• 음성과학
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.169-186
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• 2000

This paper aims to confirm the mispronunciation of native Korean students due to the phonetic and phonological system differences between English and Korean, and to find the works-to-do by experiment. Many Korean students tend to differentiate the sounds of word-final stop consonants not by vowel duration or the allophones but by the phoneme of the consonant itself. In English, Stop sounds change through the conditions of the aspirated, unaspirated, or unreleased sounds. But in Korean they are not allophones of phonemes but distinct phonemes. Therefore, many Korean students are apt to add an extra vowel sound /i/ after the final stop consonant in the eve form due to both the unperception of the differences between the phonemes and the allophones of stop consonants, and the influence of the Korean sound-sequence relationship. Since the replacement of the allophones and extra vowel addition does not change the meaning, the importance was almost lost. Nevertheless, this kind of study is essential for the precise learning and the use of the English language.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제37호
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• pp.1-12
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• 1999

In this paper, we examine the allophones of an underlying segment /l/ in Korean dialects. In particular, we examine how an underlying /l/ sound surfaces in the Korean dialect spoken at Yonbyon, China. To do so, we employ the following processes: First, we perform the phonetic studies on the allophones of an underlying /l/ in the Yonbyon dialect. Secondly, we compare the phonological environments of the allophones of an underlying /l/ in the Yonbyon dialect with the South Korean dialect. Finally, we discuss the phonological implications of the allophones of the underlying /l/ in terms of Feature Geometry and Syllable Contact Law. Based on the phonetic study, we will argue that the distinctive feature [sonorant] should be placed outside the root node and that the flap, an allophone of an underlying /l/, should be understood as an obstruent, not a sonorant.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제21_24호
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• pp.144-175
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• 1992

This paper aims to discuss determining factors of Korean allophones and to formulate and classify Korean allophonic rules systematically. The relationship between allophones and coarticulation, the most. influential factor of allophonic variation, is thoroughly investigated. Other factors -- speech tempo and style, dialect, and social factors such as age, set, class etc. -- are also briefly discussed. Allophonic rules are classified into two groups -- 3) those relevant to coarticulation and 2) those irrelevant to coarticulation. Rules of the first group are further classified into four subgroups according to the directionality of the coarticulation. Each allophonic nile formulation is explained and discussed in detai1. The allophonic rules formulated and classified in this paper are 1) Devoicing of Voiced Consonants, 2) Devoicing of Vowels, 3) Nasal Approach and Lateral Approach, 4) Uvularization, 5) Palatalization, 6) Voicing of Voiceless Lax Consonants, 7) Frication, 8) Labialization, 9) Nasalization, 10) Release Withholding and Release Masking, 11) Glottalization, 12) Flap Rule, 13) Vowel Weakening, and 14) Allophones of /ㅚ, ㅟ, ㅢ/ (which are realized as diphthongs or as monophthongs depending on phonetic contexts).

• 음성과학
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.11-19
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• 2000

The present electropalatographic study reports the production of the allophones. i.e., [l] and [r], of Korean tap /r/ and their coarticulatory characteristics in /$C{\'{a}}r#g$/ and /$C{\'{a}}r#i$/ sequences. The finding that tap /r/ involves a complete oral closure with less lingual contact, i.e., apico-frontalveolar coupling. than lateralized /r/ which involves apico-bladealveolar coupling and tongue dorsum lowering for adequate airflow through either side and/or both of the tongue body suggests that the two allophones of the tap /r/ have different lingual gestures. Moreover. in comparison with the tap. the lateral exerts longer lingual contacts. The mean ratio between them is 3.7. In the sequences /Car#g/. the two adjacent antagonistic segments (i.e., /r/ and /g/) show mutual coarticulation effects taking on features of adjacent segment. but either of them is precisely constrained without blocking the formation of involved major lingual gestures for the other segment. In sequences /Car#i/ occurs anticipatory V-to-C coarticulation but not vocalic carryover effects. In both sequences. the allophones reveal insignificant wordinitial consonantal carryover coarticulatory effects and insignificant speaker-specific lingual contacts.

• 음성과학
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.51-73
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• 2001

This study starts with an investigation of the frequency of allophones from the narrowly transcribed data of (1) most frequently used 2000 words and (2) some passages of standard Seoul Korean. Consequently this entails the investigation of the frequency of phonemes by adding the number of allophones. These two investigations are conducted for the first time in the study of Korean phonology. Previous studies on the reported 'frequency of phoneme' are in fact studies on the 'frequency of letters' and the critical difference between these two types of studies has yet to be clarified accurately. This paper also reveals the proportional distribution of natural classes among Korean phonemes and letters.

