• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.97-105
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• 2007

Objectives: This study examines the drinking behaviors and the relationship between drinking and smoking behaviors among some Korean university students. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted in May, 2006. A total of 1,163 students(715 male and 448 female) completed questionnaires, who were randomly selected in a university in Gyeongsangbuk-Do, Korea. Results: The overall drinking and smoking rates for male subjects were 88.7% and 37.2%, and those for females were 83.5% and 2.2%, respectively. Among the male drinkers 39.9% smoked, while 16.0% of the male non-drinkers were smokers. As male drinkers drink more often, heavier amount per drinking episode, even on a binge, their smoking rate was high. The subjects reported there was positive reinforcement between drinking and smoking behaviors. Conclusions: The drinking rate of students was relatively high, especially for male students drinking behavior was strongly correlated with smoking behavior. Health promotion programs should be targeted at university students considering drinking and smoking behaviors simultaneously.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.422-428
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• 2009

목 적 : 청소년기는 신체적, 정신적, 사회적으로 성장하는 시기로써, 이 시기의 흡연과 음주는 신체손상 및 모든 약물남용의 관문이 될 수 있다. 서울지역 청소년들의 흡연 및 음주 행태를 조사하고, 이에 영향을 미치는 요소들을 분석해 보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2007년 7월부터 4개월 동안 학교건강검진을 위해 소아청소년과를 방문한 중고생을 대상으로 흡연 및 음주 행태에 대한 설문조사를 실시하였다. 결 과 : 총 2,546명(흡연관련 답변자 1,512명, 음주관련 답변자 1,034명)의 청소년이 설문조사에 응답하였다. 흡연율과 음주율은 각각 29.2%, 48.2%였으며, 최초 흡연 및 음주 시기는 각각 13.8세와 14.1세였다. 처음 담배나 술을 권한 사람으로는 친구가 가장 많았으나 음주의 경우 부모가 30.1%를 차지했다. 또한 흡연율과 음주율은 가정생활 및 학교생활 만족도가 낮을수록, 가정형편이 어려울수록, 학교성적이 나쁠수록 높게 나타났다(P<0.001). 정상가정보다는 결손가정에서 흡연율이 높게 나타났고 교우관계 만족도와는 흡연율과 음주율 모두 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 청소년의 흡연과 음주의 빈도 및 그 양은 성인 조사 결과와 비슷하였으며, 청소년의 흡연과 음주를 막기 위한 사회적 제재는 아직 부족한 것으로 나타났다. 결 론 : 청소년의 흡연과 음주는 가정환경이나 학교생활 등에 영향을 크게 받으며, 청소년의 흡연 및 음주를 예방하기 위한 법제 마련 및 부모를 포함하는 더욱 적극적인 사회적 제제가 필요하다.

• 한국학교ㆍ지역보건교육학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.143-156
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• 2008

Objectives: This study was performed to examine the effective health education measures and health education programs for college students and also investigated the demands of restriction on drinking and smoking behavior in public area at the school level. Methods: The data were collected from 446 students of five universities located in Seoul and analyzed with SPSS WIN 10.0 program. Results: 1) Current drinkers were average 87.7% (male 90.1%, female 85.3%) and binge drinker was 68.4% (male 76.5%, female 60.2%). Among all drinkers, 19.4% drank more than eight times per month. As for the rate of smoking, 50.9% among the male student, and 12.1% among females were smokers. Among all smokers. the largest group (41.5%) smoked between >$11{\sim}20$ cigarettes per day. Many of the students started smoking in their middle schools (male 29.8%, female 51.5%). It implies that smoking prevention programs need to be emphasized in these schools. 2) The analysis of the correlation between drinking and smoking shows that no smoking students who drank were 66.2%, but abstainer who is smoker were only 5.7%(p=0.004). Alcohol consumption frequency and amount of smokers were higher than those of nonsmokers (p=0.000). The rate of attempts to reduce drinking was 38.1%, mainly for health reason. More than 34.5% of smoking student had made attempts to quit smoking, but succeeded only 16.9%. 3) As for the needs of moderate drinking and smoking cessation education, 67.8% among female students and 53.6% among male demand special education programs. About effective health education measures on drinking and smoking, 49.3% of drinkers and 35.2% of smokers had an inclination for health educator, and the next were video, campaign and pamphlet. 4) The largest group (45.0%) of respondents had agreed to regulate on drinking behavior, and especially 74.5% of them wants to ban the practice in most public area in school. 35.7% among female students and 27.0% among male desired to extend the non-smoking area on whole campus. The health policy for college students, through various ways, such as education, counseling service, and special program on orientation, should be employed. For public health perspectives, university and college community had to institute the detailed enforcement regulation on drinking and smoking.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.37-56
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• 2001

