련이 있을 뿐만 아니라, 수면의 질을 결정하는 여러 가지 요인들, 우울감과도 밀접한 관련이 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 청소년의 인터넷 중독을 평가할 때 동반될 우울감과 수면 양상에 대한 고려가 함께 이루어지는 통합적인 접근이 필요할 것이다.

• 대한한방종양학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.113-160
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• 1996

Cancer is one of the most important cause of death. So recently, investigation of cancer progress prosperously all over the world. Cancer in the present medicine correspond to You-Am, Sin-Am, Young-Soon, Sel-Gyun, Sil-Young, Young-Lyoo, Seg-Je, Seg-Young, Seg-Ha, Jerk-Chui(積聚), Jing-Ha, Oel-Gyek, Ban-Oui, Bi-Gi, Bok-Lyang, Jang-Dan, Hyen-Bek in the oriental medicine. Among these, generally Jerk-Chui(積聚) is expressed to cancer. So to develop of new drugs of cancer in the present medicine, bibliographic investigation of mass-prescriptions was studied in the oriental medicine-books. According to the bibliographic study of Jerk-Chui-prescriptions, the results run as follows. 1. According to the analyses of three hundred sixty eight Jerk-Chui-prescriptions in the twenty-seven kinds of literature, the frequency number of the used drugs were Pericarpium Citri Nobilis Viride 140 times, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae 135 times, Rhizoma Scirpi 124 times, Radix Aucklandie 115 times, Rhizoma Zedoariae 114 times, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis 111 times, Radix Glycyrrhizae 106 times, Rhizoma Zingiberis 100 times, Rhizoma Coptidis 94 times, Radix Ginseng 93 times, Poria 86 times, Rhizoma Pinelliae 85 times, Semen Arecae 83 times, Rhizoma Cyperi 82 times, Radix Angelicae Sinensis 80 times, Rhizoma Atractylodis 74 times, Massa Fermentata Medisinalis 67 times, Radix Et Rhizoma Rhei 66 times, Fructus Aurantii 62 times, Fructus Hordei Genninatus 55 times, Conex Cinnamomi 54 times, Fructus Evodiae 51 times, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus 49 times, Fructus Crataegi 49 times, Rhizoma Cnidii 46 times, Radix Platycodi 44 times, Semen Tiglii 44 times, Radix Aconiti 43 times, Fructus Amoni 38 times, Semen Raphani 37 times, Radix Aconiti Praeparata 36 times, Radix Scutellariae 35 times, Pericarpium Zanthoxyli 35 times, Rhizoma Corydalis 33 times, Rhizoma Acori Graminei 31 times, Carapax Amydae 31 times, Fructus Foeniculi 31 times, Semen Persicae 30 times, Radix Bupleuri 30 times. 2. The frequency number of the most imponant used drugs in the Jerk-Chui-prescriptions were Rhizoma Coplidis 41 times, Rhizoma Scirpi 35 times, Radix Et Rhizoma Rhei 31 times, Pericarpium Citri Reticuiatae 30 times, Rhizoma Zedoariae 27 times, Rhizoma Cyperi 22 times, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis 22 times, Rhizoma Atraclylodis 22 times, Pericarpium Citri Nobilis Viride 21 times, Rhizoma Pinelliae 20 times, Semen Arecae 20 times, Fructus Crataegi 18 times, Rhizoma Zingiberis 17 times, Carapax Amydae 16 times, Semen Pharbitidis 13 times, Poria 12 times, Radix Angelicae Sinensis 10 times, Semen Persicae 10 times, Fructus Evodiae 10 times, Radix Aeoniti 10 times, Radix Glycyrrhizae 9 times, Massa Fennenlata Medisinalis 9 times, Fructus Aurantii 9 times, Fructus Hordei Genninatus 8 times, Radix Aueklandie 8 times, Rhizoma Atractylodis 8 times, Radix Bupleuri 8 times, Radix Ginseng 7 times, Semen Raphani 7 times, Radix Astragali 7 times, Cortex Cinnamomi 6 times, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus 6 times, Rhizoma Cnidii 6 times, Radix Aconiti Praeparata 5 times, Fructus Foeniculi 5 times, Lacca Sinica Exsiccata 5 times, Radix Aconiti 5 times, Rhizoma Zingiberis 5 times. 3. The clinical-botanic classifications of the used drugs in the Jerk-Chui-prescriptions were regulating the flow of Qi drugs, warm-heating drugs, promoting blood circulation drugs, killing mass drugs, resolving drugs, purgative drugs, Qi and blood tonics drugs, heat clearing drugs, removing dampness by promoting diures is drugs, phlegm eliminating drugs, allaying pain drugs. 