• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.24-32
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• 2007

Conductive rubber material was molded in a belt shape to measure respiration. Its resistivity was approximately $0.03{\;}{\Omega}m$ and the resistance-displacement relationship showed a negative exponent. The temperature coefficient was approximately $0.006{\;}k{\Omega}/^{\circ}C$ negligible when practically applied on the abdomen. The conductive rubber belt was applied on a normal male's abdomen with the dimensional change measured during resting breathing. The abdominal signal was differentiated ($F_{m}$) and compared with the accurate standard air flow rate signal ($F_{s}$) obtained by pneumotachometry. $F_{m}$ and $F_{s}$ differed in waveform, but the start and end timings of each breaths were clearly synchronized, demonstrating that the respiratory frequency could be accurately estimated before further processing of $F_{m}$. $F_{m}-F_{s}$ loop showed a nonlinear hysteresis within each breath period, thus 6 piecewise linear approximation was performed, leading to a mean relative error of 14 %. This error level was relatively large for clinical application, though customized calibration seemed feasible for monitoring general variation of ventilation. The present technique would be of convenient and practical application as a new wearable respiratory transducer.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.108-114
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• 2015

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect on vital capacity (VC) and inspiratory muscle activation according to the anterior and posterior pelvic tilt positions. Design: One group pretest-posttest design. Methods: Twenty-six healthy adult men and women, age 19 to 27 years, volunteered to participate in this study. Forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory volume in 1 second ($FEV_1$) were measured by desktop spirometer in the pelvic positions during respiration, and muscle activation was recorded from sternocleidomastoid, upper trapezius, external intercostal, rectus abdominis, and external oblique muscles by surface electromyography (EMG) at the same time. EMG values were normalized by maximum muscle contractions (% maximum voluntary isometric contraction). Subjects were to breathe in as much air as possible and then exhale as quickly as possible in both anterior and posterior pelvic tilt positions. To measure lung capacity, inspiration was measured for 5 seconds and expiration was measured for 7 seconds with data collection taken place during the middle three seconds. Lung capacities were measured in each position three times. Results: For the results of this study, there was a significant increase in both FVC and $FEV_1$ values during the anterior pelvic tilting compared to the posterior pelvic tilting posture (p<0.05). The sternocleidomastoid, upper trapezius muscle, rectus abdominus and external oblique muscle activation was significantly increased during anterior pelvic tilt compared to the posterior pelvic tilt position (p<0.05). Conclusions: These findings suggest that pelvic anterior tilt position could be more effective for vital capacity and respiratory muscles activation during respiration.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 1997.11a
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• pp.75-79
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• 1997

The present study was designed to investigate whether there is a consistint changes in the signals from the central and autonomic nervous systim due to olfactory stimulation. The olfactory stimuli were 0.6% orange and 2.5% valeric acid and the stimuli through the olfactory stimulator soth controlled consistint flow, controlled concentration, and saturated with vapour to prevent drying the nasal mucosa. A room air blunk served as the control stimulus, EEG was recorede from 4channels according to the international 10-20 systim. Additionally, ECG, EOG, heart rate, skin conductance and resputation were recorded comtinuously. The fast Fourier transform analysis of EEG waves was analysed with the power spectra. Averaged power spectra were computed for the following frequency bands ; delta(0-4.5Hz), theta (4.5-7Hz), alphal(7-9.5Hz), alpha2 (9.5-12.5Hz) and beta(12.5-30Hz). Withthe results of the subjective sensibility test for the ordor, the orange was related to pleasant and familiar and the valeric acid was realted to snpleasant and bothersome. There is the difference between orange and valeric acid in alphal at PG2-A2 channel. While the unpleasant stimuli seem to be increased in alphal, alpha2 and beta waves at all channels. Also, the heart rate, galvaric skin resistance seem to be decreased by pleasant stimuli and thd unpleasant stimuli shdwed the opposite. In respiration, respiration rate had been declinig tendency, and input/output ampoitued and duration showed an upward trend by olfactory stimulation with orange, while opposite by valeric acid. In conclusion, the consistent EEG changes and the autonomic responses suggests the possibilities of the subjective signal of human sensibility.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.1137-1142
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• 1998