경상북도 구미시에 소재한 2개 남자 중학교 1학년 학생 665명(교육군 10개 학급 367명, 대조군 8개 학급 298명)을 대상으로 1999년 4월부터 2000년 4월까지 교육군과 대조군으로 구분하여 시행한 지역사회에서의 준실험설계 연구를 통하여 흡연예방과 금연을 위한 교육프로그램이 학생들의 흡연에 대한 지식과 태도를 변화시키는 정도와 흡연율에 미치는 영향을 분석하고, 이들 변화와 관련되 요인을 분석하는 것에 목적을 두고 시행한 본 연구의 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 교육군과 대조군의 흡연에 대한 지식점수의 변화는 교육군에서 1.31점으로 대조군의 0.13점에 비하여 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.01). 교육군의 흡연에 대한 사전조사에서의 태도점수는 13점 만점에 $9.89{\pm}2.51$점이었고, 1년 후에는 $10.16{\pm}2.32$점이었고, 대조군은 사전조사에서의 $9.86{\pm}2.64$점이었고, 1년 후에는 $9.12{\pm}3.09$점이었다. 태도점수의 변화는 교육군에서 0.27점으로 대조군의 -0.74점에 비하여 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 흡연에 때한 법적 제제에 대한 태도 중에서 담배광고 금지에 대한 교육군에서 사전조사에서 42.8%가 담배광고금지를 찬성하였으며, 주적조사에서는 54.2%가 찬성하여 유의한 변화를 보였으며(p<0.05), 교육군과 대조군의 변화를 비교하면 교육군과 대조군에서 각각 11.4%와 3.0% 포인트 변화하여 두 군간의 변화가 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.05). 담배자판기 설치를 반대하는 비율은 교육군에서는 4.6% 포인트 상승하였고, 대조군에서 각각 -11.1%감소하여 두 군간에 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.01). 성인이 되어 흡연을 할 의향이 있는 흡연 의도율은 교육군이 사전조사와 추적조사에서 각각 24.3%와 24.8%로 거의 변화가 없었고, 대조군은 26.5%와 32.2%로 5.7% 포인트 증가하였다. 교육군에서 대조군에 비하여 유의하게 낮았다(p<0.05). 친구의 흡연 권고를 거절할 수 있다는 비율은 교육군에서 사전조사와 추적조사에서 각각 90.2%와 88.3%로 1.9% 포인트 감소한 반면, 대조군에서는 사전조사와 추적조사에서 각각 86.39와 76.2%로 10.7% 포인트 감소하여 유의하게 감소하였다(p<0.01). 교육군과 대조군간에도 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.01). 흡연율은 교육군과 대조군에서 각각 1.6%와 1.7%에서 1년 후 2.7%와 3.0%였으며, 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 흡연량은 교육군에서는 $3.7{\pm}8.2$개피에서 $1.4{\pm}2.5$개피로 일일 평균 흡연량이 2.3개피 감소하여 유의하게 감소하였고(p<0.05), 대조군의 경우는 $2.9{\pm}7.1$개피에서 3.1개피로 다소 증가하였다. 흡연에 대한 지식점수의 변화를 종속변수로 한 다중회귀분석에서는 지식점수의 변화에 유의한 영향을 미치는 변수는 흡연예방교육여부와 흡연에 대한 사전지식점수, 학생의 학교성적이었다. 흡연에 대한 태도 접수의 변화를 종속변수로 한 다중회귀분석에서는 흡연예방교육여부와 흡연에 대한 사전지식점수가 유의한 변수였다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 사회영향모델에 의한 학교에서의 학생에 대한 흡연예방교육과 상담 및 교내환경과 학교주변 환경의 변화를 위한 사회영향 모형에 의한 교육 프로그램에 의하여 학생들의 흡연에 대한 지식과 태도와 흡연 의도율 등을 유의하게 변화시킬 수 있었으며, 흡연량은 유의하게 감소하였다. 향후 장기적인 추적을 통한 코호트 연구를 통하여 흡연율 감소효과를 평가하여야 할 것이며, 단순한 지식을 제공하는 일회성의 단편적 교육에서 벗어나 학생자신은 물론 학생주변 환경의 변화를 포괄하는 다양한 방법에 의한 흡연예방과 금연교육이 시행되어야 할 것이다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권15호
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• pp.6527-6534
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• 2015

