• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.507-512
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• 2018

곰솔의 줄기밀도, 현존량 확장계수, 상대생장식 및 임분 현존량을 파악하기 위하여 전라남도 여수지역에 위치하고 있는 15년생, 29년생, 45년생 등 3개 곰솔 천연임분을 대상으로 임분별 5주씩 총 15주의 표본목을 선정 벌목하여 조사하였다. 줄기밀도는 $0.440-0.457g/cm^3$이었으며, 임분간 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 지상부와 뿌리를 포함한 임목 전체의 현존량 확장계수는 모두 임령이 증가할수록 감소하였으며, 임분 1은 지상부 현존량 확장계수에서 임분 2, 3과 유의적인 차이가 있었고, 임목 전체 현존량 확장계수에서 임분 3과 유의적인 차이가 있었다. 이것은 임령이 증가할수록 줄기의 건중량 구성비가 높아지기 때문이며, 임분 1의 경우 유령림의 생장특성을 보이기 때문으로 판단되었다. 흉고직경(D) 또는 흉고직경과 수고($D^2H$)를 독립변수로 하고 부위별 건중량(Wt)을 종속변수로 하는 2개 유형의 상대생장식($Wt=aD^b$, $Wt=a(D^2H)^b$)을 유도하고 적합도를 검정하였다. 임분 1, 2, 3의 지상부 현존량은 각각 50.72t/ha, 89.92t/ha, 194.07t/ha이었으며, 뿌리를 포함한 임목 전체 현존량은 각각 61.62t/ha, 113.12t/ha, 248.36t/ha이었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제112권1호
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• pp.71-82
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• 2023

산림 바이오매스는 임목의 크기와 산림의 성숙도, 임지의 생산성(Productivity)을 대표할 수 있는 인자로 활용된다. 따라서 이를 정량적으로 평가하는 것은 산림경영과 수확뿐만 아니라 이산화탄소(CO₂) 흡수를 포함한 생태계 기능과 서비스의 평가를 위해서도 매우 중요하다. 상대생장식(Allometric equation)은 식물의 상대생장관계(Relative growth rate)를 통해 각 부분의 값을 추정하는 방법으로, 과거부터 현재까지 폭 넓게 활용되는 방법론이다. 최근 대기중의 CO₂ 농도증가와 이에 따른 기후변화로 인해 수목의 상대생장관계가 바뀌고 있다는 연구결과들이 도출되면서, 기존에 개발된 상대생장식과 계수들에 대한 재검토 필요성이 제기되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 국가산림자원조사(NFI) 자료를 통해 우리나라 주요 4개 수종[소나무(Pinus densiflora; PD), 낙엽송(Larix kaempferi; LK), 굴참나무(Quercus variabilis BL.; QV), 신갈나무(Quercus mongolica; QM)]의 수고-DBH 상대생장관계를 분석하고, 이를 기존 수확표 정보와 비교하여 지난 10년간 상대생장의 변화 유무 및 정도를 파악하고자 하였다. 분석결과 모든 수종에서 NFI 차수가 증가할수록, 동일 DBH에 대한 기대 수고값이 증가한 것으로 확인되었다. 예를 들면, 모형 분석결과 PD, LK, QV, QM의 DBH 25 cm에 대한 수고의 기댓값은 5차 NFI 자료에서는 12.48, 19.17, 14.47, 13.19 m로, 7차 NFI 자료에서는 13.61(+9.1%), 21.58(+12.7%), 15.76(+8.9%), 13.93 m (+5.6%) 로 추정되어 수종별로 5~13%정도 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 현재 우리나라 산림의 주요 수종들의 임목 생장은, 과거 조사자료를 통해 파악된 수종별 수고-DBH 발달경향과 비교 했을 때, 직경생장보다 수고생장을 더 활발하게 하고 있다는 것을 의미한다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.224-233
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• 2023

