• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.9-19
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was conducted to obtain basic data for the quality characteristics of commercial kimchi pastes. Methods: The physicochemical, microbial, and sensory quality characteristics of kimchi paste purchased from 12 companies (KP 1-12) were investigated. Results: Commercial kimchi pastes contained a moisture content of 61.60-82.99%. The pH and titratable acidity of samples were 4.88-5.92 and 0.56-1.58%, respectively, and salinity was on average, 3%. The reducing sugar content was approximately 67.35 mg/mL, and those of KP 8 was higher by approximately 100 mg/mL. American Spice Trade Association (ASTA) value of kimchi pastes varied based on the samples. The commercial kimchi pastes contained capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin at 1.51-7.84 and, 0.54-2.26 mg/100 g, respectively; sodium and potassium contents were 383.32-1,563.45 mg/100 g and 264.49-571.95 mg/100 g, respectively; and the Na/K ratio was 1.21-5.48. The number of aerobic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria detected from 5.00 to 8.00 log CFU/g. The number of yeast and mold detected from 0.50 to 2.66 log CFU/g. Coliform was detected at approximately 3-4 log CFU/g, whereas Escherichia coli was detected only in KP 3 and KP 7. Overall acceptability of kimchi paste showed a higher score in KP 1. The commercial kimchi pastes showed higher salinity and Na/K ratio and E. coli was detectedin some kimchi paste samples. Conclusion: Therefore, further studies are required to lower the Na/K ratio, for recipe developments, and the standardization of quality and hygiene safety of kimchi paste.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.205-213
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• 1993

APHA-MPA(American Public Health Association-Most Probable Numbers)은 환경수중에 존재하는 위생지표세균 추정에 사용되는 미국 FDA의 유일한 공인방법이기는 하나 결과를 얻기까지 많은 시간, 인력 및 경비가 소요될 뿐 아니라 일반적으로 정밀도도 낮다는 결점이 있다. 이러한 문제를 극복하기 위하여 개발된 막여과 방법중 mTEC(membrane thermotolerant E. coli)은 분변계대장균 및 E. coli의 회수율이 좋을 뿐 아니라 경비도 절약할 수 있는 방법으로서 알려져 있어, 미국 Rhode Island주의 Greenwich Bay의 위생조사를 통하여 MPN과 비교하여 보았다. 그 결과 mTEC의 분변계 대장균 및 E. coli 회수율은 MPN보다 평균치로써 각각 1.08 및 1.27배 높게 나타나, MPN의 대체 방법으로서의 가능성이 확인되었으며, 따라서 이 방법이 앞으로 위생지표세균의 검출방법으로서 공인된다면 우리나라 수출용 패류생산 지정해역의 관리는 물론 패류양식장의 위생학적인 분류도 효율적으로 할 수 있으리라 기대된다.

• 한국포장학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.17-23
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• 2009

