• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.265-270
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to determine pharmacokinetic parameters and tissue distribution patters of urinary trypsin inhibitor(UTI) in Sprague-Dawley rats. $Na^{125}$I was conjugated to UTI to make $^{125}I-UTI$ and the concentrations were determined by $\gamma$-counter. With the aid of nonlinear least-square regression analysis for i.v bolus injection of 1,000 unit UTI including $^{125}I-UTI$, the temporal concentration curves were best fitted by 2-compartment open model. The distribution phase half-life was 0.39$\pm$0.02 hours whereas the elimination half-life was 12.99$\pm$1.05 hours in male rats. The volume of distribution and total body clearance in male rats were 0.28$\pm$0.01 1/kg and 83.16$\pm$1.15 ml/kg/h, respectively. We could not find any difference of pharmacokinetic parameters of UTI between male and female rats. UTI were distributed widely in rat organs. In both male and female rats, the kidney was the highest distributed organ. Amount of UTI in 24 hour cumulative urine in male rats was 36.22$\pm$8.74% and that in 48 hours was 43.32$\pm$10.55%. Excretion via feces was very scanty, with the 24 hours cumulative amount being only 2.76$\pm$0.97%. This data suggest the main excretion route of UTI is urine.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.151-156
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• 2012

$^{18}F$-fluorodeoxyglucose ($^{18}F$-FDG) causes a significant amount of radioactivity retention in kidneys and urinary tract and degrades image quality and diagnostic performance. Diuretics are used to perform tests and prevent the urinary tract retention of $^{18}F$-FDG. The purpose of the study is to investigate how the diuretics affect images and excretion rates of $^{18}F$-FDG. The study consists of a group using diuretics for patients with no primary tumors or transfer lesions in kidneys according to PET/CT images, a group using physiological saline and the control group injecting only $^{18}F$-FDG and SUVs are measured by configuring interested areas for each group. Also, SUVs are compared and evaluated depending on the lasix injection after basic inspection and injecting $^{18}F$-FDG for quantitative analysis. The study shows that images with decreased background radioactivity and increased urine excretion due to using diuretics. However, an opposite result that there is no change in the amount of radioactivity in urine appears. The study concludes that the diuretics may decrease background radioactivity in the images but may not affect the $^{18}F$-FDG excretion.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 1968

A comparative study of $^{131}I$-hippuran renogram, $^{131}I$-hippuran excretion test and intravenous pyelogram were performed in 61 cases of gynecological cancer. The following were the results: 1. Among 40 cases of cervix cancer showing normal excretory urography 7 cases (17.5%) were found to have unilateral or bilateral delayed excretory pattern on $^{131}I$-hippuran renogram and on the contrary only 2 cases (5.7%) showed a mild caliectatic change on excretory urography among 35 cases of gynecological cancer showing normal pattern of $^{131}I$-hippuran renogram. 2. In the group showing unilateral or bilateral delayed excretory pattern on $^{131}I$-hippuran renogram there was a reduction of $^{131}I$-hippuran excretion in the first 20 minutes, but there was no significant difference of $^{131}I$-hippuran excretion in 60 minutes compared with that of normal renogram group. 3. In the group showing unilateral non-functioning pattern of $^{131}I$-hippuran renogram in one side and normal pattern in the other side there was found to be no difference in $^{131}I$-hippuran excretion amount compared with that of normal renogram group. 4. It was evident from these experimental study that $^{131}I$-hippuran renogram was considered as a good examination method for the evaluation of obstructive uropathy, and if one side kidney was intact it might compensate for the other diseased kidney so far as to renal excretory function. It was also shown that the more severe the cancerous spread in the pelvic wall the more changes on $^{131}I$-hippuran renogram.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.136-145
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of organic slovents and noise on hearing loss. We selected organic solvents exposed group of 32 cases, noise exposed group of 31 cases, both noise and solvent exposed group of 31 cases, and control group of 53 cases and studied the relation between exposure level of noise and organic solvents and degree of hearing loss. The results were as follows. The subjects under investigation were exposed to noise and organic solvents under threshold limit values and the amount of urinary hippuric acid excretion were also under biological exposure indices. In case of noise, both noise and organic solvents exposed group and noise exposed group were more exposed than organic solvents exposed group(p<0.05). When urinary hippuric acid excretion were concerned, both noise iud organic solvents exposed group and organic solvents exposed group showed higher values than noise exposed group(p<0.05). In comparison of mean auditory threshold values by frequency, on the air conduction test, both noise and organic solvents exposed group showed significantly higher hearing loss than noise exposed group in 500Hz of right ear, 500 and 2000Hz of left ear(p<0.05). Forty-three cases among 147 subjects were regarded as hearing loss group and average age(42.6years) of hearing loss group was higher than normal groups average age of 38.0 years. Urinary hippuric acid excretions of hearing loss group were significantly higher than normal group(p<0.05). Thirty-eight percent(12cases) of noise exposed group, 40.6 $\%$(13cases) of organic solvents exposed group, 51.6 $\%$(16cases) of both noise and organic solvents exposed group, and 3.8 $\%$(2cases) of unexposed group were regarded as hearing losers. Exposed groups showed higher incidence of hearing loss than unexposed group but there were no significant differences among the exposed groups. The variables showing significant correlation with hearing loss were age and the amount of hippuric acid in urinary excretion. When age were adjusted for the purpose of seeing the effects of hearing losses due to organic solvent, urinary excretion of hippuric acids was the only variable with significant correlation with hearing loss (p<0.05). When odds ratio to hearing loss between control and exposed groups was considered, noise exposed group showed 6.1 times (95 $\%$ CI: 3.3-8.7), organic solvents exposed group showed 7.4 times (95 $\%$ CI: 3.5-14.6) and both noise and organic solvents exposed group showed 17.2 times(95% CI: 5.6-31.8) higher values than unexposed group(p<0.01). Above results suggest that health screening test of hearing loss is also needed in organic solvents exposed workers.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.53-62
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• 1985

