• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.248-253
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• 2016

Background Financial, clinical, and psychological considerations have made same-day surgery an attractive option for a variety of procedures. This article aimed to analyse the postoperative results of same-day primary unilateral cleft nasolabial repair. Methods This study was performed from 2011 to 2014. Unilateral cleft lip patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were preoperatively classified as mild, moderate, and severe. All patients underwent same-day surgery and were discharged after satisfying the appropriate clinical criteria, receiving thorough counselling, and the establishment of a means of communication by phone. Postoperative outcomes were assessed and stratified according to preoperative severity and the type of repair. Results A total of 423 primary unilateral cleft lip patients were included. Fisher's anatomical subunit approximation technique was the most common procedure, followed by Noordhoff's technique. The postoperative outcome was good in 89.8% of cases, fair in 9.9% of cases, and poor in 0.2% of cases. The complication rate was 1.18% (n=5), and no instances of mortality were observed. The average hospital stay was 7.5 hours, leading to a cost reduction of 19% in comparison with patients who stayed overnight for observation. Conclusions Mild unilateral cleft lip was the most common deformity for which Fisher's anatomical subunit approximation technique was performed in most of the cases, with satisfactory postoperative outcomes. Refinements in the cleft rhinoplasty techniques over the course of the study improved the results regarding cleft nasal symmetry. Single-day primary unilateral cleft cheiloplasty was found to be a cost-effective procedure that did not pose an additional risk of complications.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.65-70
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to identify the chronological growth characteristics of Gaeryangmeoru grapes, by observation of the developmental process of the axillary bud, fruit quality, and anatomical structure of the pericarp. No necrosis of axillary buds was observed, irrespective of node position of the shoot, from shoot occurrence to leaf fall. Berry weight, cluster weight, soluble solid content and titratable acidity were analyzed to be 1.2 g, 128.8 g, $16.9^{\circ}Brix$, and 1.57%, respectively, at maturity. The sugar was composed of fructose and glucose, with a ratio of 1:1 (fructose: glucose) at maturity. Malic acid was predominant among the organic acids, and conformed to the changes of chronological titratable acidity. Sugar and organic acid content changed dramatically starting a week before veraison. The degraded ovules were observed before and after fertilization, and the pericarp was composed of one epidermis, and seven to ten hypodermis layers at maturity.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.21-29
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• 2009

Objective : This study was carried to identify the anatomical component of FTMM(Foot Taeyang Meridian Muscle) in human lower limb, and further to help the accurate application to real acupuncture. Methods : FTM at the surface of the lower limb was labelled with latex. And cadaver was stripped off to demonstrate muscles, nerves and the others and to display the internal structures of FTMM, being divided into outer, middle, and inner layer. Results : FTMM in human lower limb is composed of muscles, nerves, ligaments etc. The internal composition of the FTMM in human lower limb are as follows : 1) Muscle : Gluteus maximus. biceps femoris, semitendinosus, gastrocnemius, triceps calf, fibularis brevis tendon, superior peroneal retinacula, calcaneofibular ligament, inferior extensor retinaculum, abductor digiti minimi, sheath of flexor tendon at outer layer, biceps femoris, semimembranosus, plantaris, soleus, posterior tibialis, fibularis brevis, extensor digitorum brevis, flexor digiti minimi at middle layer, and for the last time semimembranosus, adductor magnus, plantaris, popliteus, posterior tibialis, flexor hallucis longus, dorsal calcaneocuboidal ligament at inner layer. 2) Nerve : Inferior cluneal nerve, posterior femoral cutaneous n., sural cutaneous n., proper plantar branch of lateral plantar n. at outer layer, sciatic nerve, common peroneal n., medial sural cutaneous n., tibial n. at middle layer, and for the last time tibial nerve, flexor hallucis longus branch of tibial n. at inner layer. Conclusions : This study proves comparative differences from already established studies from the viewpoint of constituent elements of FTMM in the lower limb, and also in the aspect of substantial assay method. We can guess that there are conceptional differences between terms (that is, nerves which control muscles of FTMM and those which pass near by FTMM) in human anatomy.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.31-42
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• 2007

To investigate the pyrolytic and anatomical characteristics of Korean softwood, Pinus densi-flora, Pinus rigida and Larix leptolepis, and hardwood, Acer palntatum, Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Quercus variabilis, chemical components analysis, TG-DTA (Thermogravimetric Analysis & Differential Thermal Analysis), MBA (Methylene Blue Adsorption) test and SEM observation were carried out. For TG-DTA, samples were carbonized up to $800^{\circ}C$ at the heating rate of $10^{\circ}C$/min under $N_2$ flows 1 l/min using thermogravimetric analyzer. Chemical component analysis of all samples resulted in typical contents of major wood component. In TG-DTA results, softwood showed higher char yield than hardwood, and lignin displayed the highest char yield among the major wood components. All samples showed typical TGA, DTG and DTA curves for wood pyrolysis except a few differences between softwood and hardwood. Content of lignin influenced its pyrolysis characteristics, while molecular structure of lignin affected not only the weight loss but also the yield of char. In MBA test results, MBA of softwoods was higher than that of hardwoods. Char of Pinus densiflora showed the highest MBA, but its degree was lower than activated carbon or fine charcoal about 23 and 4 times, respectively. SEM observation showed carbonization process preserves wood structure and retain the micro-structure of wood fibers.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.82 no.4
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• pp.337-346
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• 1993