This research was conducted at Langgur City, Southeast Maluku Regency, Maluku Province, Eastern Indonesia from November 2020 to February 2021 to study biological aspects of roundscads (Decapterus spp.) which consist of species composition, sex ratio, gonad maturation level, size distribution, length-weight relationship and condition factor. Samples were collected at traditional fish market in Langgur City. Fish samples collected at the market were put into cool box and then brought to the laboratory for further examination. Fish samples were identified, separated based on species, dissected to determine their sex and gonad maturation stage and then measured. Totally, there were 290 specimen collected which consist of five species namely Decapterus kurroides, D. macarellus, D. macrosoma, D. muroadsi and D. russelli. Sex ratio between male and female for all species showed 1:1. Gonad maturation level showed that stage I and II have higher percentage than stage III and IV indicates immature fish more dominant compare to mature one. Among five species found, D. macarellus has larger size while the smaller belongs to D. muroadsi. Results of length-weight relationship analysis showed that roundscads inhabiting Southeast Maluku waters have isometric and negative allometric growth pattern with relative condition factor around 1.00.

• 농촌계획
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.27-33
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• 2015

Forest ecosystem is considered as an important stepping stone to minimize the impact of climate change. However, the rapid urbanization has caused fragmentation of forest ecosystem. The fragmentation of forest patch results in edge effect which brings about adverse impacts on forest function and structure. Degradation of forest ecosystem decreases carbon sequestration because edge effect reduces productivity. Therefore, we analyzed the impact of forest edge effect on forest ecosystem carbon stock change in Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do. We used connectivity analysis to determine forest edge and core area. The field study sites were selected with considering forest age, density, class and soil type. Secondly, forest carbon stock was calculated with allometric equation. The soil carbon stock was derived from Walkely-Black method. Lastly, Mann-Whitney test was conducted to validate differences between carbon stock in edge and core area. As a result of study, the connectivity analysis was effective to determine forest edge and core. The core and edge of forest patch showed different composition of tree species and soil properties. Carbon stock per tree in the edge area was lower than that in the core area. However, the difference of soil organic carbon content between the edge and core were relatively small. This assessment can be applied for the conservation of forest patch as well as quantitative assessment on the forest carbon stock change caused by fragmentation.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.323-331
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of performing a cognitive task during treadmill walking on the stride rate variability. Ten university students(age $24.0{\pm}0.25$, height $172{\pm}3.1cm$, weight $66{\pm}5.3kg$) were participated in dual task experiments which consist of both walking alone and walking with a cognitive task. Two-back task was selected for the cognitive task since it did not have learning effect during the experimental procedure.3D motion analysis system was used to measure subject's position data by changing walking speed with 4.8, 5.6, 6.4, 6.8, and 7.2 km/hr. Stride rate was calculated by the time between heel contact and heel contact. Accuracy rate of a cognitive task during walking, coefficient of variance, allometric scaling methods and Fano factor were used to estimated the stride rate variability. As the walking speed increased, accuracy rate decreased and the logarithmic value of Fano factor increased which showed the statistical difference. Thus it can be concluded that the gait control mechanism is distracted by the secondary attention focus which is the cognitive task ie. two-back task. Further study is needed to clarify this by increasing the number of subject and experiment time.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.1108-1114
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• 2007

Twenty eight non-lactating and non-pregnant adult Serra da Estrela ewes, ranging in body condition score (BCS) from 1 to 4 were used to study the relationships between BCS, live weight (LW), body composition and fat partition. Ewes were slaughtered and their kidney knob and channel fat (KKCF), sternal fat (STF) and omental plus mesenteric fat (OMF) were separated and weighed. Left sides of carcasses as well as the respective lumbar joints were then dissected into muscle, bone and subcutaneous (SCF) and intermuscular fat (IMF). The relationship between LW and BCS was studied using data from 1,396 observations on 63 ewes from the same flock and it was found to be linear. Regression analysis was also used to describe the relationships among BCS and/or LW and weights (kg) and percentages in empty body weight (EBW) of dissected tissues. The prediction of weights and percentages in EBW of total fat (TF) and of all fat depots afforded by BCS was better than that provided by LW. Only the weight of muscle and the percentage of bone in the EBW were more efficiently predicted by LW than by BCS. IMF represented the largest fat depot with a BCS of 1 and 2, whereas SCF was the most important site of fat deposition with a BCS of 3 and 4. Allometric coefficients for each fat depot in TF suggest that the fat deposition order in ewes from this breed is: IMF, OMF, SCF and KKCF. Results demonstrate that BCS is a better predictor than LW of body reserves in this breed and that LJ is a suitable anatomical region to evaluate BCS.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1972

