• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.283-294
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• 2004

Air quality in the livestock waste compost pilot plant at the Colligate Livestock Station was assessed to quantity the emissions of aerial contaminants and evaluate the degree of correlation between them for different operation strategies; with the ventilation types and agitation of compost pile, in this study. The parameters analyzed to reflect the level of air quality in the livestock waste compost pilot plant were the gaseous contaminants; ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and odor concentration, the particulate contaminants; inhalable dust and respirable dust, and the biological contaminants; total airborne bacteria and fungi. The mean concentrations of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and odor concentration in the compost pilot plant without agitation were 2.45ppm, 19.96ppb, and 15.8 when it was naturally ventilated, and 7.61ppm, 31.36ppb, and 30.2 when mechanically ventilated. Those with agitation were 5.50ppm, 14.69ppb, and 46.4 when naturally ventilated, and 30.12ppm, 39.91ppb, and 205.5 when mechanically ventilated. The mean concentrations of inhalable and respirable dust in the compost pilot plant without agitation were 368.6${\mu}g$/$m^3$ and 96.0${\mu}g$/$m^3$ with natural ventilation, and 283.9${\mu}g$/$m^3$ and 119.5${\mu}g$/$m^3$ with mechanical ventilation. They were also observed with agitation to 208.7${\mu}g$/$m^3$ and 139.8${\mu}g$/$m^3$ with natural ventilation, and 209.2${\mu}g$/$m^3$ and 131.7${\mu}g$/$m^3$ with mechanical ventilation. Averaged concentrations of total airborne bacteria and fungi in the compost pilot plant without agitation were observed to 28,673cfu/$m^3$ and 22,507cfu/$m^3$ with natural ventilation, and 7,462cfu/$m^3$ and 3,228cfu/$m^3$ with mechanical ventilation. They were also observed with agitation to 19,592cfu/$m^3$ and 26,376cfu/$m^3$ with the natural ventilation, and 18,645cfu/$m^3$ and 24,581cfu/$m^3$ with the mechanical ventilation. It showed that the emission rates of gaseous pollutants, such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and odor concentration, in the compost pilot plant operated with the mechanical ventilation and with the agitation of compost pile were higher than those with the natural ventilation and without the agitation. While the concentrations of inhalable dust and total airborne bacteria in the compost pilot plant with the natural ventilation and with the agitation, the concentrations of respirable dust and total airborne fungi in the compost pilot plant with the mechanical ventilation and agitation were higher than those with the natural ventilation and without the agitation of compost pile. It was statistically proved that indoor temperature and relative humidity affected the release of particulates and biological pollutants, and ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were believed primary malodorous compounds emitted from the compost pilot plant.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 2020

To assess the wetland systems' capability to reduce fine dust, we used an artificial wetland module of small-sized greenhouse (70cm W × 70cm L × 60cm H) which creates a closed system. Experiment was performed twice using four species in each experiment. Non-plantation, one species, or two species condition was created in each mesocosm. We measured air quality, primarily PM2.5 and PM10 at the initial open mesocosms and 1hr later since mesocosms were closed. The dry weight of vegetation was measured at the 2nd experiment. The decreased amount of PM2.5 and PM10 was 13.7±1.3 and 13.2±1.3 ㎍·m^-3hr^-1 in wetland condition and 15.0±1.4 and 13.8±1.5 ㎍·m^-3hr^-1 in dryland condition, respectively. In 2^nd experiment, the decreased amount of PM 2.5 and PM 10 in wetland condition was 13.7±1.3 and 9.2±1.5 ㎍·m^-3hr^-1, 15.0±1.4 and 8.8±1.4 ㎍·m^-3hr^-1 in dryland condition, respectively. Wetland showed higher removal effect due to its high productivity leading to more effective absorption of particulate matter. Furthermore, the aquatic characteristics of wetland system and high humidity helped purifying the air quality. This can be seen as another value of wetlands, which can be presented as one of the solutions to the problem of fine dust.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.388-401
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• 2011

