• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.200-204
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• 2023

Although in counterpart, the sphenopalatine artery (SPA), has been well described in the medical literature, the sphenopalatine vein (SPV) has received scant attention. Therefore, the present anatomical study was performed. Additionally, we discuss the variations, embryology, and clinical significance of the SPV. Adult cadaveric specimens underwent dissection of the SPV. In addition, some specimens were submitted for histological analysis of this structure. The SPV was found to drain from the sphenoidal sinus and nasal septum. Small tributaries traveled through the nasal septum with the posterior septal branches of the SPA and nasopalatine nerve. The SPA and SPV were found to travel through the sphenopalatine foramen and another tributary was found to perforate the medial plate of the pterygoid process and to connect to the pterygoid venous plexus which traveled lateral to the medial plate of the pterygoid process. The vein traveled through the posterior part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity with the posterior lateral nasal branches of the SPA and the lateral superior posterior nasal branches of the maxillary nerve. To our knowledge, this is the first anatomical study on the SPV in humans. Data on the SPV provides an improved anatomical understanding of the vascular network of the nasal cavity. Developing a more complete picture of the nasal cavity and its venous supply might help surgeons and clinicians better manage clinical entities such as posterior epistaxis, cavernous sinus infections, and perform endoscopic surgery with fewer complications.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.90-100
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• 2024

Objectives : This study examined the historical evolution of the GV26 acupuncture point, focusing on its location, therapeutic indications, and anatomical relevance to the philtrum region. Methods : We reviewed 18 historical acupuncture texts, analyzing the descriptions of GV26's location and associated indications. Results : The location of GV26 has varied over time. Early texts like the A-B Classics of Acupuncture and Moxibustion described it at the center of the philtrum groove, while some 16th-century texts shifted it closer to the nasal cavity. However, many sources continued to emphasize the central philtrum groove as the correct location. GV26 was historically indicated for conditions such as cold-type headache, epilepsy, edema, nasal and eye symptoms, respiratory issues, post-stroke symptoms, jaundice, pestilence, mouth-related symptoms, and low back pain. Epilepsy, edema, and post-stroke facial symptoms were consistently cited across texts, while other indications varied. Cadaveric studies show that the superficial orbicularis oris muscle divides into the upper nasalis and lower labialis portions. Needling the upper third of the philtrum stimulates the thinner, closer-to-maxilla upper nasalis portion, potentially providing stronger stimulation, while needling the center targets the lower labialis portion. Conclusions : Historical variations in GV26's location reflect an evolving understanding of its anatomical and therapeutic significance. The upper third of the philtrum groove may be more effective for acute conditions requiring strong stimulation, whereas the central groove may better address a broader range of conditions. These findings highlight the importance of historical and anatomical context in optimizing GV26's clinical use.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.419-430
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• 2024

Huntington's disease (HD) is a hereditary condition considered by the progressive degeneration of nerve cells in the brain, resultant in motor dysfunction and cognitive impairment. Despite current treatment modalities including pharmaceuticals and various therapies, a definitive cure remains elusive. Therefore, this study investigates the therapeutic potential effect of Apelin-13 in HD management. Thirty male Wistar rats were allocated into three groups: a control group, a group with HD, and a group with both HD and administered Apelin-13. Apelin-13 was administered continuously over a 28-day period at a dosage of around 30 mg/kg to mitigate inflammation in rats subjected to 3-NP injection within an experimental HD model. Behavioral tests, such as rotarod, electromyography (EMG), elevated plus maze, and open field assessments, demonstrated that Apelin-13 improved motor function and coordination in rats injected with 3-NP. Apelin-13 treatment significantly increased neuronal density and decreased glial cell counts compared to the control group. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed reduced gliosis and expression of inflammatory factors in the treatment group. Moreover, Apelin-13 administration led to elevated levels of glutathione and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in the treated group. Apelin-13 demonstrates neuroprotective effects, leading to improved movement and reduced inflammatory and fibrotic factors in the HD model.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.2535-2537
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• 2016

Background: Most of the cervical cancer patients, including those with cervical adenocarcinomas, come at advanced stage in the developing world so its mortality is high. Radiotherapy is one of the treatment modality for advanced stage cervical adenocarcinomas, but its efficacy depends on several prognostic factors such as the stage, histopathology, presence of organ dysfunction and expression of cellular biology markers mainly involve in cell proliferation such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Some research indicates that activation of EGFR in malignancy (including cervical cancer) correlates with aggressive behavior, a poor prognosis and decreasing sensitivity of radiotherapy. However, the combination between targeted therapies and radiotherapy are innovative approaches which may provide a good result. This study aimed to assess any correlation between expression of EGFR and response to radiotherapy in cervical adenocarcinoma cases. Materials and Methods: A total of 32 women were registered in a retrospective study period January 2007 and May 2014. Paraffin blocks from these patients were processed by classical histological techniques and for immunohistochemical staining of EGFR, scoring being accomplished according to the immunoreactive scoring (IRS) of Remmele and Stegner. Results: Among the studied molecular factors, there was significant correlation expression of EGFR with poor response to radiotherapy (p=0.0001). Conclusions: The result of this study showed a significant correlation between expression of EGFR and sensitivity of radiation in cervical adenocarcinoma cases. Further research is necessary to obtain information about new therapeutic management.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.178-182
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• 2005