Experiments were performed to find out the effects of simulated acid rain(SAR) of pH 4.0 or pH 2.5 for 12 weeks on stomatal resistance, wettability and anatomical changes in Quercus acutissima and Ginkgo biloba seedlings. As a control, distilled water with a pH 6.5 was also sprayed. Stomatal resistance of Q. acutissima and of G. biloba remarkably increased after exposure to SAR. SAR increased the wettability of Q. acutissima leaves measured with water blue solution and of G. biloba leaves measured by leaf contact angle method. Anatomical changes in the leaves of Q. acutissima affected by SAR were the partial damage of epidermis and parenchymatous cells. Scanning electron microscopical observation showed that the number of trichomes in the leaves of Q. acutissima treated with SAR markedly decreased and the erosion of epicuticular wax was significant. No distinct damage was found in the G. biloba leaves at pH 4.0, while epidermis and vascular tissue were collapsed at pH 2.5. No significant alteration of surface structures in this tree species was observed.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.127-135
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• 1999

Gentiana scabra Bunge var buergeri Max, can be widely used such as cut-flower, ornamental and medicinal plant among the native plants. Microscopic and Scanning electron microscopic observation plant were carried out to estimates the characteristics correlated with germinability and germination process, and the results were as follows. The seeds were germinated just after harvest, and it means that there is no or little dormancy of the seeds. Matured seeds showed higher germinability than those of immatured. As the storage period was longer, immatured seeds showed shorter longevity than those of matured. The average longevity was about 190 days. According to the observation results of morphological changes during the germination, seed coat was expanded with water absorption immediately after seeding, and radicals were observed 2 days after seeding. Root hairs were formed behind the growing tip of the root on 4 days after seeding and cotyledon were unfolded on 6 days after seeding. In the microscopic observation of leaf tissues, it could be easily distinguished between midrib, and leaf blade, and also observed upper epidermis, palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma consisted as a sing1e layer. Palisade parenchyma was consisted of a single layer of cell. Stomata were restricted lower surface, arranged as anamocytic type, and surrounded by guard cells. In the microscopic anatomy of stem were consisted of cortical layer, forming a single layer of epidermis and parenchyma, and vascular bundle which was consisted of continuous cylinder of vascular tissues.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.50 no.10
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• pp.624-629
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• 2012

This study examined the anatomical relationships along with the variability of the facial nerve trunk and its branches with an emphasis on the intraparotid connections between the divisions. And histomorphometric observations of the facial nerve branches and fascicles were performed on 40 Korean half-heads. The facial nerve trunk was bifurcated into two main divisions(35/40, 87.5%) and the other five cases were divided into a trifurcation pattern. According to the origin of the buccal branch, the branching patterns of the facia l nerve were classified into four categories. Communications between the facial and auriculotemporal nerve branches were observed in 37 out of 40 cases(92.5%). In the histological observation, the buccal branch had the greatest number of branches(3.47), however the zygomatic branch had the largest diameters(0.93mm). This detailed description of the facial nerve anatomy wi ll provide useful information for surgical procedures such as a tumor resection. a facial nerve reconstruction, autonerve graft. and facelift.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.334-340
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• 2019

In order to promote scientification of Korean medicine, two hypothetical scenarios were proposed methodologically. Firstly, the scientification of Korean medicine requires a comprehensive understanding of the process and reality, and new logical procedures and the methods of observation and experiment. Secondly, transformation to revised Korean medicine is to replace traditional Korean medicine with biochemistry-based Western medicine, that is a method of reconstructing the recognition foundation describing symptoms and diseases using anatomical platforms and analytical tools. But there are areas of human training and practice that are not subject to scientification, and there are incommensurable parts as for the methodology between western medicine too. And additionally arbitrary rejection by uniform science with a political reason was done. So these various backgrounds and factors should be considered for the scientification of Korean medicine. And before that, reflection and agreement on the understanding and attitude of the method of scientification within the Korean medical community is necessary.

• Mycobiology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2003

Detailed structures of ectomycorrhizae formed in Pinus roots were observed with various microscopes: light, fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopes. The mantles and Hartig nets commonly found in the structure of ectomycorrhiza were newly observed according to developmental stage by various staining. The mycelia were observed to be composed of coiled types on the surface of epidermal root during early stage and fused to form mantles of smooth fungal layers, loosing mycelia with some viscous liquid secreted. The ectomycorrhizal hyphae in anatomical roots penetrated the cortical layer and formed obviously mantle and Hartig net. The round spots of ectomycorrhizal mycelia were observed morphological distribution from the cortical layer to vascular bundle of stele in the ectomycorrhizal roots of Pinus species and especially scattered at the area of meristem at the root tip as longitudinal sections. Those mycelia penetrated seemed to move into other roots by means of vascular bundle of ectomycorrhizal roots and newly form ectomycorrhizal roots of dichotomous branches.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.11
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• pp.1165-1172
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• 2002

The effects of salicylic acid(SA) and water deficit on growth and proline accumulation were investigated in cucumber(Cucurmis sativus L.) seedlings. Exogenous application of SA(100 $\mu$M-1 mM) led to a noticeable decrease in root and shoot growth, and dry weight of seedlings. Anatomical observation on leaf of cucumber revealed that the thickness of all leaf tissue components decreased in SA-treated plants. The effect was most pronounced on the width of the adaxial epidermis. In the separate effects of SA(0, 100, 500 and 1000 $\mu$M) and water deficit induced by PEG(0, 4.4, 7.0 and 9.6 %) on growth, the water deficit treatments had greater effects on growth traits than SA. Combinations of SA and PEG(SA+PEG) decreased shoot and root dry matter, and root length. Proline increased slightly in SA-treated seedlings, but exhibited a marked increase in water deficit application. Combinations of SA+PEG induced higher proline in both shoots and roots than SA stress alone. Shoots had higher proline than roots. Our data support a role of SA potentiating the osmotic stress response of germinating cucumber seedling.