Modified atmosphere packagings were designed by combining the respiration characteristics of the enoki mushroom at 10oC and the measured film permeabilities to O2 and CO2 gases to attain the beneficial package atmosphere were fabricated and tested during storage. The packages of 100g size with 30 m low density polyethylene and cast polypropylene showed the good agreement between estimated and experimental package atmospheres. However, polyvinylchloride stretch wrap packs showed the gas composition close to the air, which was due to leaking of stretch wrapping. The CPP package attaining O2 below 1% and CO2 concentration of 15~20% gave the best retention of quality and thus the longest shelf life among the tried packages, and it was superior to the others in the Hunter L value, stipe elongation and sensory qualties.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2000.06e
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• pp.121-123
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• 2000

Changes in breathing pattern and apnea both can be !he result of sleep disorders. The focus of this paper is to develop methodologies to monitor the breathing pattern and to detect apnea. An accurate recording of the respiratory phase can be carried out with different methods. One of these methods is the use of a thermocouple, which reacts to the variation in air temperature, placed in the nose and mouth of the patient. The K-type thermocouple was used because it has high reliability, thermo-stability, and good corrosion resistance. And also, it has a considerable long time constant that gives a low cut-off frequency, well below the respiratory frequency and thereby causing a large phase difference. The result showed that timing of respiration was accurately obtained with the AD595, amplifier for K-type thermocouple.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.119-123
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• 2018

In cases of intellectually disabled patients, there is sometimes difficult to obtain sufficient information due to the intellectual disorder, even though the patient has significant medical problems. Herein, we report a case of decreased oxygen saturation and inadequate air exchange during general anesthesia in an intellectually disabled patient. We also describe the subsequent management, including the diagnosis of tracheomalacia (TM) using bronchoscopy, and the management of airway compromise with manual and/or controlled respiration, which led to the prevention of complications.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.727-731
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to understand the effects of skin pigmentation on physiological parameters of thermoregulation and grazing behaviour of dairy goats in a hot and humid climate. The study used 26 crossbred Saanen yearling goats (95% Saanen+5% Local Hair Breed). The animals were raised at semi-intensive private farms in Adana (36 59'N, 35 18'E). Groups were selected 2 d before the start of observations. Goats were categorized as predominantly pigmented (P) skin and unpigmented (UP) skin. All observations and measurements were collected on grassland during the grazing period of June and July 2007 (60 d). Air temperature and relative humidity were recorded at 10 min intervals by a portable data logger. The physiological data (rectal temperature, respiration and pulse rate, and skin temperatures from head and udder) were recorded twice weekly in the morning (07:00-08:00); at midday (13:00-14:00); and in the evening (18:00-19:00). Additionally, the activity of the animals was observed and classified (eating, ruminating, drinking, standing, walking, lying) for 12 h during the day twice weekly, using a portable camera system linked directly to a computer. Panting behaviour was also observed. According to the THI values, the experimental goats were subjected to stressful conditions. The pigmented goats had significantly lower rectal temperatures (39.68 vs. $29.89^{\circ}C$), pulse rate (74.08 vs. 84.10 beat/min) and respiration rate (65.65 vs. 88.23 breath/min.) compared with unpigmented goats at midday when the THI exceeded 92. The rectal, head and udder temperatures, pulse and respiration rates of the non-pigmented group exceeded $40^{\circ}C$, $37^{\circ}C$, $37.5^{\circ}C$, 84 beats/min and 78 breaths/min, respectively. Higher activity was observed among pigmented compared with unpigmented goats. Unpigmented goats grazed (4.3 vs. 5.6 h), ruminated (2.0 vs. 2.4 h), and stood (0.8 vs. 1.2 h) less, but lay down (2.2 vs. 1.8 h) more than pigmented goats. The data obtained in this experiment support the hypothesis that unpigmented goats are more adversely affected by climatic stress, likely due to their decreased activity and increased water consumption, as demonstrated by previous studies.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.2
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• pp.136-144
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• 2020