Pivampicillin hydrochloride is a kind of broad spectrum antibiotics with bactericidal action, and is used in many countries, although it has bitter taste, unpleasant odour and side effects of irritating gastric mucosa, nausea, penicillin allergy, etc. For the improvement of such side effects of pivampicillin hydrochloride, microcapsules, with wall of ethylcellulose, have been prepared by coacervation method. The shape was observed through the scanning electron microscope, the release of the drug into an aqueous medium was studied and the effects of core: ethylcellulose ratio were interpreted as well as making sensory evaluation of taste and odour. There was decreasing trend in dissolution rate of the drug with the increase of core: ethylcellulose ratios, and the smaller microcapsules released their contents more rapidly. A linear relationship was established between the amount of ethylcellulose and the time for 60% release of the drug, and the release pattern was found to have similar characteristics to the release of the drug from an insoluble porous matrix. The release of the drug in the artificial intestinal fluids (pH 6.8) was found to be similar to that in water, while the release in the artificial gastric juice (pH 1.2) was slightly slower. Bioavailability of microcapsule was compared with that of pivampicillin hydrochloride in rabbits using serum concentration and urinary excretion measurements. Microcapsule gave showed slightly higher serum level than pivampicillin hydrochloride from 2 hours after administration, while no significant difference was observed in the accumulated urinary excretion rate between pivampicillin hydrochloride and microcapsule. The ulcer index of pivampicillin hydrochloride administered group was 2.6, and microcapsule administered group was 1.5, while control group was 0.8. Therefore it may be concluded that microencapsulation of pivampicillin hydrochloride is a useful pharmaceutical approach to protect the gastrointestinal tract from being injured by direct contact of pivampicillin hydrochloride without any significant difference of bioavailability.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.1-13
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• 2002

Objective ; In order to study the effect of Acanthopanax senticosus(AS) aqua-acupuncture manufactured with water soluble fraction and ether soluble fraction on the streptozotocin induced diabetic rats Methods ; The fractions of AS aqua-acupuncture were carried out on corresponding bilateral loci of Bisu(BL20) everyday for 4 weeks. The experimental animals were divided into control group and AS groups(AS water fraction group and AS ether fraction group). Thereafter the levels of serum glucose, total choleterol, HDL, triglyceride, AST, ALT, creatinine, BUN, urinary albumin excretion, index of kidney hypertrophy, heart rate, mean blood pressure and fibronectin in glomeruli and tubular cells were measured. Results ; The increased serum total cholestrol, triglyceride levels, HDL and urinary albumin excretion, the index of kidney hypertrophy, the mean blood pressure and the amount of fibronectin in glomeruli and tubular cells were significantly decreased in the AS groups, showing more significant decrease in the AS water fraction group as compared with the control group. In the serum ALT, AST, creatinine and BUN levels, there were no significant changes in the AS groups as compared with the control group. Conclusion ; According to the above results, it reveals that Acanthopanax senticosus water soluble and ether soluble fraction have the antidiabetic effect, the antilipidemic effect and the inhibitory effect of renal damage. Also, the results showed that Acanthopanax senticosus water soluble fraction is more effective than ether soluble fraction.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.100-107
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• 2004

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of dietary protein source and sulfur amino acid content on bone metabolism in ra. Thirty male rats (body weight 145$\pm$2g) were divided into three groups. The rats in the first group were fed on casein 20% diet as animal protein source and those in the second group were fed on soy 20% diet as plant protein source. Sulfur amino acid ratio of these group was 1.07:1. The rats in the third group were fed on soy 20% diet and the sulfur amino acid were supplemented with the amount contained as much in the soy 20% diet. All rats were fed on experimental diet and deionized water ad libitum for 9 weeks, The total body, spine, femur bone mineral density and bone mineral content were measured using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry Calcium, phosphate, pyridinoline, creatinine in urine and calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin in serum were measured. During the experimental period, plant protein (soy protein) group had a lower urinary Ca excretion, urine pyridinoline ＆ crosslinks value and had a higher Ca efficiency in total bone and femur bone mineral density than animal protein (casein) group. There were no significant differences in serum calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin among the three groups of the rats. The findings from this study demonstrated that plant protein (soy protein) is beneficial of bone mineral density because it had a higher Ca efficiency in total bone and femur bone mineral density than animal protein (casein). However, the supplementation of sulfur amino acid on soy results were consistent with prior studies that dietary sulfur amino acid load had a negative effect on calcium balance. The rats fed sulfur amino acid supplementation diet increased urinary calcium excretion and decreased calcium efficiency for total and femur mineral density. Therefore, dietary protein source and sulfur amino acid content influence bone metabolism. (Korean J Nutrition 37(2): 100-107, 2004)