Asian dust was observed a total of 66 times in the springtime during the period from 2002 to 2010, with 26 cases in March, 23 cases in April and 17 cases in May. This study investigates a Asian dust episode that occurred during the period from 22 to 25 May 2010, based on synoptic weather patterns, wind vector at 850 hPa, relative humidity at 1000 hPa, Jet streams and wind vector at 300 hPa, PM10 concentration in Korea and satellite imagery. In this case, Asian dust originated on 22 May along the rear of a developing low pressure system in Mongolia. The Asian dust was then transported southeastward and bypassed the Korea peninsula from 23 to 24 May, before reaching Japan on 25 May. Jet streams on 24 May bypassed the Korean peninsula and induced the development of a surface low pressure centered over the peninsula. The resulting air flow was critical to the trajectory of the Asian dust, which likewise bypassed the Korean peninsula. 72-hour backward trajectory data reveal that the Shandong Peninsula and the East China Sea were the points of origin for the air flows that swept through the Japanese sites where Asian dust was observable to the naked eay. The Asian dust pathway is ascertained by horizontal distribution of the Asian dust of RGB imagery from MODIS satellites which captured the Asian dust moving over the Shandong Peninsula, the East China Sea, and northwest of the Kyushu region in Japan. Since the synoptic pattern and the transport way of the Asian dust case are far from typical ones, which Asian dust forecasting technique has long been based on, this study can be good example of exceptional Asian dust pattern and it will be used for more accurate Asian dust forecasting.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.231-241
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• 1992

To study the relationships between major micrometeorological elements and their influences on evapotranspiration(ET) in the canopy of two rice cultivars, Daecheongbyo and Samgangbyo, synoptic meteorological factors, micrometeorological elements and ET from the canopy and biomass production were observed at various growth stages in the paddy field of Suwon Weather Forcast Office in 1989. ET from the rice community was highly correlated with the following factors in order of pan evaporation>air temperature>leaf temperature>solar radiation>sunshine duration>difference in vapor pressure depicit(VPD)>water temperature. ET observed showed higher correlation with the evaporation from small pan than that from Class A pan. Varietal difference would be noted in the relationships between ET in Samgangbyo canopy and the evaporations observed from the pans, with which closer a correlation was found in Samgangbyo than in Daecheongbyo. The ratio of canopy ET to the evaporation from Class A pan was maintained over 1.0 through the growth stages with the maximum of 1.9 at the late August. The evaporation observed from Class A pan was amounted to 71.9% of that from small pan. ET was better correlated with solar radiation than with net radiation which reached about 66% of solar radiation. Maximum temperature showed higher correlation with ET than mean air temperature, and also wind speed of 1m above ground revealed positive correlation. The relative humidity, however, had no correlation with the exception of ET in rainy days. A regression model developed to estimate ET as a function of meteorological elements being described with $R^2$ of 0.607 as : $ET=-5.3594+0.7005Pan\;A+0.1926T_{mean}+0.0878_{sol}+0.025RH$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.3
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• pp.277-285
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• 1995