한국에서 미국으로의 단감의 수출확대를 위하여 미국에서의 단감 생산 및 유통 현황을 현지 방문하여 조사하였다. 그리고 해상을 통한 단감 포장의 시범적 수송과 현지 판매를 수행하여 유통 중의 문제점을 파악하였다. 이러한 조사로부터 고품질 상태로의 단감을 미국에 수출하기 위한 방안을 도출하고자 하였다. 미국 현지에서의 단감 산업은 생산량 증가로 가격이 하락하고 있으며 이에 따른 수지 악화로 재배면적 및 생산량이 감소 추세에 진입하였다. 단감 소비는 현재 아시안에 의하여 주도적으로 이루어지고 있지만 최근 히스패닉과 백인들에 의한 소비도 증가하고 있었다. 타국으로부터 수출되는 감에 비해 한국산 단감은 색도와 당도를 증진시키는 노력이 필요하며 지나치게 대과인 경우는 국내 가격이 높아 가격 경쟁력이 떨어지고 수출확대가 어려운 것으로 나타났다. 대미 수출 단감 포장은 수송 중 저온 컨테이너 별로 온도차가 심하게 발생되었고 온도차가 많은 컨테이너의 과실은 흑변, 연화 등의 발생으로 품질이 크게 저하되었다. 과실의 플라스틱 봉지를 결속하는 상태가 불량하여 포장내 공기조성이 단감저장에 적절한 수준으로 형성되지 않았고(산소농도가 높고 이산화탄소농도가 낮음), 과피흑변 및 흑점, 연화과 등 생리장해과의 발생이 많았다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.395-403
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 한국산 고추를 교배하여 육성된 신품종 고추 24종류를 이용해 색도, ASTA 색상값을 측정하여 고추의 외적인 붉은색 품질을 분석하고, carotenoid의 함량을 측정하여 고추의 색상 특성을 연구하고자 하였습니다. 또한 phytochemicals 성분인 ascorbic acid, polyphenol, flavonoid 함량, capsaicinoids의 함량을 측정하였으며, 항산화 활성을 연구함으로써 신품종 고추의 특성을 분석하고, 신품종 고추 품질의 우수성을 탐색하고자 하였다. 색도를 측정한 결과는 품종 간 차이가 크지는 않았으며 기존의 국산 고추 품종과 비슷한 값을 나타내었다. ASTA 색상값은 116.69-249.83의 범위, 평균 173.64으로 나타나 선행연구에 비해 높게 측정되었다. 또한 carotenoid 함량이 3.19-6.11 mg/g dried weight의 분포를 보였으며, 평균값이 4.52 mg/g dried weight로 측정되어, Kim(11) 선행연구에서 발표한 함량에 비해 높았다. 고추의 유리당 함량은 품종 간에 차이가 크게 나타났으며, '품종 1'이 195.54 mg/g dried weight로 가장 높게 측정되었다. 고추의 ascorbic acid 함량은 8.08-11.53 mg/g dried weight로, 품종별로 다양한 수치를 나타내었다. 고추는 높은 polyphenol 함량과 flavonoid 함량을 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 이로 인한 다양한 생리활성 효과를 가질 것으로 기대되었다. 또한 Capsaicin과 dihydrocapsaicin의 함량을 측정한 결과, 상당히 넓은 분포 범위를 보였으며, 한국산업규격을 기준으로 '품종 5, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 18, 24'은 순한 맛, '품종 3, 6, 13'은 덜 매운 맛, '품종 1, 7, 12, 19'은 보통 매운 맛, '품종 23'은 매운 맛, 나머지 '품종 2, 4, 8, 9, 17, 20, 21, 22'은 매우 매운 맛으로 분류되었다. DPPH와 ABTS 자유기 소거활성은 모두 농도 증가함에 따라 항산화 활성이 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, '품종 2, 4, 8, 9'는 다른 품종에 비해 항산화 활성이 높았다. 이번 연구를 통해 신품종 고추 간의 색상, 생리활성 성분 함량 및 항산화능의 차이를 확인하였으며, 선행연구와의 비교를 통해 기존 품종에 비해 대체적으로 품질이 향상된 품종임을 검증하였다. 본 연구는 새로 육종한 신품종 고추의 품질 차이를 분석하고 생리활성성분의 우수성을 확인하는 기초 연구로써, 기능성 식품소재로써의 고추의 이용 가능성을 증진시킬 수 있는 기초 자료가 될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.632-637
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of red pericarp glutinous rice rich in polyphenols (Jakwangchalbyeo, red rice) on serum and hepatic levels of cholesterol and hepatic protein expression linked to synthesis and degradation of cholesterol in a hypercholesterolemic mice diet as compared with brown rice. MATERIALS/METHODS: C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 5 each), which were fed different diets for a period of 12 weeks: American Institute of Nutrition (AIN)-93G diet, AIN-93G diet with 2% cholesterol, brown rice with 2% cholesterol, or red rice with 2% cholesterol. RESULT: Consumption of red rice resulted in a significant decrease in serum level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and hepatic levels of triglyceride and total-cholesterol. Expression of acyl-coenzyme A cholesterol acyltransferase-2 (ACAT-2), sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP-2), and 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase was decreased, while expression of phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (p-AMPK)/AMPK ratio, cholesterol 7-${\alpha}$-hydroxylase (CYP7a1), and sterol 12-${\alpha}$-hydroxylase (CYP8b1) was increased in mice fed red rice. Brown rice had similar effects on cholesterol metabolism, but the effect of red rice was significantly greater than that of brown rice. CONCLUSIONS: The current study suggested that red rice had a hypocholesterolemic effect by lowering hepatic cholesterol synthesis through ACAT-2, HMG-CoA reductase, and SREBP-2, and by enhancing hepatic cholesterol degradation through CYP7a1 and CYP8b1 in mice fed a hypercholesterolemic diet.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.225-233
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• 2008

An Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) is an archive for samples that can be used to document and assess the quality of the environment in which we live. An ESB program looks at changes in the concentration of human and environmental specimens over long periods of time through retrospective analysis of archived samples of a particular area collected at regular intervals. The idea of ESB was first proposed by German and American scientists in the early 1970s and has been established since 1979 in Germany, USA, and Japan. Korea plans to establish a National Environmental Specimen Bank (NESB) in 2010. The NESB will be able to assess and improve the quality of analytical measurements as well as to compare the past and current environmental quality as a time capsule. The concept and design for the NESB facility was developed and its Standard Operation Procedures (SOPs) are being developed based on an evaluation of ESBs and SOPs of Germany, USA, and Japan. Environmental specimens proposed for banking are based on typical representatives of every level of the food chain from each type of ecosystem that are widely distributed thus enabling comparisons between different sampling areas. Through retrospective analysis of environmental specimens, the NESB will improve the reliability of environmental monitoring, ecological risk assessment, and health impact assessment.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.350-357
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has increased worldwide in parallel with overnutrition characterized by high-fat and high-carbohydrate intake. Our objective was to establish, in 16 weeks, a model of NAFLD in Wistar pathogen-free rats following four dietary types. MATERIALS/METHODS: Forty (6 weeks old) healthy Wistar male rats, weighing an average of 150 g were randomly divided into four groups of ten and assigned a diet with the same quantity (15 g/rat/day), but with different composition. The moderate-fat (MF) group was fed a moderate-fat diet (31.5% fat and 50% carbohydrates), the high-fat (HF) group was fed a fat-rich diet (51% fat), the high-sucrose (HS) group and the high-fructose (HFr) group were fed a carbohydrate-rich diet (61%). The carbohydrate contents of the HS group was composed of 60.3% sucrose while that of the HFr group was composed of 59.3% fructose. RESULTS: At week 16, the HF group had the highest percentage of cells enriched in fat (40%) and the highest weight and liver weight (P < 0.05). The HFr group showed significantly higher levels of serum triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase and adiponectin at week 16 as compared to week 1 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The 15 g/rat/day diet composed of 51% fat or 61% carbohydrates enriched mainly in fructose may induce characteristics of NAFLD in rats.