Background: In Japan, in comparison with the rest of the world the death rate of lung cancer is low although the smoking rate is relatively high. This is the so-called "Japanese smoking paradox". A healthy diet is proposed to attenuate the risk without quitting smoking. We here examined the relationships between smoking status (SS) and the consumption of food and nutrient in Japan. Materials and Methods: Totals of 5,587 men and 2,718 women were divided into three (non-smokers, smokers and heavy smokers) and two (non-smokers and smokers) groups, respectively, according to pack-year, which represents the amount of smoking over a long period. Food and nutrient consumption was estimated with a validated food frequency questionnaire. Using general linear models, food and nutrient consumption was estimated for each group in men and women, separately. Results: In men, SS was positively related to consumption of rice, 3 alcoholic beverages, carbohydrate, alcohol and other 8 foods/nutrients (p< 0.05 for all) and negatively to those of protein animal, fat, fatty acids, dietary fiber, isoflavones and 36 other foods/nutrients (p<0.05 for all). In women, SS was positively associated with intake of 13 foods/nutrients, while being negatively associated with those of rice, energy, dietary fiber, and 14 other foods/nutrients (p<0.05 for all). Conclusions: Our results support lower intake of vegetables and fruits rich in antioxidants, which are thought as preventive factors for many diseases, in smokers.

• 한국관광식음료학회지:관광식음료경영연구
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.1-41
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• 2001

The effect of smoking on the quality sausage Sausages were prepared from beef, port, chickens, games, fish and shellfish with polyphosphate salt and spices. Sausage history goes back to 3,000 years of age. The procedure of sausage 1) Meat Curing 2) Meat Control 3) Add Spices 4) Permissible Ingredients 5) Grinding 6) Mixing Emulsion 7) Stuffing 8) Showing 9) Smoking 10) Cooking 11) Drying 12) Packaging Sausage Product to get information on the effect of smoking onto the quality of meat produces. Sausage was smoked under a given conditions. Smoking was conducted as 35f$^{\circ}C$to 6$0^{\circ}C$ the related humidity of smokehouse was still at 60 to 70 percent. Results are as follows: 1. The Penetrated smoke in sausage was prolonged < p.<0.02 when sausage was smoked 2hours at 60~$65^{\circ}C$ the penetrated amount of free acetone in sausage was 0.5mg%. 2. Peroxide value of sausage as heating treatment both at 3$0^{\circ}C$ and at 5$0^{\circ}C$ was prolonged. 3. When sausage was heated at 3$0^{\circ}C$, bacteria of sausage increased In number while at 60~$65^{\circ}C$ bacteria of sausage increased In number fourteen hours. 4. When sausage was treated with smoking the distribution of free amino acids in sausage was changed markedly. 5. The longer smoking time of the products was the higher the content. 6. In case of oak wood smoke flavoring all of test samples. 7. Rapid decrease of does-response mutagenic curve of the smoke flavoring of oak wood and apple wood by in the peak of curve and phenol in the smoke flavoring. Continuous efforts are required to make sausages easily in the butcher shops and in the restaurants. 8. Sausage texture evaluation has 13 rules. It is Elasticity, Surface Moisture, Surface Smoothness, Center Hardness, Skin Toughness, Cohesiveness, Denseness, Moisture Release, Cohesiveness of Mass, Lumpiness, Graininess (of Contents), Skin separation, Oiliness and sensory 11 rules evaluation is color, texture, mold, flavor, sweet test, salty, sourness, bitter, and savory taste. 9. Smoked, component, peroxide value, bacteria, color, free amino acid, tenderness, flavor, shrinkage are important values.

• 한국학교ㆍ지역보건교육학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2017

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze sexual experience rates according to socio-demographic factors, health behavioral factors, and internet use time, and to identify sex experience related factors in high school students using the data from the 11th Korean Youth Health Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey. Methods: A total of 33,744 students (17,346 boys and 16,398 girls) in high schools were analyzed using the SPSS WIN version 22 program. SPSS complex samples methods were used for analyses. Socio-demographic factors, health behavioral factors, and internet use time as independents variables were included. The complex samples logistic regression analyses were used to calculate the odds ratio of the sexual experience according to the socio-demographic factors, health behavioral factors and internet use time. Unweighted frequencies and percentages were represented in result tables. Results: 3.6% of girls and 9.9% of boys in high school had sexual experiences. Daily average smoking amount and daily alcohol drinking amount were a dose-response relationship with sexual experience after considering confounding factors. Students who smoke 10-19 cigarettes had 5.74 times higher risk and 20 cigarettes or more had 7.27 times higher risk of sexual experiences, comparing with non-smoking students, relatively. Likewise, students who drink soju less than 1-2 bottles and more than 2 bottles had 3.82- and 4.35 times higher chance of sexual experiences, compared with non drinking students, respectively. Conclusions: We found that there were the dose-response relationship between health behavioral characteristics and sexual experiences. Further research is needed to identify an interaction effect between smoking and drinking alcohol on sexual experiences in high school students.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.1246-1254
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• 2012