4. According to the nature and taste in the drugs, warm and heating recipes were used most, heatclearing recipes were used a few times assistantly. 5. The Jerk-Chui-prescription used frequently was Bun-Don-Tang, which was used 13 times ; Bok-Oyang-Hoan 12 times, Bi-Gi-Hoan(肥氣丸) 12 times, Sik-Boon-Hoan 12 times, A-Uie-Hoan 12 times, Bi-Gi-Hoan 12 times, Dai-Cil-Gi-Tang 8 times, San-Cuie-Tang 8 times, Guye-Gyen-Tang 6 times, On-Baig-Won 5 times, So-Jek-Jeng-Ouen-San 5 times, Jin-In-Hoa-Cel-Tang 5 times, Byel-Gab-San 5 times, Sng-Hong-Hoan 5 times, Ji-Sil-San 4 times, So-A-Oie-Hoan 4 times, Hyang-Rng-Hoan 4 times.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제68권2호
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• pp.107-130
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• 2016

2013년 정년연장이 법제화되어, 베이비붐 세대가 노령기로 진입하는 2016-17년에 단계적으로 적용될 전망이다. 이 연구는 정년연장 법제화로 베이비붐세대 중 얼마나 혜택을 받으며, 실제로 누가(어떤 특성의 집단) 혜택을 누리게 될 것인가에 대한 실증적 분석을 제공하고자 하였다. 이와 같이 정년연장 혜택의 귀착 규모 및 특성을 분석함으로써, 이 연구는 정년연장 정책의 파급효과와 영향을 파악하는 데 목적이 있다. 정년연장은 상근 정규직근로자에게 적용될 수 있는 제도이다. 따라서 베이비붐 세대의 경제활동상태와 노동이력을 추적하여, 정년연장 혜택을 받을 가능성이 높은 상근 정규직근로자로 생존하게 되는 집단의 규모와 특성을 분석해 보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 한국노동패널조사 4차(2001)부터 17차(2014)까지 패널자료를 활용하여, 생존분석을 통해 베이비붐세대 중 상근 정규직근로자 생존확률을 분석하였다. 생명표 분석결과, 베이비붐세대 중에서 정년연장 혜택을 받을 수 있는 비율은 11.4%에 불과했고, 75.3만명 규모로 추정되었다. Kaplan-Meier 생존분석과 Cox 비례위험 회귀분석(Cox proportional hazards regression model) 결과, 고학력일수록, 여성근로자에 비해 남성근로자의 경우 정규직 생존확률이 높았으며, 공공 및 정부기관 종사자가 민간기업 종사자에 비해 정규직 생존확률이 높았다. 100인 이상 규모의 기업에 근무하는 경우, 노동조합이 조직되어 있는 곳에 근무하는 경우 정규직 생존확률이 높았다. 이는 정년연장 혜택이 안정적 고용집단인 특정계층에게 집중되는 계층화 효과, 젠더편향 효과를 보여주는 것이다. 이는 격차확대 위험을 시사하며, 청년층이 선호하는 괜찮은 일자리에서의 일자리 경쟁과 세대갈등 가능성을 시사한다.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2015년도 춘계학술대회 및 임시총회
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• pp.45-46
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• 2015

Clubroot disease of crucifers has occurred since 1957. It has spread to the whole China, especially in the southwest and nourtheast where it causes 30-80% loss in some fields. The disease has being expanded in the recent years as seeds are imported and the floating seedling system practices. For its effective control, the Ministry of Agriculture of China set up a program in 2010 and a research team led by Dr. Yueqiu HE, Yunnan Agricultural University. The team includes 20 main reseachers of 11 universities and 5 institutions. After 5 years, the team has made a lot of progresses in disease occurrence regulation, resources collection, resistance identification and breeding, biological agent exploration, formulation, chemicals evaluation, and control strategy. About 1200 collections of local and commercial crucifers were identified in the field and by artificiall inoculation in the laboratories, 10 resistant cultivars were breeded including 7 Chinese cabbages and 3 cabbages. More than 800 antagostic strains were isolated including bacteria, stretomyces and fungi. Around 100 chemicals were evaluated in the field and greenhouse based on its control effect, among them, 6 showed high control effect, especially fluazinam and cyazofamid could control about 80% the disease. However, fluzinam has negative effect on soil microbes. Clubroot disease could not be controlled by bioagents and chemicals once when the pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae infected its hosts and set up the parasitic relationship. We found the earlier the pathogent infected its host, the severer the disease was. Therefore, early control was the most effective. For Chinese cabbage, all controlling measures should be taken in the early 30 days because the new infection could not cause severe symptom after 30 days of seeding. For example, a biocontrol agent, Bacillus subtilis Strain XF-1 could control the disease 70%-85% averagely when it mixed with seedling substrate and was drenching 3 times after transplanting, i.e. immediately, 