• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국연소학회 2014년도 제49회 KOSCO SYMPOSIUM 초록집
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• pp.125-128
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• 2014

Laminar lifted methane jet flame diluted with nitrogen and helium in co-flow air has been investigated experimentally. This paper examines the role of chemistry, intermediate species responsible for stabilization of lifted flame. To elucidate the stabilization mechanism in lifted methane jet flames with Sc<1, the chemiluminescence intensities of $CH^*$ and $OH^*$ were measured using ICCD camera at various nozzle exit velocities and fuel mole fractions. It has been observed that the $OH^*$ species can play an important role in stabilization of lifted methane jet flame as they are good indicators of heat release rate which can affect on flame speed and increase stability through reduction in ignition delay time.

• 한국추진공학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2015

정상초음파의 영향을 받는 메탄-공기 예혼합화염의 주파수-당량비 상관도 분석을 위한 실험적 연구가 수행되었다. 고속카메라를 이용하여 예혼합화염의 전파영상을 획득하였으며, 영상 후처리를 통해 화염전파속도와 함께 화염의 전파거동을 면밀히 관찰하였다. 이론당량비 이하의 연료희박 당량비 구간에서 정상초음파가 개재할 때, 연소반응 촉진으로 인해 화염전파속도는 증가하였으나 화학반응강도가 포화상태에 이르는 당량비에서는 그 속도가 감소하였다.

• 한국연소학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.63-74
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• 1999

The effects of EGR and premixedness on NO formation have been numerically investigated. The flame structure is classified into three categories; premixed flame($=1)$, rich/lean premixed flame(${\alpha}=0.6$ and 0.8) and diffusion flame(${\alpha}=0$). NO formation/destruction mechanisms are assorted to thermal, reburn and Fenimore mechanisms. The temperature of unburned gas is arranged to 298 and 500 K to have access to the condition in a real internal combustion engine. The results show that all three NO formation/destruction reaction rates in the fuel rich flame zone could be decreased by EGR for rich/lean premixed flames, while those in the fuel lean flame zone are not significantly changed. Near the stagnation plane, however, only the thermal NO reaction rate is decreased. The contribution of reburn and Fenimore mechanisms for the net NO production becomes less significant as the premixedness of a flame increases. The larger amount of NO reduction with EGR is expected under the higher temperature and/or higher fuel/air premixedness conditions due to the increased contribution of the thermal mechanism. The role of Fenimore and reburn mechanisms could be important for rich premixed and diffusion flames; therefore, the effect of EGR on NO reduction could vary with fuel/air premixedness. The premixedness of a partially premixed flame changes the flame structure and could affect the NO production characteristics.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.491-498
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• 2007

Flame characteristics of a methane-air premixed flame stabilized in a heat-regenerative small combustor were investigated experimentally. A small combustor having two counter-current shallow channels and a combustion space at one side was developed. In which the channel-gap was less the ordinary quenching distance of a stoichiometric methane-air premixed flame. Two design parameters of channel gap and thickness of the middle wall, which is located between two channels for unburned and burned gases, were varied. Flame stabilization conditions and characteristic flame behaviors were experimentally examined. Conclusively, Blowout conditions were governed mostly by the scale of the combustion space, and flashback conditions into the channel are dominated by the channel gap. Surface temperatures of the combustor were between 100 to 500$^{\circ}C$. Additionally, two distinctive flame stabilization modes of radiation and well-stirred?reaction were observed and their applicability was discussed.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.384-391
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• 2007

Hydrogen-blending effects in flame structure and NO emission behavior are numerically studied with detailed chemistry in methane-air counterflow diffusion flames. The composition of fuel is systematically changed from pure methane to the blending fuel of methane-hydrogen through $H_2$ molar addition up to 30%. Flame structure, which can be described representatively as a fuel consumption layer and a $H_2$-CO consumption layer, is shown to be changed considerably in hydrogen-blending methane flames, compared to pure methane flames. The differences are displayed through maximum flame temperature, the overlap of fuel and oxygen, and the behaviors of the production rates of major species. Hydrogen-blending into hydrocarbon fuel can be a promising technology to reduce both the CO and $CO_2$ emissions supposing that NOx emission should be reduced through some technologies in industrial burners. These drastic changes of flame structure affect NO emission behavior considerably. The changes of thermal NO and prompt NO are also provided according to hydrogen-blending. Importantly contributing reaction steps to prompt NO are addressed in pure methane and hydrogen-blending methane flames.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.264-271
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• 2009