• 영어영문학
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.65-78
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• 2010

The purpose of this paper is to suggest that the International Phonetic Alphabet be included in English curriculum and taught in English classroom. Current English curriculum for elementary and middle school students doesn't specify anything for the education of the IPA. The knowledge of IPA is essential for the students to study by themselves how to pronounce English words. The IPA, however, is either too little or too much to be taught at school. It is too little in that it doesn't tell us anything about allophones, the knowledge of which could enable us to get rid of foreign accents as much as possible. It is too much in that it can represent more than one sounds (e.g., /ɔ/ in American and British English). To overcome these drawbacks, it should be introduced gradually with the allophones in the same environments. The correct vowel sounds should be introduced with the aid of pronunciation dictionary so that the students could get their own vowel quality. Moreover, the IPA symbol should be adopted for the English textbooks.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.31-35
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• 1997

본 논문에서는 훈련용 음성 데이터와 무관한 임의의 새로운 어휘를 인식해 낼 수 있는 가변 어휘 단어 인식기 개발에 대하여 기술한다. 가변 어휘 단어 인식기를 구현하기 위해서는, 인식 대상이 될 새로운 어휘를 즉시 발음 사전으로 변환시키는 on-line 발음 사전 생성기가 필요하고, 발음 사전 출력을 가지고 각 단어를 모델링할 수 있는 신뢰성 있는 음소 및 변이음 모델이 필요하다. 이와 같은 신뢰성 있는 음소 및 변이음 모델은 생성시키기 위하여 본 연구에서는, 각 음소의 전후 음소들의 음성학적 자질을 고려하여 3 음소열을 집단화(clustering)하여 변이음을 정의하고 이를 당 연구실이 보유하고 있는 POW(Phonetically Optimized Words) 3,848개 단어에 적용하여 1,548개의 변이음 모델을 생성시켰다. 이를 토대로 가변 어휘 단어 인식기를 구현하고 이를 POW 3,848 DB, PBW 445 DB 및 호텔 예약용 244 단어 DB 등에 적용하여 그 성능을 평가하였다. 평가 결과, POW DB에 대해서는 79.6%, PBW DB에 대해서는 445 단어 사전의 경우 79.4%, 100 단어 사전의 경우 88.9%의 성능을 보여 주었고, 호텔 예약 DB에 대해서는 71.4%의 성능을 보여 주었다.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제18권8호
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• pp.3-8
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• 1999

문맥독립형 음향모델을 채택하고 있는 기존의 가변어휘 음성인식기는 주변환경에 따른 음소의 변화를 모델링 할 수 없었다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 변이음을 이용한 문맥의존형 음향모델을 사용해야 한다. 본 논문은 가변어휘 음성인식기의 음향모델을 효과적으로 개선하기 위하여 적용한 방법에 대해서 기술하고 있다. 즉, 음향모델의 개선은 엔트로피를 이용한 군집화 기법을 적용하여 변이음의 개수를 변경시키면서 최적의 변이음 모델을 추출하는 방법을 사용하였다. 개선된 모델에 대한 성능은 POW(Phonetically Optimized Words) 3848 DB 및 SNR이 크게 다른 2종류의 PC168 DB를 이용하여 훈련 및 인식 실험을 수행하면서 평가하였다. 결론적으로 변이음의 개수를 낮추면서도 인식 성능의 저하를 가져오지 않는 최적의 변이음 모델을 얻을 수 있었으며 PC168 DB를 이용한 인식실험을 통하여 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국영어학회지:영어학
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.427-452
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• 2003

Korean is famous for having all voiceless stop sounds. Korean does have voiced stops but they are considered to exist only as the allophones of word initial /p, t, k/. My experiment shows the English word initial stop sounds [b, d, g] and the Korean lax stop series /p, t, k/ in word initial position are similar in the range of voice onset time. If English word initial[b, d, g] sounds are posited as voiced, then Korean word initial /p, t, k/ should be classified as voiced also. Phonetically English /b, d, g/ phonemes and Korean /p, t, k/ phonemes are very similar except the word initial [p, t, k] are devoiced slightly more, but not significant enough to be classified as voiceless than English word initial [b, d, g]. If we posit /b, d, g/ as Korean phonemes, it explains why Korean /p, t, k/ series has the allophones [b, d, g] instead of fortis stops /p', t', k'/ in Korean even though /p', t', k'/ has less positive VOT value than /p, t, k/. If we posit /b, d, g/ as Korean phonemes, then it does not cause spelling or pronunciation confusion either when Koreans learn English or English speakers learn Korean.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제19_20호
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• pp.33-42
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• 1990

Those who are interested in the German diphthongs wil1 find that they are classified into three kinds of forms in accordance with their gliding directions: closing, centring and rising. The German [aI], for example, which derives its origin from [i:] of the riddle high German. Is regarded as a distinctive feature that distinguishes the new high German from the middle high German. The diphthong [aI] is cal led fall ing one, because the sonority of the sound undergoes a diminution as the articulation proceeds. The end part of the diphthong [aI] is less sonorous than the beginning part. In most of the German diphthongs the diminution of prominence is caused by the fact that the end part is inherently less sonorous than the beginning. This applies to the other c los Ing and centring diphthongs. This way of diminution of sonority exerts influence on methods of constructing systems of phonetic notation. The above mentioned less sonorous end part of diphthong [I] shows that it differs from some analogous sound in another context. It is useful to demonstrate the occurrence of particular allophones by introducing special symbols to denote them (here: at→ae). Forms of transcription embodying extra symbol s are cal led narrow. But since strict adherence to the principle 'one sound one symbol' would involve the introduction of a large number of symbols, this would render phonetic transcriptions cumbrous and difficult to read. A broad style of transcription provides 'one symbol for each phoneme' of the language that is transcribed. Phonemic transcriptions are simple and unambiguous to everyone who knows the principles governing the use of allophones in the language transcribed. Among those German ways of transcriptions of diphthongs ( a?, a?, ??: ae, ao, ?ø; ae, ao, ?ø) the phonemic (broad) transcription is general Iy to be recommended, for Instance, in teaching the pronunciation of a foreign language, since it combines accuracy with the greatest measure of simplicity (Some passages and terms from Daniel Jones) .