7 days, 14 days. XF-1 has been deeply researched in control mechanisms, its genome, and development and application of biocontrol formulate. It could produce antagonistic protein, enzyme, antibiotics and IAA, which promoted rhizogenesis and growth. Its The genome was sequenced by Illumina/Solexa Genome Analyzer to assembled into 20 scaffolds then the gaps between scaffolds were filled by long fragment PCR amplification to obtain complet genmone with 4,061,186 bp in size. The whole genome was found to have 43.8% GC, 108 tandem repeats with an average of 2.65 copies and 84 transposons. The CDSs were predicted as 3,853 in which 112 CDSs were predicted to secondary metabolite biosynthesis, transport and catabolism. Among those, five NRPS/PKS giant gene clusters being responsible for the biosynthesis of polyketide (pksABCDEFHJLMNRS in size 72.9 kb), surfactin(srfABCD, 26.148 kb, bacilysin(bacABCDE 5.903 kb), bacillibactin(dhbABCEF, 11.774 kb) and fengycin(ppsABCDE, 37.799 kb) have high homolgous to fuction confirmed biosynthesis gene in other strain. Moreover, there are many of key regulatory genes for secondary metabolites from XF-1, such as comABPQKX Z, degQ, sfp, yczE, degU, ycxABCD and ywfG. were also predicted. Therefore, XF-1 has potential of biosynthesis for secondary metabolites surfactin, fengycin, bacillibactin, bacilysin and Bacillaene. Thirty two compounds were detected from cell extracts of XF-1 by MALDI-TOF-MS, including one Macrolactin (m/z 441.06), two fusaricidin (m/z 850.493 and 968.515), one circulocin (m/z 852.509), nine surfactin (m/z 1044.656~1102.652), five iturin (m/z 1096.631~1150.57) and forty fengycin (m/z 1449.79~1543.805). The top three compositions types (contening 56.67% of total extract) are surfactin, iturin and fengycin, in which the most abundant is the surfactin type composition 30.37% of total extract and in second place is the fengycin with 23.28% content with rich diversity of chemical structure, and the smallest one is the iturin with 3.02% content. Moreover, the same main compositions were detected in Bacillus sp.355 which is also a good effects biocontol bacterial for controlling the clubroot of crucifer. Wherefore those compounds surfactin, iturin and fengycin maybe the main active compositions of XF-1 against P. brassicae. Twenty one fengycin type compounds were evaluate by LC-ESI-MS/MS with antifungal activities, including fengycin A $C_{16{\sim}C19}$, fengycin B $C_{14{\sim}C17}$, fengycin C $C_{15{\sim}C18}$, fengycin D $C_{15{\sim}C18}$ and fengycin S $C_{15{\sim}C18}$. Furthermore, one novel compound was identified as Dehydroxyfengycin $C_{17}$ according its MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectral data, which molecular weight is 1488.8480 Da and formula $C_{75}H_{116}N_{12}O_{19}$. The fengycin type compounds (FTCPs $250{\mu}g/mL$) were used to treat the resting spores of P. brassicae ($10^7/mL$) by detecting leakage of the cytoplasm components and cell destruction. After 12 h treatment, the absorbencies at 260 nm (A260) and at 280 nm (A280) increased gradually to approaching the maximum of absorbance, accompanying the collapse of P. brassicae resting spores, and nearly no complete cells were observed at 24 h treatment. The results suggested that the cells could be lyzed by the FTCPs of XF-1, and the diversity of FTCPs was mainly attributed to a mechanism of clubroot disease biocontrol. In the five selected medium MOLP, PSA, LB, Landy and LD, the most suitable for growth of strain medium is MOLP, and the least for strains longevity is the Landy sucrose medium. However, the lipopeptide highest yield is in Landy sucrose medium. The lipopeptides in five medium were analyzed with HPLC, and the results showed that lipopeptides component were same, while their contents from B. subtilis XF-1 fermented in five medium were different. We found that it is the lipopeptides content but ingredients of XF-1 could be impacted by medium and lacking of