Characteristics of a counter flowing diffusion flame, which is formulated by an oppositely-injected methane-jet flow in a narrow channel of a uniform air flow. The location of the flame fronts and the flame lengths were compared by changing the flow rates of fuel. To distinguish the effects of the narrow channel on the diffusion flame, a numerical simulation for an ideal two-dimensional flame was conducted. Overall trends of the flame behavior were similar in both numerical and experimental results. With the increase of the ratio of jet velocity to air velocity flame front moved farther upstream. It is thought that the flow re-direction in the channel suppresses fuel momentum more significantly due to the higher temperature and increased viscosity of burned gas. Actual flames in a narrow channel suffer heat loss to the ambient and it has finite length of diffusion flame in contrast to the numerical results of infinite flame length. Thus a convective heat loss was additionally employed in numerical simulation and closer results were obtained. These results can be used as basic data in development of a small combustor of a nonpremixed flame.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.769-776
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• 2000

Visible spectral characteristics of cross-sectional emissions from a partially premixed methane/air and propane/air flames have been investigated. An optical train with a two-axis scanning mirror system was used to record line-of-sight emission spectra from 354nm to 618nm, and inversion technique was adapted to obtain cross-sectional emission spectra. By analyzing the reconstructed emission spectra, cross-sectional intensities of CH and $C_2$ radicals were separated from the background emissions. The blue flame edge and yellow flame edge were also obtained by image processing technique for edge detection with color photograph of flame. These edges were compared with radial distributions of CH, $C_2$ radicals and background emissions. The CH radicals were observed at blue flame edge. The background emissions were generated by soot precursor at upstream of flame and by soot at downstream of flame. The $C_2$ radicals in propane/air flame were observed more than those in methane/air flame.

• 에너지공학
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.311-318
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 정적연소실을 이용하여 차량용 대체연료로써 메란 및 수소첨가 메탄의 연소특성을 수소첨가율, 점화위치 및 점화방법에 따라 고찰하였다. 그 결과, 중심점화이고 수소를 첨가하지 많은 순수 메탄의 화염전파과정은 타원형으로 전파하나 수소첨가율이 증가함에 따라 화염면상에 매우 규칙적인 세포구조를 가진 불안정한 타원형화염으로 천이되었고 연소속도도 증가하였다. 또한, 벽면 및 0.5R 점화이고 수소를 첨가하지 않은 순수 메탄의 화염전파과정은 불안정한 타원형으로 전파하고 있었지만, 수소첨가율이 증가함에 따라 연소중기에 불안정한 타원형에서 평면형으로 천이 됐다가 연소말기에는 화염면 선단이 움푹 패인 매우 불규칙한 세포구조를 갖는 패기형으로 변화되었으며 연소속도도 증가하였다 한편, 세 가지 점화위치 모두에 있어서 MSCDI와 CDI사용에 따른 화염전파형태는 외견상 큰 차이는 없었지만, 동일시간에 MSCDI장치의 화염면적은 CDI의 화염면적보다 약간 더 크게 나타났다.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.431-438
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• 2011

비예혼합 화염의 부상 조건은 연소기의 운전 조건을 한정하는 매우 중요한 변수이다. 동축류 층류 비예혼합화염의 경우 점성계수와 물질 확산 계수의 비로 정의되는 슈미트 수가 1 보다 큰 조건에서 안정적인 부상화염이 존재하고 그 반대의 경우 부상이 불가능한 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 동축 관내에서의 화염의 부상 특성에 대해 슈미트 수가 1 보다 큰 프로판과 슈미트 수가 1 보다 작은 메탄 비예혼합 화염의 부상 안정화를 실험적으로 비교하였다. 그 결과, 제한된 공간에서는 슈미트 수가 1 보다 작은 조건에서도 안정적인 부상화염이 존재할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 그 원인 규명을 위해 간단한 비반응 유동장에 대한 수치해석을 수행하였다. 결론적으로 개방공간에서와는 달리 관내 조건에서는 유한한 크기의 화염 공간으로 인해 인접한 상류에서 유동 재편이 물질확산에 비해 선택적으로 재편됨으로써 새로운 안정화 기구가 형성될 수 있음을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 제한된 공간내에 화염이 형성되는 일반적인 연소기의 화염안정화 설명에 중요한 단서를 제공한다.

• International Journal of Safety
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.12-16
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• 2003

In Part 1, the flame structure of the counterflow nonpremixed flames computed by using Fire Dynamics Simulator was compared with that of OPPDIF for different concentrations of methane in the fuel stream. In this study, comparisons were made for the global strain rate that is an important parameter for diffusion flames for further evaluation of FDS. At each of the three fuel concentrations, $20% CH_4＋ 80% N_2, 50% CH_4 ＋ 50% N_2, 90% CH_4 ＋ 10% N_2$ in the fuel stream, the temperature and axial velocity profiles were investigated for the global strain rate in the range from 20 to $100s^{-1}$. Changes in flame thickness and radius were also compared with OPPDIF. There was good agreement in the temperature and axial velocity profiles between the axisymmetric simulations and the one-dimensional computations except for the regions where the flame temperature reach its peak and the axial velocity rapidly changes. The simulations of the axisymmetric flames with FDS showed that the flame thickness decreases and the flame radius increases with increasing global strain rate.