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.17-33
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• 1977

Panax Saponin A(PSA) , one of dammarane glycosides of Korean ginseng, was labeled with $^{3}H$ or $^{14}C$ by our Previously reported Procedures of organic synthesis. Tracer studies with $^{3}H$-PSA in wino yielded the following results: 1). Oral and intraperitoneal administration of $^{3}H$-PSA resulted in the rapid appearance and prolonged retention of $^{3}H$-PSA in all organs such as liver, brain, bone marrow and spleen of mice. 2). The amount pi cellular intake of $^{3}H$-PSA was shown to have a certain level of saturation ranging from 0.4mg to 0. 7mg Per 20gm body weight of mice. Administration of $^{3}H$-PSA within the dosage of the saturation point did net give urinary excretion of 3H-PSA. On the contrary, excessive administration of $^{3}H$-PSA resulted in rapid excretion of the substance in the urine of mice.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.18-30
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• 1972

Renal pathways for excretion of sulfadiazine has been studied by standard clearance technique in the rabbit. 1. Large part of sulfadiazine filtered in the glomeruli is reabsorbed in the tubules, as visualized from the fact that Csd (clearance of sulfadiazine) amounts only a fraction of simultaneously measured Ccr (GFR). 2. Csd changed linearly with the rate of urine flow, whether it is increased by the duir etics or decreased by clamping u reter. 3. Csd remained unchanged until the plasma level of the Csdremained unchanged drug reached 10.0 mg%, and the amount transported in the tubules increased linearly with the increase in the load, exhibiting No maximum capacity for transport. 4. Csd was increased by 2,4-dinitrophenol which is an uncoupling agent of oxidative phosphorylation and decreased by probenecid which is on uricosuric agent. 5. During sodium bicarbonate infusion net secretion of sulfadiazine by tubules observed. All the evidences obtained in the rabbit indicated that sulfadiazine was reabsorbed by active, energy-requiring, or passive, simple diffusion, process, and secreted simultaneously by a probenecid-sensitive, active procss.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.48-58
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• 1995

This study was performed to find out the exposure level of mixed organic solvents, excretion of urinary hippuricacid and subjective symptoms according to the exposure of organic solvents of female workers who works on 5 shoes manufacturing industries in Taejon City from 24, september to 20, october 1993. The studied groups were divided into 3 groups that were consist of direct exposure group(48 workers), indirect exposure group(49 workers) and non-exposure group(68 workers) to the organic solvents. The exposure levels of toluene of direct exposure group which $89.86{\pm}56.20ppm$ had higher than that of indirect exposure group which had $40.23{\pm}47.21ppm$. In the exposure level of mixed organic solvent(R-value), direct exposure group was $2.84{\pm}1.53$ and exceeded approximatly 3 times the R-value. Whereas, indirect exposure group was not exceeded the R-value as $0.80{\pm}0.61$. In the excretion level of urinary hippuric acid, direct exposure group was $1.78{\pm}1.25g/l$, indirect exposure group was $1.22{\pm}0.93g/l$ and non-exposure group was $0.51{\pm}0.18g/l$ respectively. Therefore both direct exposure group and indirect exposure group were significantly higher than non-exposure group(P<0.01). In the correlation between toluene levels and urinary hippuric acid level, the direct exposure group had positive correlation(R=0.8309, P<0.01), also indirect exposure group had positive correlation(R=0.5859, P<0.05) and also in the correlation between the R value of mixed organic solvents and the urinary hippuric acid levels, the direct exposure group had positive correlation(R=0.4492, P<0.05), and indirect exposure group had ositive correlation(R=0.7911, P<0.01). In the complain rates of the worker's subjective symptoms at work, both direct exposure group and indirect exposure group were higher than non-exposure group(P<0.05, P<0.01). But the sujective symptoms of "floating sensation" of direct exposure group had significantly higher than indirect exposure group. In the percent of subjective symptoms complaints during the worker's daily life, both direct exposure group and indirect exposure group had generally more statistical significance than nonexposure group(P<0.01), direct exposure group had not statistical significant difference from indirect exposure group. As the results mentioned above, it has been analysed that the indirect at the adjacent manufaturing process are exposed to the considerable amount of solvent. Therefore, I think that there should be the betterment of surrounding through the complete working environment management to the occurrence source of the organic solvent, the changes of health management system to the indirect-exposed workers, and the systematic management of the special medical examination and the like.