This study was conducted to understand the relationship between climatic factors and matsutake(Tricholoma matsutake) mushroom production. Data on local annual matsutake production collected from 29 locations from 1984 to 1993 were analyzed for stepwise and multiple regression with local climatic data, such as monthly maximum, minimum, and average air temperature, soil temperature, relative humidity, amount of rainfall, and number of rainy days. Correlation between monthly climatic factors and annual matsutake production was calculated in each location(Case 1), each year(Case 2), and each month(Case 3). In Case 1, number of rainy days and minimum temperature in Sep. showed positive correlation with matsutake production. In Case 2, maximum, minimum, and average temperature in June showed negative correlation with matsutake production. In Case 3, amount of precipitation in Sep. and Oct. number of rainy days in Sep., and minimum temperature in Sep. and Oct. showed positive correlation with matsutake production. In conclusion, amount of rainfall and number of rainy days in Sep. were the most important climatic factors and correlated positively with matsutake production. Below average air temperature in June was also beneficial for matsutake production.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.190-197
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate thermal environment and heat budget of light thin layer green roof through an experiment in order to quantify its heat budget. Two concrete model boxes($1.2m(W){\times}1.2m(D){\times}1.0m(H)$) were constructed: One experiment box with Zoysia japonica planted on substrate depth of 10cm and one control box without any plant. Between June 6th and 7th, 2012, outside climatic conditions(air temperature, relative humidity, wind direction, wind speed), evapotranspiration, surface and ceiling temperature, heat flux, and heat budget of the boxes were measured. Daily maximum temperature of those two days was $29.4^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$, and daily evapotranspiration was $2,686.1g/m^2$ and $3,312.8g/m^2$, respectively. It was found that evapotranspiration increased as the quantity of solar radiation increased. A surface and ceiling temperature of those two boxes was compared when outside air temperature was the greatest. and control box showed a greater temperature in both cases. Thus it was found that green roof was effective in reducing temperature. As results of heat budget analysis, heat budget of a green roof showed a greater proportion of net radiation and latent heat while heat budget of the control box showed a greater proportion of sensible heat and conduction heat. The significance of this study was to analyze heat budget of green roof temperature reduction. As substrate depth and types, species and seasonal changes may have influences on temperature reduction of green roof, further study is necessary.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.279-287
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• 2018

Sealants are an important element of modern architecture and serve as a building protection against weathering by providing barriers against ingress of moisture, air, and other materials. Exposure to a variety of environments often reduces lifespan due to changes in physical, chemical and mechanical characteristics, and UV, humidity, and temperature expansion are important issues that are directly related to durability. In this study, a combined deterioration test chamber was developed to simulate the environment of the open air as an instrument for verifying the durability of structural sealing materials indoors. In order to replicate special weather conditions, such as yellow dust, acid rain, and contamination by microorganisms, it was deemed impossible to replicate the outdoor environment by 100 %, and the results of the results of the results of the external exposure test of the structural sealant and the combined deterioration testing device. As a result of the displacement test of the outdoor exposure test, it was determined that the sealant was breaking apart and that it would be smooth, and the displacement would be up to three times greater than the initial material value of 1 year. The displacement test results of the combined deterioration test device show the tendency to deteriorate, decreasing the elasticity and tensile characteristics. In the case of denatured silicon, the current 400 cycles have been completed to confirm 12 months of degradation of the external exposure. The deformation of the test specimen cannot be verified with the naked eye, so it is considered that the conditions of the specimen are more stable than the silicon sealant. As a result of the outdoor exposure test, if the combined deterioration test device is structured and proposed in the relevant guidance or specification, the anticipated lifespan of 12 months in the actual use environment can be verified indoors and below 3 months later, economically.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.286-293
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: 18% of difenoconazole+iminoctadin triacetate microemulsion (3%+15%) formulation were mixed and sprayed as closely as possible to normal practice on the ten of farms located in the Youngju of South Korea. Patches, cotton gloves, socks, masks and XAD-2 resin were used to measure the potential exposure for applicators wearing standardized whole-body outer and inner dosimeter (WBD). This study has been carried out to determine the dermal and inhalation exposure to difenoconazole during preparation of spray suspension and application with a power sprayer on a grape orchard. METHODS AND RESULTS: A personal air monitor equipped with an air pump IOM sampler and cassette and glass fiber filter were used for inhalation exposure. The field studies were carried out in a grape orchard. The temperature and relative humidity were monitored with a thermometer and a hygrometer. Wind speed was measured using a pocket weather meter. All mean field fortification recoveries were between 97.3% and 119.6% in the level of 100 LOQ (limit of quantification) while the LOQ for difenoconazole was $0.025{\mu}g/mL$ using HPLC-UVD. The arms exposure to difenoconazole for the mixer/loader (0.0794 mg) was higher than other body parts (head, hands, upper body, legs). The exposure to difenoconazole in the legs for applicator (3.78 mg) was highest in the parts of body. The dermal exposure for mixer/loader and applicator were 0.02 and 2.28 mg on a grape orchard, respectively. The inhalation exposure during application was estimated as 0.02 mg. The ratio of inhalation exposure to dermal exposure was equivalent to 0.9% of the dermal exposure. CONCLUSION: The inhalation exposure for applicator indicated $18.8{\times}10^{-3}mg$, which was level of 0.9% of the dermal exposure (2.28 mg). Operator exposure (0.004 mg/kg bw/day) to difenoconazole during treatment for grape is calculated as 2.5% of the established AOEL (0.16 mg/kg bw/day).