우리나라 성인의 현재 흡연율은 감소 추세이지만, 여전히 OECD국가 중에서 가장 높다. 이 연구에서는 2008년 국민건강영양조사에서 이비인후 검진을 완료한 19세 이상 지역사회 성인 3,600명을 대상으로 흡연량이 증가할수록 본인 인지 음성장애의 위험이 비례적으로 증가하는지에 관한 경향성을 분석하였다. 통제변수는 연령, 성, 교육수준, 소득 사분위수, 최장직업, 음주, 최근 2주 동안 만성 및 급성 질환 등으로 인한 통증 및 불편감 여부를 사용하였다. 연구 결과, 고도 흡연(>40.5~55.5 pack year)과 일일 평균 1갑 이상의 흡연은 본인 인지 음성장애의 독립적인 위험요인이었다. 일일 평균 흡연량이 증가할수록 본인 인지 음성장애의 위험이 유의하게 증가하였지만, 평생 흡연량(pack year)은 교차비의 증가가 유의하지 않았다. 본인 인지 음성장애의 조기 선별 및 예방을 위해서 주관적 음성 평가 외에도 추가적으로 현재 흡연량에 대한 조사가 필요하다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.939-948
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• 1998

To investigate the relationship between eating behavior and the prevalence of adolescents drug abuse and smoking, this survey was conducted among 349 male students(mean age ; 16.0 $\pm$0.9yrs) at technical high schools in Kyunggi-Do. It was shown that 58.7% of total subjects were smoking and 11.2% were abusing drugs. Drug abusers weighed Less than non-abusers especially, student smokers were 2.7kg lighter than non-smokers despite the same height. Although parents' education showed no relationship with drug abuse, educational level of student smokers' fathers was significantly lower than that of non-smokers' fathers. Drug abusers and smokers showed significantly higher incidence of runaway from home, absence from school without notice, and parents' divorce than non-abusers and non-smokers. Drugs abused were sleeping pills(n=20), bonds and butane gas(n=9), marijuana(n=3), tranquilizer(n=3), morphine and cocaine(n=2), and pep pills like amphetamine(n=2) 76.9% of the drug abusers had their first experience in junior high school and 81% of the smokers stared smoking as early as in junior high school. Also, 44% of the smokers reported that they smoke daily. The drug abusers tended to have more irregular eating habits than the non-abusers. The smokers showed irregular mealtime, ate either too fast or too slow, and especially, often skipped lunch or dinner. The drug abusers and smokers took little vegetable in their meals and often ate bread or noodles instead of rice for staples. In addition, they preferred taste to nutrition when they had meals. The smokers tended to ingest smaller amount of calcium source such as milk or dinner food and fish with bone although they consume more volume of total foods than the non-smokers. All subjects took less in calorie, calcium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin E, riboflavin, and folic acid than the Recommended Dietary Allowance Those findings suggest that drug abuse and smoking cause bad eating habits that influence unbalanced nutritional state. Therefore, nutrition education should be provided to the adolescents so that they can recognize the disadvantages of drug and smoking and its relation to dietary relation. (Korean J Nutrition 31(5) : 939-948, 1998)

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.297-304
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• 2007

Objectives : We investigated the validity of the dipstick method (Mossman Associates Inc. USA) and the expired CO method to distinguish between smokers and non-smokers. We also elucidated the related factors of the two methods. Methods : This study included 244 smokers and 50 ex-smokers, recruited from smoking cessation clinics at 4 local public health centers, who had quit for over 4 weeks. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity and Kappa coefficient of each method for validity. We obtained ROC curve, predictive value and agreement to determine the cutoff of expired air CO method. Finally, we elucidated the related factors and compared their effect powers using the standardized regression coefficient. Results : The dipstick method showed a sensitivity of 92.6%, specificity of 96.0% and Kappa coefficient of 0.79. The best cutoff value to distinguish smokers was 5-6ppm. At 5 ppm, the expired CO method showed a sensitivity of 94.3%, specificity of 82.0% and Kappa coefficient of 0.73. And at 6 ppm, sensitivity, specificity and Kappa coefficient were 88.5%, 86.0% and 0.64, respectively. Therefore, the dipstick method had higher sensitivity and specificity than the expired CO method. The dipstick and expired CO methods were significantly increased with increasing smoking amount. With longer time since the last smoking, expired CO showed a rapid decrease after 4 hours, whereas the dipstick method showed relatively stable levels for more than 4 hours. Conclusions : The dipstick and expired CO methods were both good indicators for assessing smoking status. However, the former showed higher sensitivity and specificity and stable levels over longer hours after smoking, compared to the expired CO method.