With the development of systemic diagnostic technique in cancer, the diagnostic methods of head and neck region are developing, also. Now, it is usually used computed tomography(CT), magnetic resornance image(MRI) in head and neck cancer and positron emission tomography(PET) is being increased in diagnostic use because of tumor specificity and accuracy. However, CT and MRI show the advantage of showing precise anatomical landmarks, but the disadvantage of these methods is much affecting by anatomical variations and changes. Otherwise, PET presents the imaging of physiologic and biochemical phenomenon and the disadvantage is the difficult differentiation of normal physiologic uptake, the lack of normal anatomical landmarks. PET/CT, the combination of clinical PET and CT imaging in a single unit is introduced recently, and it helps to get more accurate diagnostic interpretation and to improve in evaluating response to therapy, in management of patients with malignant tumors. So, we report the advantages of PET/CT in the diagnosis of oral cancer with review of literatures.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.67-74
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• 1992

Apocrine carcinoma is a rare form of breast malignancy and is composed of entirely or predominantly of apocrine type epithelial cells. Apocrine metaplastic cells are frequently noted in fine needle aspiration cytology(FNAC) of breast lesions, especially fibrocystic disease. These apocrine cells may occasionally be atypical, to make a diagnostic difficulty. Two cases of apocrine carcinoma of the breast diagnosed by FNAC are described, and differential cytologic points between apocrine metaplasia and apocrine carcinoma are discussed. The first case is a right breast mass of a 37-year-old woman for 20 days. The smears show many single or sheets of large cells on bloody background. Each cell has a large vesicular nuclei with multiple macronucleoli and abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm. The second case is a left breast mass of a 35-year-old woman for one month. The smears show similar findings as seen in the first one. Histopathologic findings of both cases are typical of apocrine carcinoma. Electron microscopy demonstrates variable numbers of large osmiophilic granules in diameter of $200\sim600nm$ in both cases.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.82-89
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• 1992

Electron microscopy (EM) can provide a valuable contribution to light microscopy (LM) In the Interpretation of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) specimen, especially in the diagnosis of the tumor. However, considerable care in processing the specimen is mandatory to recover the cells and avoid altering the fine structures. We experienced a case of malignant melanoma in 33-yrs-old female, diagnosed by EM study of FNAC specimen from the axillary mass, who was initially thought as disseminated carcinomatosis on LM study. The technique of EM study on FNAC specimen consisted of washing the needle and syringe in 2.5% glutaraldehyde after a rapid stain (Diff-Quik), which was used to obtain a preliminary diagnostic impression and to assure the adequacy of the EM specimen. After centrifugation in the steps of fixation and dehydration, the sediment was made into an epon block and examined. The whole processing time of EM study can be shortened within 7 or 8 hours, and results can be available within 48 to 72 hours. Our experience suggests the EM study on FNAC can be a useful diagnostic method in the diagnosis of difficult FNAC cases.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 2000

Diffuse sclerosing papillary carcinoma(DSPC), a variant of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid, is characterized by diffuse involvement of one or both thyroid lobes, and histologic features such as prominent sclerosis, intense lymphocytic infiltrate, numerous psammoma bodies, and squamous metaplasia together with the characteristic cytoarchitectural pattern of classical papillary carcinoma. We experienced a case of fine needle aspiration cytologic(FNAC) findings of DSPC, which was confirmed by histologic examination of the thyroidectomy specimens. The patient was 26 years old female who presented with diffuse firm enlargement of the thyroid gland with enlargement of many cervical lymph nodes. FNAC smears showed numerous psammoma bodies, many lymphocytes, metaplastic squamous cells, absence of stringy colloid, and epithelial cells showing classical features of papillary carcinoma, such as nuclear grooves, intranuclear unclusions, and ground glass chromatin pattern.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.93-101
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• 2011

Reconstruction following a resection of malignant oral cavity tumors is one of the most difficult problems in recent oral oncology. The radial forearm free flap (RFFF) is a thin, pliable soft tissue flap with large-caliber vessels for microvascular anastomosis. Its additional advantages include consistent flap vascular anatomy, acceptable donor site morbidity and the ability to perform simultaneous flap harvest with a tumor resection. For a better understanding of RFFF as a routine reconstructive procedure in oral and maxillofacial surgery, the constant anatomical findings must be learned and memorized by young doctors during the special curriculum periods for the Korean national board of oral and maxillofacial surgery. This review article discusses the anatomical basis of RFFF in the Korean language.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.749-752
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• 1999

Over the past several years, a number of centers have reported favorable results of anatomical repair for the congenitally corrected transpositions. However, there have been subsequent problems related mainly to the results of atrial switch procedures in patients who had small atriums because of venoatrial obstructions or supraventricular arrhythmias, especially in patients with apicocaval juxtaposition. Cavopulmonary shunt may be a useful addition to the double switch operation in certain circumstances as a means of avoiding potential atrial complications. Herein, we describe the successful anatomical repair of congenitally corrected transposition of the great artery with pulmonary atresia, ventricular septal defect, and cavo apical juxtaposition with this modification.