A comparison between the productivity of the evergreen needle pine(Pinus densiflora) and of the deciduous broad leaved oak(Quercus mongolica) stands, which is located near Choon-Chun city, Kangwon dist. have been established. The pine stand had a stand density of 938 trees per ha and oak stand had of 638 trees per ha. The diameter at breast height (D) and the height of tree (H) of each tree were measured in sample plot of 800$m^2$. Twelve standard sample trees chose from the sample area felled down, and then weighed the stem, branches and leaves separately, according to both the stratified clip technique and the stem analysis. The vertical distribution of photosynthetic system was arranged effectively for high productivity in the productive structure of both trees. The allometric relation between D2H and dry weight of stem (Ws), branches (Wb) and leaves (Wl) of pine were approximated by log Ws=0.6212 log D2H-0.5383 log Wb=0.4681 log D2H-0.7236 log Wl=0.2582 log D2H-5.1567 and those of oak were approximated by log Ws=0.5125 log D2H＋0.0231 log Wb=0.5125 log D2H-0.3755 log Wl=0.8721 log D2H-2.9710 From the above, the standing crops of pine and oak in the sample area were estimated to be as much as 38.83ton and 48.11 ton of dry matter, above ground, per ha, respectively. Annual net production as the sum of the biomass newly formed during one year was appraised at 12.66ton/ha.yr in pine stand and at 8.74 ton/ha.yr in oak. The reason of high productivity of pine stand compared with oak might be resulted from much more about 4 times of the amount of the photosynthetic system, but less non-photosynthetic one of pine than those of oak. To increase the productivity of the forest stands investigated it was necessary to make densly a stand density, to be abundant in the inorganic nutrients and to preserve much water in soil to conserve the litters.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.318-335
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• 2023

It is important to understand the biological aspects of fish for fishing management. This study was conducted from February through October 2021. A total of 1,629 fishes were collected using different fishing gears. The length-weight relationship is a power curve for all fishes and showed a significant (r² > 0.8). All fishes revealed a negative allometric growth pattern except Labeobarbus intermedius. Oreochromis niloticus (1.714 ± 0.009) was found in better condition than other fish species (analysis of variance [ANOVA], p < 0.05). The length at maturity was 24.0 cm and 25.4 cm total length (TL), 28.9 cm and 28.2 cm fork length, and 53.2 cm and 57.5 cm TL for females and males of O. niloticus, L. intermedius and Clarias gariepinus, respectively. Fecundity was ranged between 100-947 eggs/g with absolute fecundity (AF) of 468-3,832 eggs, 200-1,000 eggs/g with AF of 2,752-136,420 eggs, and 505-900 eggs/g with AF of 2,000-6,404 eggs for O. niloticus, C. gariepinus, and L. intermedius, respectively. Their respective mean fecundity was 1,490 ± 91, 23,330 ± 5,070, and 3,096 ± 273 eggs, respectively. Mean fecundity revealed a significant variation between size classes and species (ANOVA, p < 0.05). The fecundity length and fecundity-body weight relationships except (O. niloticus) of fishes were curvilinear while the gonad weight (GW)-fecundity relationship was linear for all fish species. The fecundity was moderately associated with increasing length than body weight, and GW for all fishes (r² > 0.6). In conclusion, a tangible management setup is required to sustain the use of fish in the reservoir.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.185-193
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• 2023