• 한국관광식음료학회지:관광식음료경영연구
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.41-67
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• 2006

The study is aimed to analyze the influence of FTA(Free Trade Agreement) between Korea and Japan on tourism and to suggest ways to increase tourists exchange between them by considering countermeasures of Korea's tourism based on the analysis and deriving political significance. The results of the study showed that the expected effects of FTA between Korea and Japan on tourism would overall be positive. There would be increases in employment and a higher rate of foreign-exchange earning, which plays a critical role in the cash flow. Therefore the government is required to prepare for several political measures as follows. First, ways to promote investment in tourism have to be established in a systematic way for FTA. Second, restructuring of tourism has to be considered seriously for tourism to be a high value-added industry after FTA. Third, the tourism information industry needs to be included in the tourism promotion act to promote e-tourism using information technology. In addition to this, an expansive cluster strategy needs to be developed, which relates tourism to other industries like culture and movies and to find ways to re-locate and re-educate manpower currently engaged in the tourism industry. Though the study investigated the influence of FTA on tourism through a practical analysis, it was restricted only to Korea. So the influence of FTA between Korea and Japan on the tourism of Japan should be included in further study. Furthermore, in subsequent studies the CGE(Computable General Equilibrium) model will be applied for objective analysis of the effects. Or measuring the ripple effect with multinational inter-industry relation table will be made for the study to make practical contributions to the development of government policy.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.367-371
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• 1998

호주산 표준흰밀(Australian Standard White, ASW)로 제분한 제면용 밀가루 4종의 리올로지 성질과 입도분포를 미국산 경질붉은겨울밀(Hard Red Winter, HRW)과 서부흰밀(Western White, WW)의 혼합밀로 제분한 밀가루와 비교하였다. ASW 밀가루는 미국산보다 단백질과 회분함량이 낮았고, 아밀로그래프 최고점도는 높았다. 파리노그래프 흡수율은 호주산 밀가루가 높았으나 반죽형성시간은 호주산과 미국산 사이에 차이가 없었다. 밀가루 반죽의 저항도와 신장도는 호주산 밀가루가 작았다. 밀가루 입자크기 분포는 시료마다 독특한 경향을 보였다. 파리노그래프 지표는 단백질 또는 익스텐시그래프 지표와 상관을 보이지 않았다. 아밀로그래프 최고점도는 단백질과 (-)상관을, 익스텐시그래프의 신장도는 단백질과 (+)상관을 보였다.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.29-34
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• 2006

Purified rat liver aryl sulfotransferase IV (AST IV) was found to be inhibited in vitro by zinc, copper, cadmium and terbium. Among these four elements, zinc, copper and cadmium were all strongly inhibitory to the AST IV activity at very low concentrations (2.5 $\mu$M to 0.025 $\mu$M). In rat liver cytosol, zinc, copper and cadmium at 25 $\mu$M to 0.025 $\mu$M also decreased the AST IV activity to $50\%$ of the controls. In order to assess the possible effects of these metals on the AST IV activity recovery pattern in vivo, studies on the relationship between these minerals and dietary 2-acetylaminofluorene were conducted. Total of forty rats were fed one of five diets for 6 weeks: diet 1, Control diet plus 2-acetlyaminofluorene ($0.05\%$); diet 2, zinc-deficient diet plus 2-acetlyaminofluorene; diet 3, zinc-supplement diet plus 2-acetylaminofluorene; diet 4, copper-supplement diet plus 2-acetylaminofluorene; diet 5, cadmium-supplement diet plus 2-acetylaminofluorene. Half of the rats from each diet were changed to individual diet after 3 weeks of 2-acetylaminofluorene feeding. Placement of rats on the control diet following one cycle of 2-acetylaminofluorene feeding of 3 weeks without 2-acetylaminofluorene resulted in nearly full recovery of AST IV activity within 3 or 4 weeks. However, the rats fed diets that supplemented with zinc, copper or cadmium without 2-acetylaminofluorene showed a new pattern of lowered AST IV activity as early as the first cycle. Also, lowering in cytosolic AST IV contents was appeared in the livers from the rats, following one cycle of 2-acetylaminofluorene feeding of 3 weeks, fed one of the diets that supplemented with copper, cadmium or zinc without 2-acetylaminofluorene for ensuing 3 weeks.