To prepare the management plan for reduction of the organic carbon emission caused by soil respirations, the amount of organic carbon emission from the pedosphere in Pinus densiflora community within metropolis park was quantified and then the correlations between quantified values and climate factors were analyzed. To this study, we investigated the amount of emitted organic carbon through soil respirations of Pinus densiflora community within Mt. Nam in Seoul-si, Korea, and identified correlationship with environmental factors. As a result, the average amount of organic carbons, included in soil respirations of P. densiflora community in Mt. Nam, was 7.978 ton C ha^-1 yr^-1. Also, precipitation of spring (March to May) was one of the environmental factors explaining the increase and decrease of soil respiration. This results suggest a drainage management to keep the low water content in understorey soils is important to an ecological management of metropolitan forests.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.85-88
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• 2002

This study was carried out to obtain information of the photosynthetic rate at various temperature and light intensity, stomata, chlorophyll, specific leaf weight, characteristics of aerial part and root in ginseng new cultivars developed by pure line selection. The light saturation point of leaves in new cultivars and Jakyungjong were 15,000 lux, and the optimum air temperature on the photosynthesis of new cultivars and Jakyungjong were 20$\^{C}$. The photosynthetic rates were increased in order of Jakyungjong, Gopoong, Chunpoong and Yunpoong. The dark respiration rate of leaves in ginseng cultivars were increased according to the increasing of temperature, and the dark respiration rate of leaves of Yunpoong was the highest among cultivars. The specific leaf weight (SLW) were increased in order of Jakyungjong, Yunpoong, Gopoong, Chunpoong, but total chlorophyll contents were not different among cultivars. Stomata frequency of Yunpoong was the highest being 69.2ea among cultivars, while the length of stomata was reverse. Yunpoong was superior in aerial part among ginseng cultivars : the number of stem was 1.8ea, the number of palmately leaves was 7.7ea, the number of leaflets was 41.0ea, leaf area was 12.3 dm$^2$ The root weight were increased in order of Jakyungjong, Gopoong, Chunpoong and Yunpoong. Chunpoong and Gopoong hove good root shape the length of tap root in Chunpoong and Gopoong were the longest being 6.5 cm and 6.8 cm respectively, but that in Yunpoong was the shortest being 4.4 cm.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.661-678
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• 2006

Products developed in this research is a software which can transfer the type of shape(.shp) into the type of ascii using the land cover data and the topography data in the metropolitan area of Seoul. In addition, it can calculate the $CO_2$ flux according to distribution of plants within the land cover data. The $CO_2$ flux is calculated by the experimental equation which is compose of the meteorological parameters such as the solar radiation and the air temperature. The net flux was shown in about $-19ton/km^2$ by removing $CO_2$ through the photosynthesis during daytime, and in 2 ton/km2 by producing it through the respiration during nighttime on 10 August 2004, the maximum day of air temperature during the period of 3yr(2001 to 2004), in the metropolitan area of Seoul. Spatial distribution of the air temperature and the wind field is simulated by substituting the middle classification of the land cover map data, upgraded by the Korean Ministry of Environment(KME), for the land-use data of the United States Geological Survey(USGS) within the Meteorological Mesoscale Model Version 5(MM5) on 10 August 2006 in the metropolitan area of Seoul. Difference of the air temperature between both data was shown in the maximum range of $-2^{\circ}C\;to\;2.9^{\circ}C$, and the air temperature due to the land use data of KME was higher than that of USGS in average $0.4^{\circ}C$. Also, those of wind vectors were meanly lower than that of USGS in daytime and nighttime. Furthermore, the hourly time series of Volatile Organic Components(VOCs) is calculated by using the Biosphere Emission and Interaction System Version 2(BEIS2) including the new land cover data and the meteorological parameters such as the air temperature and so]ar insolation. It is possible to calculate the concentration of ozone due to the biogenic emission of VOCs.