nutrition seems promoting lipopeptides secretion from XF-1. The volatile components with inhibition fungal Cylindrocarpon spp. activity which were collect in sealed vesel were detected with metheds of HS-SPME-GC-MS in eight biocontrol Bacillus species and four positive mutant strains of XF-1 mutagenized with chemical mutagens, respectively. They have same main volatile components including pyrazine, aldehydes, oxazolidinone and sulfide which are composed of 91.62% in XF-1, in which, the most abundant is the pyrazine type composition with 47.03%, and in second place is the aldehydes with 23.84%, and the third place is oxazolidinone with 15.68%, and the smallest ones is the sulfide with 5.07%.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.214-223
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• 2013

Dichlorprop(DCPP)는 phenoxyalkanoic acid계열로서 인체에 유해한 것으로 알려진 fenoprop, 2,4-D 및 daminozide의 대체 약제로 사용되어온 auxin 활성 생장조정제로 과수의 낙과 방지에 이용된다. 하지만, DCPP의 과다 사용은 과실의 숙기를 촉진시키며 연화 및 저장력을 현저히 저하하는 부정적인 영향을 나타내며, 제초제의 특성을 나타내기 때문에 농산물에 과다 사용하여 잔류허용기준을 초과할 경우, 인체에 유해할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 생장조정제로 사용되고 있는 DCPP에 대하여 국내에 유통되는 농산물을 대상으로 잔류 실태 조사 연구를 실시하고자 기존 식품공전 분석법을 개선하여 신속하고 효율적인 분석법으로 재확립 하였다. 분석법 검증에 사용된 시료는 농산물의 메트릭스를 대표할 수 있는 농산물 5종(감귤, 감자, 고추, 대두 및 현미)을 사용하였다. 검체에 아세톤을 가하고 산성화시켜 추출한 후 산-염기 액-액 분배법을 이용해 추출, 정제 및 농축 과정을 거쳤다. 농축에 의해 얻어진 잔류물은 메탄올로 재용해한 후, 이중 2 mL를 취해 $BF_3$-메탄올 용액으로 메틸화한 후, 헥산 및 5% 염화나트륨을 사용해 최종 정제를 거친 용액을 헥산으로 재용해하여 GC/ECD에 주입하였다. 기기분석은 DB-17 중간 극성 칼럼과 운반 기체로 질소 가스를 사용하였고, split-less 모드 하에 $1{\mu}L$를 주입하여 승온 조건으로 ECD에 의해 측정하였다. 또한, GC/MS를 통해 확인시험을 수행 하였으며, 모든 검증은 CAC 가이드라인(CAC/GL 40, 1993) 규정에 따라 실시하였다. 그 결과, DCPP의 정량 한계는 모든 검체에서 0.05 mg/kg 수준이었고, 회수율은 감귤89.5-94.3%, 감자 79.4-87.4%, 고추 90.5-102.2%, 대두 78.8-101.1%, 현미 90.5-100.4%였으며, 변동계수는 감귤 2.5-9.5%, 감자 1.4-2.6%, 고추 2.7-3.9%, 대두 3.4-7.3%, 현 미 1.2-2.1%로 나타났다. 이상의 결과는 국제식품규격위원회 가이드라인 규정(CAC/GL 40, 1993)에 만족하는 수준으로, 새롭게 개선된 DCPP 분석법은 향후 국내 유통 농산물을 대상으로 한 생장조정제 DCPP의 잔류 실태 조사 연구에 활용될 계획이다.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.23-35
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• 2009

A hypermarket as the one of the most globally standardized retailing format is also the type of store among various types of stores that the most active in expanding into other foreign markets. Recently, as several Korean retailing companies start to penetrate into Chinese market they differentiate themselves with modern facilities and customers service oriented high-end concept. China and Korea as Far East Asian countries share many common values, however precise and careful analysis should be carried out since there may also be critical differences in socio-economic aspects as well as in consumption patterns due to the level of development stages of retail industry among two countries. Even though precise and careful study is crucial on Chinese retailing market and consumers, none of researches and studies on 'how the quality of service dimensional structure is different between Korea and China', and 'what will be the most important and influential service dimensional factors for Chinese consuers compared to the hypermarkets customers in Korea' in order to improve the level of Chinese consumers satisfaction' have been fulfilled At this point of view, this study uses KD-SQS (Rho Eun Jung & Sir Yong Gu, 2008) which is a measure of Korean hypermarkets service quality to set up a hypothesis on Korean and Chinese consumers, and an empirical analysis is conducted. We try to get the answers about how the comparative importance of Service quality dimensions which decides the level of customer satisfaction is different depending on the cultural dimensions and socio-economic factors among two countries, Korea and China. Based upon the results, we try to give a valuable suggestion of what service dimensional factors should be reinforced to improve the level of CS in Chinese retailing market. Hypotheses for this study are