Objective: The growth and development of the mandible strongly depend on modeling changes occurring at its ramus. Here, we investigated covariance patterns between the morphology of the ramus and the rest of the face. Methods: Lateral cephalograms of 159 adults (55 males and 104 females) with no history of orthodontic treatment were collected. Geometric morphometrics with sliding semi-landmarks was used. The covariance between the ramus and face was investigated using a two-block partial least squares analysis (PLS). Sexual dimorphism and allometry were also assessed. Results: Differences in the divergence of the face and anteroposterior relationship of the jaws accounted for 24.1% and 21.6% of shape variation in the sample, respectively. Shape variation was greater in the sagittal plane for males than for females (30.7% vs. 17.4%), whereas variation in the vertical plane was similar for both sexes (23.7% for males and 25.4% for females). Size-related allometric differences between the sexes accounted for the shape variation to a maximum of 6% regarding the face. Regarding the covariation between the shapes of the ramus and the rest of the face, wider and shorter rami were associated with a decreased lower anterior facial height as well as a prognathic mandible and maxilla (PLS 1, 45.5% of the covariance). Additionally, a more posteriorly inclined ramus in the lower region was correlated with a Class II pattern and flat mandibular plane. Conclusions: The width, height, and inclination of the ramus were correlated with facial shape changes in the vertical and sagittal planes.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제85권3호
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• pp.453-461
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• 1996

왕대속 대나무림의 물질생산 및 무기영양물 분배를 파악하가 위하여 전라남도 순천시에 위치하고 있는 죽순대, 왕대, 솜대 등 왕대속 3개 종의 임분을 대상으로 임분별 $10m{\times}10m$ 조사구 5개씩을 설치한 후 임분구조 및 죽간(竹稈), 가지, 잎, 지하경(地下莖), 뿌리 등 지하부를 포함한 대나무 전체의 부위별 현존량, 순생산량, 생산능률, 무기영양물 분배 등을 조사분석하였다. 죽간(竹稈)의 평균흉고직경, 죽고(竹高), 흉고단 면적은 죽순대, 솜대, 왕대 임분의 순으로 컸다. 흉고직경 또는 흉고직경과 죽고를 독립변수로 하는 3개 유형의 현존량 대수회귀식을 임분별, 부위별로 유도 검정한 결과 적합도와 실용성을 고려할 때 흉고직경을 독립변수로 하는 대수회귀식(logWt=A+BlogD)이 효과적이었다. 직선 대수회귀식이 되는 흉고직경 또는 흉고직경과 수고($D^2H$)를 독립변수로 하는 2개 유형의 3개 종별 현존량 대수회귀식의 기울기와 절편간의 차이 유무를 검정한 결과 2개 유형 모두 절편간에 유의적인 차이를 보임으로써 왕대속 3개 종의 일괄추정식은 오차가 클 것으로 판단되었다. 지하부를 포함한 임분 전체의 현존량(現存量)은 죽순대 103.621t/ha, 솜대 86.447t/ha, 왕대 36.767t/ha의 순으로 많았으며 비교적 큰 차이를 보였다. 동화기관인 잎의 현존량 구성비는 6.3-7.8%이었으며, 지상부와 지하부의 현존량 비는 1.87-2.26이었다. 지하부를 포함한 임분 전체의 순생산량(純生産量)은 죽순대 6.115t/ha/yr, 솜대 5.609t/ha/yr, 왕대 3252t/ha/yr의 순으로 많았다. 순동화율(純同化率)은 죽순대 임분 2.979, 솜대 임분 2.752, 왕대 임분 2.187의 순으로 높았으며, 현존량축적율(現存量蓄積率)은 2.679-5.358의 범위를 보였다. 부위별 무기영양물 농도는 3개 종 모 두 N, P, Mg는 잎, 지하부, 죽간(竹稈)과 가지의 순으로 높았으며, Ca는 잎, 죽간과 가지, 지하부의 순이었다. 지하부를 포함한 대나무 전체의 무기영양물 함량은 N, K, Ca와 Mg, P의 순으로 많았다. 3개 종의 임분 현존량에 있어서 차이를 보이는 것은 죽간밀도(竹稈密度)는 큰 차이가 없었으나 죽간(죽稈)의 크기가 다르며, 동화기관인 잎의 현존량, 순동화율 비교적 장기간의 축적기관인 죽간 생산능률 등에서 차이가 있기 때문이었다.