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.233-238
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• 2005

Growth of Campanula punctata 'Rubriflora' plantlets, as affected by three levels of photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), 70, 110, and $220{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, two levels of $CO_2$ concentration, 500 and $1,500{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-1}$, and two levels of number of air exchanges per hour (NAEH), 0.1 and $2.8 h^{-l}$, was studied. Explants were obtained from photomixotrophically-micropropagated plantlets. Four explants were planted in each $3.7{\times}10^{-4}m^3$ polycarbonate box containing MS basal medium and no added sucrose. Explants were cultured under cool-white fluorescent lamps for $16h{\cdot}d^{-1},\;at\;25\pm1^{\circ}C$ temperature, and $70\~80\%$ relative humidity In treatments of $2.8h^{-1}$ NAEH, a 10mm round hole made on the vessel cap was sealed with a microporous filter. For higher $CO_2$ concentrations in the culture room, $CO_2$ gas was provided from a tank of liquefied $CO_2$. Fresh and dry weights, length of the longest root, and number of leaves significantly increased with increasing PPF and especially $CO_2$ concentration. Length of the longest root, number of leaves, fresh and dry weights, and chlorophyll concentration were enhanced with increased NAEH. However, leaf area was the smallest in the $220{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}\;PPF\;2.8h^{-1}$ NAEH and especially, $1,500{\mu}mol{\cdot}mol^{-1}\;CO_2$ concentration treatment. Treatment effect became more produced with time. Overall, treatment with $220{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}\;PPF\;and\;1,500{\mu}mol{\cdot}mol^{-1}\;CO_2$ gave the most vigorous growth.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.327-336
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• 2016

The Bagan, the central part of Myanmar, is dry zone where the mean annual precipitation is less than 600 mm for the last ten years. Forest in this region has been degraded due to biotic and abiotic disturbances. While there have been various efforts to rehabilitate the degraded area, the information on growth and physiological characteristics of planting species and the impacts of planting trees in the region still lacks. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the growth and physiological water use efficiency characteristics of five species (Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Acacia catechu Willd., Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn., Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. and Albizia lebbek (L.) Willd.) which are utilized as rehabilitation species in the dry zone and to identify the impacts of tree planting on microclimate change in dry zone. The growth and the foliar carbon isotope composition of seedlings and the above mentioned five species planted in 2005 were measured. And from February 2015 to January 2016, microclimatic factors air temperature and relative humidity at 60 cm and 2 m above soil, soil temperature, soil water contents and precipitation were measured at every 30-minute interval from the two weather stations installed in the plantation located in Ngalinpoke Mt. Range. One was established in the center of A. indica plantation, and the other was in the barren land fully exposed to the sunlight. Among the five species, A. indica and A. lebbek which showed higher water use efficiency could be recommended as rehabilitation species in dry zone. Planting trees in the dry area was shown to affect the change of microclimate with shading effects, declining temperature of the land surface and aridity of the air, and to contribute to conserving more water in soil by preventing direct evaporation and containing more water with fine roots of trees.