as follows : H1. Each dimension of Service Quality significantly affects the level of CS H2. The effect of 'Basic Benefit' in service quality dimensions on the level of CS is greater in China than in Korea H3. The effect of 'Promotion' in service quality dimensions on the level of CS is greater in China than in Korea H4. The effect of 'Physical Aspects'in service quality dimensions on the level of CS is greater in Korea than in China. H5. The effect of 'Personal Interaction' in service quality dimensions on the level of CS is greater in China than in Korea H6. The effect of 'Policy' in service quality dimensions on the level of CS will be greater in Korean than in China H7. The effect of additional convenience in service quality dimensions on the level of CS will be greater in Korean than in China. More than 1,100 data were collected directly from the surveys of Chinese and Korean consumers in order to verify the hypotheses above. In Korea, stores which have floor space of over $9,000m^2$and opened later than year 2000 were selected for the samples, and thus Gayang, Wolgye, Sangbong, Eunpyeong, Suh-Suwon, Gojan stores and their customers were surveyed. In China, notable differences in the income levels and consumer behaviors between cities and regions were considered, and thus the research area was limited to the stores only in Shanghai. 6 stores which have the size of over $6,000m^2$ and opened later than 2000, such as Ruihong, Intu, Mudanjang, Sanrin, Raosimon, and Ranchao stores were selected for the survey. SPSS 12.0 and AMOS 7.0 were used as statistical tools, and exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and multi-group analysis were conducted. In order to carry out a multi group analysis that decides whether the structure variables which shows the different effects of 6 service dimensions in Korean and Chinese groups is statistically valid, configural invariance, metric invariance, and structural invariance are tested in order. At the results of the tests, 3 out of 7 hypotheses were supported and other 4 hypotheses were denied. According to the study, 4 dimensions (Basic Benefit, Physical Environment, Policy, and additional convenience) were positively correlated with CS in Korea, and 3 dimensions (i.e. basic benefit, policy, additional convenience) were significant in China. However, the significance of the service-dimensions was turned out to be partially different in Korea and China. The Basic Benefit is more influential in deciding the level of CS in china than Korea, however Physical Aspect is more important factor in Korea. 'Policy dimension' did not make significant difference between two countries. In the 'additional convenience dimension', the differences in 'socio-economic factors' than in'cultural background' were considered as more important in Chinese consumers than Korean. Overall, the improvement of Service quality will be crucial factors to increase the level of CS in Chinese market same as Korean market. In addition, more emphases need to be placed on the service qualities of 'Basic Benefit' and 'additional convenience' dimensions in China. In particular, 'low price' and 'product diversity' that constitute 'Basic Benefit' are proved to be comparatively disadvantageous and weak points of Korean companies compared to global players, and thus the prompt strengthening those dimensions would be urgent for Korean retailers. Moreover, additional conveniences such as various tenants and complex service and entertaining area will be more important in China than in Korea. Besides, Applying advanced Korean Hypermaret`s customer policy to Chinese consumers will help to get higher reliability and to differentiate themselves to other competitors. However, as personal interaction, physical aspect, promotions were proved as not significant for the level of CS in China, Korean companies need to reconsider the priority order of resource allocations when they tap into Chinese market.